DO NOW ANSWERS
• When you switch from low to high power, the
field of view decreases which causes the
brightness to decrease.
• How can you fix this?
• Adjust the diaphragm
• The cell is the basic unit of life BUT WHAT
DOES THAT MEAN?
• It means that it builds ALL living things and it is
capable of performing ALL life processes
Tuesday 1/13/15
• AIM: How did scientists discover cells?
• DO NOW: List as many cells as possible.
• Homework: read 152-153. reading check
pg 153
How did we discover the cell?
The microscope
The Invention of the Microscope - YouTube
Who discovered the first microscope
1590 Hans and Zacharias
Janssen
Ground up glass and used it
to magnify
Robert Hooke discovered cell
1605-1703
1605 Robert Hooke
• Looked at cork plant
• Noticed it was
separated into tiny
compartments which
resembled jail cell
One of the first users discovered protozoa
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Ground up glass
1676 Anton von Leewenhoek
• Discovered living
things in pond water
• Small single celled
organisms
• Ameba and
paramecium
Matheis Schleiden 1838
• ALL plants are made up of cells not just
the cork plant
1839 Theodor Schwann
• Looked at animal
tissue and saw that
animals also were
made up of cells
Francisco Redi
• Living things come
from other living
things
• Maggots come from
flies which lay eggs
on decaying meat
1855 Rudolf virchow
• Cells come from
preexisting cells
The cell theory
• An explanation or theory about living things
• All living organisms are composed of one or
more cells
• The cell is the basic unit of structure and
organization of all living organisms
• Cells come from preexisting cells
Assessment
• Explain how the microscope helped in the
development of the cell theory
• List in order the scientists that helped
develop the microscope
• AIM: What are the different types of cells
in the world?
• DO NOW: Create a timeline of events that
led up to the development of the cell
theory
• HW: Textbook read pages 151-153.
Answer the reading check question on
page 151 and 153. DO NOT FORGET TO
WRITE OUT THE QUESTION AND THE
ANSWER
• In your own words, explain the definition of
a cell
• Basic unit of life
• Builds all living things
• Capable of performing all life functions
• Can exist alone as a single celled
organism or combine to create multicellular organisms
The Cell
The cell: the basic unit of life
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
• AIM: how does the type of cell determine
the classification of an organism?
• DO NOW: observe the two cells below.
List all of the similarities and differences of
the cells.
Picture B
Picture A
Prokaryotes:
• Prokaryote (Greek - Before Nucleus)
Prokaryotes were first group of organic
organisms to evolve 3.8 BYA
Prokaryote cells lack membrane bound nuclei,
and organelles and reproduce asexually
• ALL PROKARYOTES ARE SINGLE CELLED
Asexual reproduction of
Prokaryotes
• Budding: small
identical bud grows
and pinches off
• Binary fission: cell
splits in two
• Both produce
genetically identical
cells
• AIM: How are living things placed into
Kingdoms?
• DO NOW: Explain the difference in the
genetic arrangement of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
• HOMEWORK:Textbook Read pages 156157. Answer questions 1,3,4 on page 161
• AIM: How can we determine the difference
between organisms within different Kingdoms?
• DO NOW:THE CELL 5. Read pages 77-80. AS
YOU READ, UNDERLINE THE MAIN POINT OF
EACH PARAGRAPH. Answer questions1-4 pg
80.
• HOMEWORK: Textbook Read pages 156-157.
What does the cytoskeleton do? How does DNA
direct activity in the cytoplasm? What organelles
participate in protein production?
Cell types
• Prokaryote
– Kingdom EuBacteria
– Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Eukaryote
–
–
–
–
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plant
Kingdom Animal
Plasmid
• Bacterial plasmids are
used in genetic
engineering
• A human gene can be
inserted into a
bacterial plasmid in
order to make the
human protein
• Ex: Insulin
Plasmid Isolation - Extraction of
plasmid from a bacterial cell
(Amrita University) - YouTube
Eukaryotic cells
•
•
•
•
Means “True Nucleus”
Plant, Animal, Protists, Fungi
All contain membrane bound organelles
Organelle: tiny organ
– Functioning parts of the cell
• All eukaryotic cells are surrounded by an extra
cellular matrix
• There are 2 types we will discuss, plants and
animal cells
How are prokaryotes and
eukaryotes different?
Organization of the nucleus
Cell size
Membrane bound organelles
• AIM: What are some properties of organisms in
each KINGDOM?
• DO NOW: Explain why the Monera Kingdom has
been eliminated and what are the two new
Kingdoms that took its place?
