Honors Biology
Module 4
Kingdom Fungi
October 1, 2015
Class Challenge
Who can do the most sit-ups in one minute!?!
Next week’s class challenge
Who can grow the most unique mold?
Everyone has to participate in this !!!
Colorful
Prolific
What other categories???
Questions from this week’s
homework
Question 1
What are these pictures an example of ?
Questions 2 - 4
Members of phylum Pyrrophyta are often
referred to as _________________. They
have two ____________. One species in
this phylum, Gymnodinium brevis, have
blooms that are called ____________.
Question 5
5. What is Red Tide?
6. What are the large deposits of diatoms
called?
7. List two uses of these deposits?
Question 1
What are these pictures an example of ?
DIATOMS
Questions 2 - 4
Members of phylum Pyrrophyta are often
referred to as DINOFLAGLETTES.
They have two FLAGELLA. One
species in this phylum, Gymnodinium brevis,
have blooms that are called RED
TIDE.
What is Red Tide?
5. Red tide is an algae bloom of
dinoflagellates, which belong to phylum
Pyrrophyta.
6. What are the large deposits of diatoms
called?
Diatomaceous earth
7. List two uses of these deposits?
Abrasives and filters
Kingdom Fungi
Characteristics of Fungus
Although mushrooms are the most common
fungi, there are many other kinds as well.
Some fungi are pathogenic (diseasecausing), but there are also helpful
fungi: some fungi are used in making
cheese, others are used in baking, and
even some in medicine.
Fungus
Most fungi are multicellular; a few are singlecelled. But whether multicellular or
unicellular, their cells are all eukaryotes
(each cell having membrane-bound
organelles, each organelle performing a
particular job).
Their cells usually have many nuclei.
Kingdom Fungi
Most of the organisms in this kingdom
are heterotrophs (can't make their own food).
Some of these heterotrophic fungi
are parasitic (feed on living matter), but most
are saprophytic(feed on dead matter).
The saprophytic fungi are decomposers that
promote the decay of once-living
matter. Otherwise, leaves would pile up each
fall year after year, not to mention dead animals,
and other things that decompose.
Kingdom Fungi
In a single autumn, the average elm tree will drop as
much as 400 pounds of leaves on the ground. If it
were not for fungi and other decomposers, those
leaves would continue to pile up until the tree
choked on its own dead leaves in just a few
seasons.
Because of decomposers, the leaves will be broken
down into chemicals that can then be re-used by
the tree and other organisms in creation.
Kingdom Fungi
Saprophytic or parasitic, they both digest
their food outside of their bodies.
They secrete a chemical onto the food that
digests the food before it is ingested
(eaten).
The digested food is then absorbed into the
cell of the fungus.
Extracellular (outside the cell) digestion can
be beneficial to other organisms that can
often absorb some of the nutrients before
the fungus has a chance to absorb them.
General characteristics of Fungi
Saprophytic: Feeds on remains of dead
organisms.
Parasitic: Feeds on living host. Not as
common.
Extracellular digestion: Digest their food
outside of their body.
Spore reproduction: All produce spores
for reproduction.
Mycelium: The part of the fungus
responsible for extracellular digestion and
absorption of the digested food.
Hypha: A filament of fungal cells.
General Structure of a Mushroom
See figure 4.1 (page 98)
• The general structure of a mushroom is
easy to see.
• There is the cap, which has the gills
underneath (where the spores grow), and
the stalk which is called the stipe.
• This is all called the fruiting body.
Mycelium
The mycelium is
not a root system
for the mushroom.
This is the main part
of the mushroom.
Each strand is a
hypha.
Anatomy and Life Cycle
Hyphae
In some fungi, the hyphae are composed of
individual cells separated from one another
by cell walls, called Septate Hypha
(Figure 4.2)
Other fungi have hyphae that look like one big
cell. There are no walls, and the nuclei are
spread throughout the hypha. These are
called Nonseptate hyphae.
Hypha
Even when a fungus is composed of septate
hypha, its cells are not completely
separated from one another because the
pores in the cell walls allow cytoplasm to
be passed between the cells.
This is a characteristic that is unique to
kingdom Fungi.
Colonial protistans and monerans have cells that
group together, but the cells do not exchange
cytoplasm.
Plants and animals are multicellular, but their
individual cells are completely separate; they do
not exchange cytoplasm.
In kingdom Fungi, the cells are not completely
separate.
Rhizoid hypha
Is a hypha that is imbedded in the material
on which the fungus grows. If the hypha is
part of the mycelium, it is called a rhizoid
hypha.
These are responsible for supporting the
fungus and digesting the food. They are
considered the main body of the fungus.
Other types of Hypha
Figure 4.3
Aerial hypha: is not imbedded in the
material upon which the fungus grows.
This hypha sticks up in the air. It can do one
of three things: absorb oxygen from the
air, produce spores or asexually reproduce
to form new filaments.
If the hypha performs one of these jobs, it is
further specified as either a sporophore
or a stolon.
Sporophore: Specialized aerial hypha that
produces spores.
Stolon: An aerial hypha that asexually
reproduces to make more filaments.
Haustorium:
A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the
host’s cells, absorbing nutrients directly
from the cytoplasm.
Chitin
Most fungi have cells walls that contain chitin.
This is a chemical that provides toughness and
flexibility.
This chemical makes fungus hardy, it provides
protection, like an armor.
It is the same chemical found in shells
(exoskeletons) of arthropods (spiders, beetles,
ants and lobsters).
Reproduction in Kingdom Fungi
• In addition to other various means of
reproduction, the one means of
reproduction all fungi have in common is
by making spores.
• Most fungi are multicellular, and will grow
a specialized structure for that particular
type of fungus for the purpose of
producing spores.
• For example, a mushroom has basidia on
which their basidiospores form.
•
• A spore print can be made by laying a
mushroom cap on paper for several hours
or overnight, covered by a bowl or jar to
prevent air currents from disturbing the
spores.
The sexual reproduction that usually occurs in
fungi involves forming specialized structures
called fruiting bodies.
Once the fruiting body is formed, it rises out of the
mycelium and releases its spores.
The cap and stalk that we normally call a
mushroom are just parts of the fruiting body of
the mycelium of a fungus.
Although spore formation is the reproductive
mode common to all fungi, most can also
reproduce by other asexual means.
The hyphae cells in the mycelium can
reproduce asexually, increasing the size of
the mycelium
Also when the stolon is formed, the cells
within it will reproduce asexually ,
lengthening the stolon.
After the stolon reaches a certain length, it
will begin to reproduce into hyphae that
will form the mycelium of a new fungus.
Mr. Anderson on Fungi
http://youtu.be/dj9m7Oc36wM
Experiment 4.1
Phylum Basidiomycota
Object: To observe fungi that are readily
found in most areas and to understand
how members of phylum Basidiomycota
grow and reproduce.
Homework
1. Prepare bread mold sample for next week’s
experiment.
2. Continue reading Module 4 p. 109-120
3. Answer OYO questions 4.1 – 4.8.
4. Answer Study Guide questions: a-I and 2-13
5. Finish Lab 4.1 in lab book.
6. Class challenge: Bread mold beauty contest.
7. Label structure of a mushroom.