Laboratory Safety- Exit
• Do’s (You must have
ATLEAST 4 in this
column)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
– Print pictures to add to
your posters!
• Do not’s (You must
have ATLEAST 4 in
this column)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Do Now- Journal
Make as many observations as
you can about this picture.
Think about this…
• What is the scientific
method?
• What are the 5 senses?
Chapter 1
“STUDYING SCIENCE”
1.1 Science Skills and Methods
• Objectives
• Identify and use science skills.
• Describe a controlled experiment.
• Apply a scientific method.
What is Science?
• Science is a way to gather
and organize information
about the natural world.
• Scientists do this by using
such skills as observing,
inferring, estimating,
measuring, predicting,
classifying, hypothesizing,
recording, organizing and
analyzing.
Science Skills
• Although there are many different
fields of scientific study, all scientists
use these basic science skills to search
for knowledge about the natural world.
Observe
• The most direct way
to gain knowledge
about something in
nature is to observe.
• When you observe,
you use one or more
of your senses.
Your senses are
sight, touch, taste,
smell, and hearing.
Look at the objects in Figure 1.1.
1.1
List as many
observations as
you can about
each object.
Which senses do
you use most often?
Infer
• When you suggest a
possible explanation
for an observation, you
make an inference, or
you infer.
• You often can make
more than one
inference to explain
the same observation.
What can you infer
about these symbols?
Estimate
Estimate the
number of blocks
in the cube above.
• When you estimate,
you make a careful
guess.
• Estimating skills are
used to gather
information when
exact measurements
aren't needed.
Measure
• When you need exact information about
an observation, you measure.
Count the number of
crystals for a more
exact measurement.
Predict
• When you predict,
you state what you
think might happen
in the future.
• Predictions are
based on past
experiences and
observations.
Classify
• When you classify,
you group things
together based on
how they are alike.
What are some different
ways to classify these
rocks?
• You can group things
in many different
ways, such as size,
color, shape, or any
other characteristic.
Hypothesize
• When you state a
hypothesis, or
hypothesize, you
suggest a possible
answer to a question
or problem.
• Your answer is based
on information that
you know.
Think of a hypothesis as
an explanation that states
why something may
always occur.
Testing Your Hypothesis
• You can test a hypothesis
by conducting an
experiment.
• Your observations,
research, and the results
of experiments should
support your hypothesis.
• What if it doesn’t?
Record and Organize
• Careful record
keeping is an
important part of
science.
• You can record and
organize data in a
number ways such as
using tables, charts,
graphs, diagrams and
flowcharts
Analyze
• After data are recorded
and organized, you need
to analyze it.
• When you analyze data,
you look for trends or
patterns to see whether
or not your data supports
your hypothesis.
Experiments
• A good way to get
answers to questions in
science is to do
experiments.
• Experiments need to be
carefully designed to
test an idea, prediction,
hypothesis, or
inference.
Controlled Experiments
• Most experiments
are controlled
experiments.
• A controlled
experiment has two
test groups-the
control group and
the experimental
group.
Scientists repeat experiments to
check their data and conclusions.
Control & Experimental Groups
• The control group is a standard by which any change can be
measured.
• In the experimental group, all the factors except one are
kept the same as those in the control group.
• The factors that are kept the
same are called constants.
• The factor that is changed by
the person doing the experiment
is called the variable.
Question:
WHY DOES MY GRANDMOTER
ADD SALT TO THE WATER
BEFORE SHE COOKS
SPAGHETTI?
A Controlled Experiment
Hypothesis: If adding salt to water will then it
will increase the temperature at which water boils
Each beaker has the
same amount of
distilled water.
Each beaker of water
was heated at the
same setting.
The water in the
beakers were stirred
for one minute.
A thermometer
measured the
temperature in both
beakers.
Salt was added to
the experimental
beaker.
The unsalted water boiled at
100°C. The salted water boiled at
a higher temperature.