• HOMEWORK: HANDOUT The cell. Read
pages 82-85. Give a brief description of the cell
wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.
Kingdom
Eubacteria
ALL single celled
bacteria
heterotrophic,
autotrophic, and
chemotrophic
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
Normal every day
bacteria
Example of Eubacteria: E.Coli
Streptococcus
• Eubacteria that causes strept throat
• AIM: How can we determine the difference
between organisms within different Kingdoms?
• DO NOW:THE CELL 5. Read pages 77-80. AS
YOU READ, UNDERLINE THE MAIN POINT OF
EACH PARAGRAPH. Answer questions1-4 pg
80.
• HOMEWORK: Textbook Read pages 156-157.
What does the cytoskeleton do? How does DNA
direct activity in the cytoplasm? What organelles
participate in protein production?
How do Eubacteria obtain food?
Feeding Behavior
• Heterotrophs absorb organic
materials down in both living and
dead organisms.
• Autotrophs can make their own
food by photosynthesis.
• Chemotrophs get their food by
breaking down inorganic matter.
Cyanobacteria
• Photosynthetic
• Eubacteria
• Used to be called
blue-green algae
• AIM:How can we determine the different
characteristics of eukaryotes in different
Kingdoms
• DO NOW: Explain the difference between
an autotroph and heterotroph
• HOMEWORK: Read the rest of The Cell
handout and answer the questions page
90 1-5
Is the Dead Sea Dying? Video - TIME.com
Kingdom Archaebacteria
• Prokaryotic
bacteria that live in
EXTREME
environments
• Halophiles
• Thermophiles
• Methanogens
Halophiles
• Can survive in extreme salty environments
such as the dead sea
Thermophiles
• Archaebacteria that live in extremely HOT
environments
Methanogens
• Make methane gas
Assessment
• Explain the similarities and differences
between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
• AIM:How can we determine the different
characteristics of eukaryotes iin different
Kingdoms
• DO NOW: 1- Explain the difference between
an autotroph and heterotroph
• 2- you have 5 full minutes to study for the
quiz
• HOMEWORK: Handout A closer look at the
human cell. Read the first page and answer
questions 1-3,6-8 and 10 ONLY!!!!!!!
DO NOW ANSWER
• Autotroph: Make their own food
• Heterotroph: obtain food from other
sources
Eukaryote
• Multi or Single celled
organisms
– Protista
• Parmecium
• Ameba
– Fungi
• Yeast
• Mushrooms
– Animal
– Plant
How are all eukaryotic
organisms similar?
True nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Kingdom Protista characteristics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryotes
Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
Unicellular
Mostly aquatic
Mostly asexual
Things like: slime molds and algae,
paramecium, ameba, euglena
Friday
• AIM: What are some of the characteristics of the
different Eukaryotic organisms?
• DO NOW: 1- Review your prokaryotic notes
• 2- Explain why plasmids are important.
• 3-Explain how prokaryotes reproduce
• Homework: Create flashcards for each
organelle of the prokaryote
• Pili, flagella, capsule,cell wall, cell membrane,
nucleoid,ribosome and plasmid
Kingdom Protista: Paramecium
• Oral groove: ingest
nutrients
• Gullet: back of the throat
and digestive system
• Cilia: movement
• Contractile vacuole: able
to contract and expel
excess water
• Food vacuole:
responsible for digestion
Paramecium Feeding!! YouTube
Amoeba in motion - YouTube
Kingdom Protista: Ameba
Psudopods: movement
Phagocytosis
phagocytose 1 - YouTube
Paramecium vacuole - YouTube
• AIM: How are all eukaryotes similar?
• DO NOW: 1- What do yeast, wheat grass,
human beings and paramecium ALL have
in common?
• What do ALL living things have in
common?
• Homework: Quiz on Firday. Textbook
page 161 questions 4 and 5
DoNoW answer
• Since they are all examples of eukaryotes,
they all have a true nucleus and membrane
bound organelles
• What do ALL living things have in common?
• They are all made up of cells
• 2 types of cells in the world:
– Prokaryote
– Eukaryote
How can we determine the
difference between an
Archaebacteria and a
Eubacteria?
Archaebacteria live in extreme
environments
Eubacteria live in normal environments
For your flash cards
• Capsule: is the outermost part of the
prokaryotic cell.
