In this powerpoint, you will learn
about:
 Cell theory
 Difference between eukaryote sand
prokaryotes
 Endoysymbiosis explained
 Organelle structure and function
This is important information and will take
some effort to learn.
You may want to make flashcards.
Beginnings of the Cell Theory
 1665: Robert Hooke first observed cells in a
piece of cork.
 1675: Anton van Leeuwenhoek observed
living cells and microorganisms.
Beginnings of the Cell Theory
1838: Matthias Schleiden—all plants are
made of cells.
1839: Theodor Schwann—animals are
made of cells.
1855: Rudolf Virchow—cells can only
arise from other cells.
Cell Theory
These scientists helped form what is
now known as the cell theory:
All living things are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of structure
and function in living things
New cells originate from existing cells
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Smaller
Simpler structure
Lacks most
organelles
DNA NOT within a
membrane (no
nucleus)
Early cellular life on earth
 Endosymbiosis theory
 Some prokaryotic
organisms that made
their own food were
engulfed by
eukaryotic organisms
 They experienced
symbiosis (two
different species
benefitting from living
and working
together)
Evidence that supports
endosymbiosis
They have a double membrane
surrounding their inner structure
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have
their own DNA
They produce proteins and enzymes
that they need in order to function
They are able to replicate their own
DNA and direct their own division, just
like bacterial cells do
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Larger
More complex
structure
Has a nucleus
(DNA within a
membrane)
Many types of
organelles
Concept Map
Cells
Can be
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Known as
Bacteria
Lack
Contain
Organelles
found
in
Fungi
Animals
Plants
Protists
Eukaryotic Cells
Two major types:
 Plant
 Animal
Many different organelles
 Organelle: a structure within a cell that
carries out a certain function
Major organelles:
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Nucleolus
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Vacuoles
Endoplasmic
reticulum (ER)
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
Nucleus
Control center of cell
Contains DNA
Directs protein synthesis
Nucleolus
Within nucleus
Makes ribosomes
Chromatin surrounds
Cell Membrane
Controls what
enters and leaves
cell
Provides protection
and support
Layer of lipids and
proteins
Cell Membrane
Cytoplasm
Everything in the cell between the cell
membrane and the nucleus
Comprised of a jelly-like substance that
suspends the organelles
Site of most cell activity
Ribosomes
Produce proteins
Instructions from
the nucleus
Either floating free
in cytoplasm or
attached to rough
ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
A system of membranes that connect
nuclear membrane to cell membrane.
Involved in transport
Two types
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
 Rough ER
 Ribosomes on surface –
“rough”
 Makes membrane
proteins
 Smooth ER
 Contains enzymes that
synthesize certain
molecules like lipids
 Drug detoxification
Rough
Smooth
Golgi Apparatus
“Stack of
pancakes”
Modifies,
packages and
secretes cell
products
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes
Digest food, damaged organelles, and
other waste
Vacuoles
Much larger in plant cells
Serve as storage for nutrients, water
and waste products
Plant cell
vacuole
Animal cell
vacuoles
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
Provides energy to the cell in the form
of ATP
Centrioles
 Found in
ANIMAL Cells
 Involved in
animal cell
reproduction
Cell Wall
Plant cells ONLY!
On the outside of the
cell membrane of
plant cells
Rigid
Provides support and
protection
Chloroplasts
Plant cells ONLY!
Contain chlorophyll,
a pigment, which
gives plants their
green color
Captures sunlight in
order to produce
food for the plant
through
photosynthesis