Do the observations and results
support the hypothesis?
YES
Scientific Method
• The phrase scientific
method can be used to
describe how scientists
find out about the
natural world.
• The scientific method
refers to a systemized
method of using
science skills to test
ideas, inferences,
predictions, and
hypotheses.
Scientific Method
• Think of a science problem or question.
• Now, write a description of an
experiment that will solve it.
• Use the steps in Figure 1.6 on page 8,
with the exception of analyze data and
conclude to help.
Designing and
Planning an
Experiment
Decision Making
Facts, Theories, and Laws
• In science, a fact is a true statement. Science
facts are always based on observations,
studies, and repeated tests and experiments.
• Gathering facts is an important part of
developing a good hypothesis.
Facts, Theories, and Laws
• A scientific law or
theory is a
hypothesis that
has been
thoroughly tested
and no
contradictions
have been found.
Darwin’ s theory of
evolution
Facts, Theories, and Laws
• A Scientific law describes how an
event occurs.
• Scientific laws are usually stated in
mathematical terms.
Models in Science
Plane
Model
All models are plans
from which real objects
can be built
• Models are used to
represent real
objects. Some
models are drawings,
such as diagrams
and maps.
• Often models are
built from real
materials and are
working models of
the real object.
Chapter 1
Section 2
Measuring with Scientific Units
1.2 Measuring With Scientific Units
• Objectives
• Identify the base units used
in the SI system.
• Explain the use of scientific
notation.
• Compare volume, mass and density.
• Measure length, mass and
temperature using SI Units.
Measuring With Scientific Units
• Did you know that your feet
get bigger during the day?
SI Units
• The system of
measurement used
throughout most of
the world today is
the Systeme
International
d'Unites, or SI
system.
• It is also called the
metric system.
Basic SI Units of measure
SI Units
Unlike other systems of measurement, SI units
are based on multiples of ten.
Prefixes such as kilo- or centi- indicate units
larger or smaller than the basic SI units.
Length
The basic SI unit of length is the meter (m).
You will measure many distances that are less than 1 meter.
The numbers to the top of this metric ruler represent
centimeters.
How many centimeters is this pencil? 19 cm.
Volume
• Volume is the amount
of space that
something occupies.
Meniscus
• The SI unit of volume
is the cubic meter
(m3).
• A convenient unit for
everyday use is the
liter (L).
A graduated cylinder is
used to measure liquid
volumes.
Mass
• Mass is the amount
of matter that an
object contains.
• The basic SI unit
of mass is the gram
(g).
To determine an object's
mass, you use a tool
called a balance.
Density
•
•
•
Mass is related to
another important
quantity called density.
Density tells you how
much matter is packed
into a given volume of
space.
The units of density are
grams of matter per
The number of mL the water
cubic centimeter (g/cm3). level rises is equal to the volume
of the submerged object
Density
You can calculate the density of an object by using this
mathematical formula:
Density = g/ml
Example: Calculate the density of a piece of aluminum
if a 50 mL block weighs 135 g.
Solution:
Apply the formula:
Density = 135 g = 2.70 g/mL
50 mL
Temperature
• When you are healthy, your
normal body temperature is
about 98.6o Fahrenheit (F).
• On the Celsius scale, which
is used internationally and
in science, your normal body
temperature measures
about 37o Celsius (C).
On the Celsius
scale, water
freezes at 0oC
and boils at
100oC
Time
• The basic SI unit of
time is the second (s).
• Amounts of time less
than one second are
measured in
milliseconds (ms).
• One millisecond is
1/1,000 of one second.
Scientific Notation
• Scientists often work with
very long numbers.
• To save time, they write these
numbers in scientific notation.
• In scientific notation, a
number is written as the
product of two numbers.
2.68 X 1015 or 1.5 X 10-12
• For example, the distance
from the earth to the moon is
about 384,400 km (238,855
miles) or in scientific notation,
3.844 x 105 km.