• Release a slime that helps in movement
and infection
Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi
• Eukaryote
• Heterotrophic
• Saprobes or saprophytic
• eat dead or decaying matter
• Unicellular and Multicellular
• Mostly terrestrial
• Asexual and sexual
• Mushrooms,molds, yeasts,
puffballs
Kingdom Fungi Unicellular yeast
• Single celled
• Mostly asexual
reproduction through
budding
• Some by binary
fission
• Used in baking and
alcohol fermentation
Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Mushroom
• Heterotrophic
saprobes
• Decomposer or
recycler
Breaks down dead and
decaying matter to
release back into the
environment
Characteristics of Plantae
Kingdom
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote Multicellular
Autotrophic
Mostly Terrestrial
Asexual and Sexual
Nonmotile Things like: mosses, ferns, conifers,
and flowering plants
Autotrophic Photosynthetic
• Autotroph: self feeder
• Make their own food
through
Photosynthesis
• AIM: How do Plants and animal cells
differ?
• DO NOW: Explain the difference between
a prokaryote and eukaryote
• Homework: Text page 161 questions 1
and 2
Prokaryotes
• Kingdom Eubacteria
• Kingdom Archaebacteria
• All prokaryotes are single celled
Eukaryotes
• All have a true nucleus
• All have membrane bound organelles
Kingdom Animalia
• largest of the kingdoms
in terms of its species
diversity.
Eukaryote Multicellular
• heterotrophs = other
feeder
• multicellular
• In most animals, these
cells are organized into
tissues that make up
different organs and
organ systems.
Assessment
List the similarities and differences
of organisms in the Kingdom
Fungi, Plantae and Animalia
Plant Cell:list all of the parts of the
plant cell
•
•
•
•
AIM:how do organelles help the cell function?
DO NOW: 1- Take out your cell handouts
2-Define the term organ and the term organelle
3-In your own words explain how the cell
organelles are similar to the bodies organs.
• HOMEWORK: A closer look at the human cell
handout, questions 1-10 should ALL be
completed by tomorrow!!!!
• QUIZ FRIDAY!
Kingdom Animalia organization
•
•
•
•
•
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
organism
Review for Quiz
• 1-: You should be able to fill in the info on
each Kingdom in the Table on the side
board.
• Lets do it!!!!
• Any Volunteers to fill in cell types for alll 6
Kingdoms?
• Paramecium have an
oral groove which
takes food in
• The gullet digests
food to form a food
vacuole
• Food vacuole stores
food until it is
digested
Ameba
• Uses psuedopods to perform phagocytosis
Contractile vacuole
• Help single celled aquatic organisms
pump out excess water so that they do not
drown
• All protista have contractile vacuole
Kingdom fungi
• YOU MUST UNDERSTAND THAT THEY
ARE SAPROBES
– Recycle dead and decaying matter
For the Prokaryote cell
• Must know each part and function
The Cell
• The parts of a cell
are called?
• Organelles.
• Organelles means
“little organs”
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
• Plant cell
Animal cell
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/c
ollege/boyer/0470003790/ani
mations/cell_structure/cell_str
ucture.htm
• AIM: Why are orgranelles tiny organs of the
cell?
• DO NOW: Handout 41 15-24. Label the plant
and animal cell.
• Homework: Textbook Read pages 39-40 Cell
Organization. For each organelle that you read
about, list and give its function.
Use your colored pencils to identify
the following organelles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus: Pink
Centriole: Orange
Mitochondria: Purple
Cytoplasm: Yellow
Vacuole: White
Endoplasmic Reticulum: Blue
Golgi Bodies: Red
Lysosome:Brown
Chloroplast: green
DO NOW ANSWER
•
•
•
•
In the nucleus are chromosomes
Chromosomes are made up of DNA
Genes are a part of DNA
Genes hold the code for all of your
physical characteristics
• The double nuclear membrane protects
the genetic material (chromosomes)
Tuesday 1/7/14
• AIM: How do organelles work together to
make the cell a functioning unit?
• DO NOW: 1- what is an organelle?
• 2- how are multicellular organisms
organized?
• Homework:text read pages 159-161.
answer question 4 on page 161
Activity
• Use the diagram below to identify each cell
part
Plant Cell
Central
Thursday 1/9/14
• AIM: How do the organelles work together
to make the cell a functioning unit?
• DO NOW: Create a Venn diagram
showing the organelles in animal cells,
plant cells and both animal and plant cells
• HOMEWORK: textbook page 161
question 5.
• ALL Questions 1-5 due tomorrow
Monday 1/13/14
• AIM: How do the organelles help the cell
function?
• DO NOW: 1- where is the DNA in a
eukaryotic cell?
