THE 4 SECTIONS
• WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
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EXPLAIN HOWTHE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACT
WITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSE
BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
EXPLAIN WHAT VACCINES ARE, HOW THEY ARE MADE AND
HOW THEY WORK
Bacteria and Viruses
Viruses
• The biggest viruses are only as big as the
tiniest bacteria.
• They use the cells as a factory to reproduce.
• They are neither dead nor alive.
• Once you have the virus you have to fight it
or die.
The
Aids Virus
The AIDS Virus
• Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome
• the HIV virus attacks the helper T
cells so that the body can’t
recognize invaders.
• There is no cure yet for this virus
• Is fatal
The Ebola
Virus
The Ebola Virus
• It’s one of the Most lethal viruses known.
• Ebola has a 90% fatality rate.
• The virus makes your body bleed non-stop.
The
Herpes
Virus
The Herpes Virus
• Herpes means “to Creep” in Greek.
• HSV-1(a type of Herpes) appears in the
mouth at the crisis of simple fevers.
• HSV-2(another type of Herpes) appears in
the pubic areas.
• This virus is contagious.
Bacteria
BACTERIA
• 1. HELICOBACTER PYLORI
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THESE SPIRAL BACTERIA CAN SURVIVE THE STRONG ACID
ENVIRONMENT OF THE THE STOMACH AND WERE RECENTLY
DISCOVERED AS THE AGENT OF STOMACH UCLEARS.
• 2.STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
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THESE SPHERICAL BACTERIA ARE COMMON INHABITANTS OF THE
THROAT. SOMETIMES THEY CAUSESTREP THROAT OR EVEN MORE
SERIOUS DISEASES LIKE NECROTIZING FASCIITIS (FLESH-EATING
DISEASE)
Parts of the Immune System
• Macrophages- A large and versatile immune cell
that acts as a microbe, a devouring phagocyte, an
antigen presenting cell, and an important source of
immune system secretions.
• B-cells- Small white blood cells crucial to the
immune system defenses. They are also known as
B-lymphocytes and they are derived from bone
marrow and they develop into plasma cells that are
the source of antibodies.
• Helper T-cells- They identify the invader and
signal the B-cells to make the appropriate
antibodies.
Parts of the Immune System (cont’d)
• Killer T-cells- When turned on or activated, they can
target and destroy cancerous cells and cells harboring
viruses.
• Suppresser T-cells- A subset of cells that turn off
antibody production and other immune responses.
• Thymus Gland- A primary lymphoid organ, high in the
chest, where T-cells learn their jobs.
• Lymphnodes- Small bean-shaped organs distributed
widely throughout the body and linked by lymphatic
vessels. This is where B-cells make antibodies.
Parts of the Immune System
(cont’d)
• Antibodies- A soluble protein molecule produced
and secreted by B-cells in response to an antigen,
which is capable of binding to that specific antigen.
• Antigens- Any substance that, when introduced into
the body, is recognized by the immune system (the
markers on the invaders).
• Memory T-cells- These cells “remember” the antigen
and initiate a quick response if the antigen is
detected again (secondary response).
EXPLAIN HOW THE PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER IN AN IMMUNE
SYSTEN RESPONSE.
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YOUR SKIN IS THE FIRST DEFENSE AGAINST GERMS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS ARE THE ONES WHO FIGHT GERMS
THEY DIVIDE INTO 2 CLASSES: CALLED LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS AND T
CELLS) AND PHAGOCYTES (MACROPHAGES AND NEUTROPHILS)
T AND B CELLS
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T-CEllS
MATURES IN THE THYMUS (AN
ORGAN NEAR YOUR HEART) T
STANDS FOR THYMUS
THEY ARE THE COMMANDER IN
CHIEFS
THEY CALL MACROPHAGES
WHEN GERMS ENTER THE BODY
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B-CELLS
THEY COMPLETE THE
MATURATION OF BONES, AND
ARE LATER FOUND IN
LYMPHNODES, WHICH TRAVEL
THE BLOOD AND LYMPHATETIC
VESSELS, AND IS A FLUID
CALLED LYMPH WHICH BATHES
THE BODY’S TISSUES
THEY BECOME PLASMA CELLS TO
SPREAD ANTI BODIES
MACROPHAGES
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WHEN CALLED, THEY WILL MULTIPLY BY THE THOUSANDS AND
GO TO WAR
MEANS “CELL-EATER”
EATS AWAY DEAD CELLS, GERMS AND OTHER WASTES
MONOCYTES ARE PHAGOCYTES THAT CIRCULATE THE BLOOD,
WHEN THEY MIGRATE: THEY BECOME MACROPHAGES
SMALLER DEFENSES
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ANTI BODIES HOLD ON TO THE ANTIGENS OF GERMS AND WAITS
UNTIL A MACROPHAGE COMES AND EATS IT
ANTIGENS ARE A SIGN THAT TRIGGERS AN IMMUNE SYSTEM
RESPONSE
ANTI BODIES CAN KILL GERMS WITH THE HELP OF COMPLEMENT
PROTEINS
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS WORK WITH ANTI BODIES TO CREATE
HOLES IN INVADERS AND INJECT A FLUID INTO GERMS UNTIL
THEY POP
OTHER
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NEUTROPHILS ARE SIMILAR TO MONOCYTES EXCEPT SMALLER
PHAGOCYTE MEANS “CELL EATER”
LYMPHOKINS ARE CHEMICALS THAT CELLS USE TO
COMMUNICATE WITH EACHY OTHER
LYMPHNODESARE PLACES WHERE BATTLES OCCUR (FOUND IN
ARMPIT, NECK AND GROIN) AND IS WHERE B AND T PLATOONS
WAIT FOR INVADERS. A SWOLLEN GLAND IS A SIGN OF A RAGING
BATTLE.
• PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
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THESE ARE COMMON SOIL BACTERIA THAT SOMEIMES CAUSE
INFECTIONS.
• SMALL POX
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FIRST VIRUS FROM NATURE
LEAST UNDERSTOOD AND VERY DESTRUCTIVE
ONE DROPLET OF EXHALED MOISTURE FROM SOMEONE
INFECTED CONTAINS A THOUSAND MORE VIRUSES THAN NEEDED
TO INFECT A PERSON
WHAT ARE VACCINES, AND HOW ARE
THEY MADE?
• VACCINES ARE A WAY OF BUILDING YOUR OWN ACTIVE
IMMUNITY TO A VIRUS
• SCIENTISITS AND DOCTORS GROW THE VIRUS AND USE
DEAD OR WEAKEN PARTICLES TO GIVE TO PEOPLE
HOW DO VACCINES WORK?
• VACCINES WORK BY GETTING A SHOT AND IT TEACHES
YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM HOW TO FIGHT THE VIRUS
RESOURCES
• MRS. SZYCH’S HOMEPAGE
• CELLSALIVE.COM