Skills Workout
List some things that you think are so
big or so small that scientific
notation would be needed to write
their measurement.
The thickness of a piece of paper = app. 1.0 X 10-4 m
The circumference of the Earth = app 4 .0 X 104 km
The distance from Earth to Pluto = app. 6.0 X 109
The size of a virus = app. 2.0 X 10-9
Chapter 1
Section 3
Graphing
1.3 Graphing
• Objectives
– Describe three types of graphs.
– Identify the parts of a line graph.
– Analyze data and plan a graph.
Graphing
• A graph is a picture of data that
shows numerical data in diagram
form. A graph makes it easier to
understand information.
Kinds of Graphs
• Three kinds of graphs are circle, bar
and line graphs.
• Each kind of graph shows numerical data
in a different way.
Circle
Bar
Line
Circle Graphs
• A circle graph is
a circle divided
into parts.
• This kind of
graph makes it
easy to compare
how one part
relates to the
whole amount.
What two gases make up most of the
air? Which of the two is there more of?
Bar Graphs
•
Which city has the highest
yearly temperature? Which has
the lowest?
The wide columns
on a bar graph are
used to compare
measurements,
such as weight,
height, and length,
about groups or
individual items.
Line Graphs
•
•
Line graphs are useful for comparing sets
of numerical data.
They also show change and patterns, or
trends in data.
Compare and
contrast Raul and
Rosa's growth
patterns. Who is
taller at age 8? At
age 14?
Chapter 1
Section 4
Science Tools &
Technology
1.4 Science Tools & Technology
• Objectives
– Describe the connections in science.
– Give examples of technological tools.
– Compare science and technology.
– Infer why tools influence science
research.
Connections in Science
• Have you ever wondered what your
fingernails are made of?
• Why a light turns on when you flip a
switch?
• How television and radio signals reach your
home?
• Getting the answers to these questions
involved scientific study of why and how
things happen in the natural world.
Connections in Science
• Science has many divisions, but they are all
connected. For example…
• The study of matter can be identified as two
connected sciences, chemistry and physics.
• Chemistry is the study of matter and its
changes.
• Physics and Physical Science
are the study of energy and
how it affects matter.
Tools and Technology
• Science research explores
why and how things happen
in the natural world.
Radio
• Technology is the use of
Telescope
physical science principles
to help answer those
questions.
• Scientists use
technological tools, both
simple and complex to
gather data about the
natural world.
Wind Tunnel
Some of the tools that make it possible:
• The rapid calculations done
by a computer can help people
identify things that are too
tiny or too distant to see.
The spectrogram
produced by a
spectroscope indicates
what kind of matter
makes up a star or
other object in space.
To study how matter and
energy interact, physicists
"shoot" tiny particles of
matter at a larger particle
in a particle accelerator.
Electrophoresis gel - Biochemists
use electricity to separate the
proteins and nucleic acids that
make up living things.
Check and Explain pg. 25
1. The specialty biochemistry combines biology and
chemistry. Chemical reactions are studied in
chemistry and life processes are studied in biology.
2. Spectroscopes are used to study objects in space.
Microscopes are used to study very small objects
3. Science explains how and why things happen in the
natural world; technology is the use of science
principles to solve practical problems.
4. Some tools enable people to observe objects that are
very small or very far away. By using tools, scientists
are able to make more detailed observations.
Prehistoric Technology
• When you think of the word technology,
what do you think of?
• Actually, technology based on the
principles of physical science is ancient.
Prehistoric Technology
• The stone tools
made about 1.9
million years ago
in Africa are one
example.
A gold ring of Pharaoh Ramses II
(1290-1224 B.C.) and a stone cutting
tool made by Homo habilis.
• The technology in
a stone ax is a
simple machine
called a wedge.
Prehistoric Technology
• Millions of years ago, people learned to control
and use fire for cooking and heating.
• Many other technologies became possible once
fire was controlled.