• 2- what is the function of DNA?
• HOMEWORK:Handout
Nucleus
• The Brain of the cell Contains the
Chromosomes
• Found in the center of the cell
• Nucleolus: RNA synthesis
The nucleus
•
•
•
•
•
•
“ the brain” of the cell
Controls all of the cell activities
Because chromosomes contain genes
Genes help build proteins
Proteins cause chemical reactions
Chemical Reactions control ALL life
processes
Nuclear Membrane or Nuclear
Envelope
• Separates Chromosomes from the rest of the
cell.
• Double membrane
• Nuclear pores
Chromosomes
• Made of DNA and proteins
• Carry genes: instructions for building the
body
The Cell Membrane
•
•
•
•
Surrounds the cell: creating a barrier
Allows materials to move in and out
Maintain homeostasis
http://www.susanahalpine.com/favicon.ico
Cytoplasm
•
•
•
•
Jelly like material
Supports the Organelles.
Many chemical reactions happen here.
Has many molecules and ions dissolved in
it
Mitochondria
• Site of cellular respiration
(production of ATP)cellular
energy
• Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
•
•
•
•
Double membrane
Outer membrane is smooth
Inner membrane is folded into cristae
Cristae: increase surface area for cellular
respiration
• More active a cell is, the more
mitochondria it will have
Where does the energy for a
cell originally come from?
GLUCOSE
• Which cell would have the most
mitochondria and why?
• Heart muscle cell
• Stomach cell
• Skin cell
• Gall bladder cell
• The more energy a cell needs the more
mitochondria it will have
Chloroplast
•
•
•
•
Plant cell only
Contain Chlorophyll
Double membrane
Site of Photosynthesis ( the exact
opposite of cellular respiration)
Why do the mitochondria and
chloroplast have two membrane?
Because they were once
prokaryotes
The Endosymbiont Theory
• Created by Lynn Margulus
• States that eukaryotes evolved from a
symbiotic relationship between two small
prokaryotes that were ingested by a larger
prokaryote
Wednesday 1/15/14
• AIM: How can we determine the difference
between a plant and animal cell?
• DO NOW: 1-Explain why the nucleus is
surrounded by a double membrane
• HOMEWORK:Handout
Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis (use information from
DNA to make proteins)
• Very tiny
• Can float free in the cell or be bound to the
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Transports materials around the cell
• Network of passageways
• Can be smooth(no ribosomes) or rough
(ribosomes
• Smooth ER: makes carbohydrates and
lipids
• Rough ER: holds ribosomes and makes
proteins
Golgi Body
golgi apparatus
Receive
Modify
Package
The post Office of
the cell
Makes vesicles to
ship out molecules
all over the cell
• Packages materials for export out of
the cell
Vesicle
• Membrane surrounding some type of
molecule
• Used to transport stuff from the GA to the
rest of the cell
• Can fuse with the
Cell membrane to
Release contents
THE ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
•
•
•
•
The nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
All connected through
their membranes
THE ENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
• How does the Golgi apparatus ship mature
molecules to other parts of the cell?
• ANSWER: Vesicle
Vacuole
• Space within the cell that can be
used to store food, water or
waste products.
• Vacuoles are the storage
compartments of the cell.
The cytoskeleton
• Network of protein
fibers
• Provide structure,
support, transport
• Made up of
Microfilaments,
Intermediate
filaments,
microtubules
• Plant cells:
microfilaments only
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton
• Microfilaments: muscle contraction,
cytoplasmic movement, psudopodia
• Intermediate filaments: Function to
support cell framework
• Mictrotubules: Function to assist in
movement within the cell
– Create centrosome and centrioles
– Cilia and flagella
Thursday 1/16/14
• AIM: How are plant cells different from
animal cells?
• DO NOW: List the organelles that form the
endomembrane system.
• EXPLAIN WHY the endomembrane system
is important to cell communication
• HOMEWORK: MIDTERM EXAM
WEDNESDAY JANUARY 22 and
THURSDAY JANUARY 23
Centrosome
structure
Normally located
outside of the
nucleus
When the cell is
getting ready to
divide, they move
to opposite ends
or poles
Centrioles and Spindle Fibers
• Centrioles are anchor point for spindle fibers
• Spindle fibers appear during cell division
Lysosomes
• Contains enzymes that digest foreign
particles and old cell parts
• digestive enzymes surrounded by a
membrane
lysosome
• Break down old and damaged cell parts
• Break down food particles into their
molecular components
Friday 1/6/12
• AIM: How do plant and animal cells differ?
• DO NOW: Explain the difference between
a vesicle, vacuole and lysosome
• Homework: Textbook page 171 question
13
Parts of the Plant Cell
• Plants have
organelles in
them that
Animal cells
don’t have.
Plant Cell only Central Vacuole
• Space within the cell that can be used to store
food, water or waste products.
• Vacuoles are the storage compartments of the
cell.
Central Vacuole
• Plant Cells
Only
• Storage
space for
sap,food,
water or
waste
products.
Vacuole
Cell Wall
• Rigid structure that encloses, supports and
protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi
and most bacteria.
Cell Wall
• Protective outer layer on plant cells
• Adds support
• Cell walls in plants are made of cellulose.
Chloroplast
• Contain Chlorophyll
• Site of Photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
•
•
•
•
•
Have 2 membranes just like the mitochondria
Structures found only in the plant cell.
Site of photosynthesis.
Photo = Light, Synthesis = To make.
So Photosynthesis is to make something
(glucose) using Light!
Write down a part of the cell we
learned that you think is most
important and describe why you
think it is most important.
• Ask a neighbor what they thought was most
important and why.
• Pick ONE.
• Why did you decide to pick that one?
Animal Cell
Parts of the Animal
cell
• Part # 1 – The Nucleus.
• The nucleus is the control center
of the cell.
• It contains the chromosomes
which are made of DNA.
Part #2 – The Nuclear Membrane
• The Nuclear Membrane surrounds
the nucleus and keeps the
Chromosomes separate from the
cytoplasm.
Part #2 – The Nuclear Membrane
Part #3 – Chromosomes
• Structure found in the nucleus
that contains hereditary material.
Part #3 – Chromosomes
Part #4 – Centrioles
• Cylindrical
structures only
found in animal
cells that aid in
replication (cell
division).
Part #5 - Mitochondria
• Breaks down food and releases
energy.
• Often called the powerhouse of
the cell.
Part #6 - Cytoplasm
• Gel-like liquid that all of the other
organelles float around in.
• Most of the chemical reactions
that occur in the cell happen in the
cytoplasm.
Part #7 – Cell
Membrane
• Protective outer covering of
all cells that regulates what
goes in and out of the cell.
Part #9 – Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• Network of folded membranes that act as
a transport system for materials in the
cell.
• Can be Rough or Smooth.
• Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it.
• Smooth ER – No ribosomes attached to it.
Part #10 - Ribosomes
• This organelle is used to make proteins
within the cell.
• Ribosomes are like the factories of the
cell where small structures (amino acids)
are put together to form larger
structures (proteins).
Parts of the Plant Cell
• Plants have
organelles in
them that
Animal cells
don’t have.
Part #1 - Ribosomes
• This organelle is used to make proteins
within the cell.
• Ribosomes are like the factories of the cell
where small structures (amino acids) are
put together to form larger structures
(proteins).
Part #2 – Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER)
• Network of folded membranes that act as a
transport system for materials in the cell.
• Can be Rough or Smooth.
• Rough ER – Has ribosomes attached to it.
• Smooth ER – No ribosomes attached to it.
Part #4 - Nucleus
• The nucleus is the control center of the
cell.
• It contains the chromosomes that are
made of DNA.
Part #2 – The Nuclear
Membrane
• The Nuclear Membrane surrounds the
nucleus and keeps the Chromosomes
separate from the cytoplasm.
Part #6 – Chromosomes
• Structure found in the nucleus that
contains hereditary material.
Nuclear membrane and
Chromosomes
Part #7 – Cell Membrane
• Protective outer covering of all cells that
regulates what goes in and out of the cell.
Part #8 - Cytoplasm
• Gel-like liquid that all of the other
organelles float around in.
• Most of the chemical reactions that occur
in the cell happen in the cytoplasm.
Part #9 - Mitochondria
• Breaks down food and releases energy.
• Often called the powerhouse of the cell.
Part #10 –
Chloroplasts
•
•
•
•
Structures found only in the plant cell.
Site of photosynthesis.
Photo = Light, Synthesis = To make.
So Photosynthesis is to make something
(glucose) using Light!
Just like complex organisms, cells are able to
survive by coordinating various activities.
Complex organisms have a variety of systems,
and cells have a variety of organelles that
work to help the cell survive. Describe the
role of two organelles. In your answer be
sure to include:
• The names of two organelles and the function of
each.
• An explanation of how the organelle does it’s job.
• The name of the organelle and the name of a part
of the human body that has a similar function.