THE HUMAN WORLD Why Does It Matter? • A __________ of the human world---population, _______, political & ________ systems & resources will help you understand events in the world around you WORLD POPULATION (Section 1) • The characteristics & _____________ of human ___________ affect physical & human systems • Population _________ & ______________ influence where people live & how they change the natural _______________ Population Growth • Just over _______ billion (7,035,079,454) people live on Earth at the __________ time & they inhabit nearly ________ of the planets _________ • Global population is ____________ so ____________ that by the year 2050 the world is expected to reach a minimum of ______ billion & a maximum of ______ billion people (____________) • _____ growth was not always the case as from year 1000 to 1800 the worlds population increased ______ • Then between 1800 & 1950 the __________ of people on Earth ____________ • WHY YOU ASK?-----_______________ from ____________ (natures own way of regulating population) • Plague of ________ (Typhoid Fever) • _________ Plague (smallpox) • Plague of __________ from 541 to 750, was the first _________ outbreak of the (bubonic plague) • 1350 (_______ Death/Plague Pandemic) killed 30-60% of Europe’s population (Chinese _______ flea) • 1492 (___________ Exchange) killed another ______ million people (smallpox, yellow fever, mumps) • Third ____________, started in _______ in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing ______ million people in _________ alone • During this pandemic, the _____ saw its first outbreak: the ____________ plague of 1900– 1904 • More recent---__________, Influenza & ______/HIV • WHAT HAS HAPPENED? • _________ death rates are due to more abundant & reliable _______ supplies, improved _________ care, access to __________ & technology & better _________ conditions • ***Technology such as ___________ & _________ & the application of medicine have circumvented nature own __________ capacity (K) & keeps people alive who would otherwise die due the lack of natural ___________ etc… • The carrying capacity of a biological species in an environment is the ____________ population size of the species that the environment can __________ indefinitely, given the _______, habitat, water & other necessities _____________ in the environment (the environment's ______________ load) • The key point here is that the _________ population keeps _________ & will continue to grow unless there is a conscious effort by us to _________ its growth, or _______ imposes some kind of control (like the recent ____________ in China, or the cyclones & __________in South & Southeast Asia) • ***Basically More _________ are being born than ________ dying which is leading to Overpopulation The Demographic Transition • “_____________” is the study of __________ in which they use statistics to learn about population growth • The “Demographic Transition Model” uses “____________” (# of births per year for every 1,000 people) & “_____________ rates” (# of deaths per year for every 1,000 people) to show _________ in the population _____________ of a country or a region • Today most of the world’s _______________ & _____________ developed countries have experienced the transition from _______ birthrates & death rates to ________ birthrates & death rates • This is called “_________ population growth” in which the birthrate & death rate are _________ • • When this occurs, a country’s _____________ does not ________ Although birthrates have ___________ significantly in many countries in Asia, Africa & Latin America over the past 40 years, they are still _____________ than in the _______________ world • ___________ in these regions are traditionally ________ because of cultural beliefs about marriage, family & the value of ____________ (need many children to help _________ the land) • A __________ number of birth & a ________ number of deaths will greatly __________ the population growth in these regions • As a result “_________ time” or the number of years it takes a population to _________ in ______ sometimes takes as little as ______ years in some parts of Asia, Africa & Latin America (______ years should be the __________) Challenges Of Growth • Limited Resources • The more __________ on the planet, the more __________ are required to _________ the increased population • From ________ to clean __________ to mineral resources, as the population rises these resources are depleted & become more __________ • The ___________ impact to people on earth becomes greater/higher with increased population growth especially for __________ populations who live without the _________ resources, such as clean water, food & ____________ care, necessary to sustain life as well as providing for a higher ___________ of life • The economic _____________ of population growth limits __________, causing poorer people to live at a much _____________ standard of living then people living in __________ nations • Impact To the Planet • As more __________ dioxide is produced by the __________ of civilization, the impact on the ____________ is beginning to be seen with global temperatures on the _______ • __________ that once helped to create _________ are being stripped away every day • These trees also help to _________ the soil in many areas, so the consequence of removing them is an increase in surface _________ runoff & an increase in the occurrence of __________, even in areas where there was previously no flooding • Impact To Animal Life • As the ___________ population increases, the population of animal life __________ • The cause of this decrease is fairly obvious----As more ________ occupy the earth, they need more __________ (living) & more resources, including ___________ that are taken from areas that sustain a multitude of species • Animal _________ are impacted by _________, oil wells & ________ cutting & the production of timber through tree ________ on large swaths of land • As these incursions continue & increase, animals already on the ___________ species list creep closer to _____________ & those not already listed on it move closer to becoming ____________ Negative Population Growth • “NPG” does not occur very often but it is when the annual death rate __________ the annual _________ • There are ________ reasons to why “NPG” may occur • Birth Rate Effects • For a population to remain at the __________ level, each couple having children must _________ themselves; that is, have _________ healthy children • This factor is sometimes measured by the Total _________ Rate, which is defined as the number of _________ the average ___________ will have over her __________ (TFR average is _____) • There are a number of __________ why TFR may dip below 2 • A major factor is the availability of birth ________ medicines as well, societal ___________ (women in the __________), financial pressures or government disincentives (as exist in some countries) may motivate people to _________ the size of their ___________ • • • Immigration & Emigration • The population __________ of a specific geographical area, such as a country, also depends on the net balance between ________ of people (immigration) & ___________ (emigration) • Although this obviously does not change the overall ____________ population, it can change the population ___________ a given region • ________ of immigration & emigration ______, depending on circumstances such as perceived economic opportunities (Vietnam War, __________ & ________, Holocaust) Mortality Increases • Mortality ___________ obviously _________ the level of a population, especially if mortality occurs before a person reaches __________ & has __________ of her own but the most common & most severe are normally ________, famine & ________ as well as new or emerging diseases • HIV/AIDS, for example, which emerged in the latter part of the 20th century, caused over one ________ deaths in sub-Saharan Africa in _______ Examples Of Negative Population Growth • At present, several countries exhibit __________ overall population growth • These include __________ (-0.28% & ____________ (-0.38%) • A number of eastern _________ countries also appear on this list, such as Estonia, _____________ & ___________, with growth rates in the vicinity of -0.7% • By contrast, the ____________ has a growth rate of around _____ Population Distribution • World population distribution is _______ & is influenced by _________ & the Earth’s _________ geography • “Population _____________” is the pattern of _____________ development in the world Some areas are ________ populated than others b/c of __________ features or ___________ (high mountain peaks, barren ________ & frozen tundra make human _________ difficult) Most people live where there is _______ soil, available _______ & a climate without harsh extremes _________ & __________ are the most densely populated (Asia---60% of the worlds people) Population Density • Geographers determine how _________ a country or region is by measuring “Population __________”---The # of people living in a _________ mile of land • To ___________ the population density, the total # of _________ of an area is taken & _______ by the total # of square ________ in the area • This is an _________, it does not mean that exactly that many people in each square mile as it __________ widely from country to country Population Movement • As the Earth’s population is moving in great numbers, people are _______ from city to city or from city to __________ while others are migrating from _________ villages to cities • The resulting growth of ________ populations brought about by such migration & the changes that come with this increase are called “___________”---The population growth of a city & the changes that come along w/ it • The ________ cause of urbanization is the desire of rural people to find _______ & a better ______ in more prosperous urban areas (about _________ of the worlds population live in cities) • Migrations - people migrate to avoid ________, famine, & _________ & when they migrate they bring their ____________ w/ them to the new place GLOBAL CULTURES (Section 2) • The spatial interaction of _________ can spread new _________, establish __________ relationships, cause _________ & build political partnerships • Geographers study “_______”---the way of life for a group of people who share similar beliefs & _________ • A particular culture can be understood by looking at language, __________, daily _______, history, ________ & the economy Language • Language is a _________ element in a culture’s ____________ • Through language people communicate __________ & experiences & pass on cultural values & __________ • People speak a “________” (local form of a language that differs from the main form) & linguists organize languages into “language __________” (large groups of languages having _________ roots) Religion • Religious __________ vary significantly around the _______ & struggles over religious differences can be a source of _________ • In many cultures religion enables people to find a sense of _________ while ___________ aspects of daily life from the practice of ___________ values to the ____________ of holidays & festivals • A set of beliefs shared by a people group & the _________ used to express those beliefs that are often _________ through migration, ____________ work, _________, & war • ____________ Religions - varieties of religions that are specific to one _________ group • Tend to believe that ___________ are one w/_________& that natural features are __________ & to be worshipped Social Groups • A social system develops to help the members of a culture _________ together to meet _______ needs • Most cultures are made up of social _________ (groups of people __________ according to ancestry, wealth or __________) • Cultures may include people who belong to __________ “ethnic groups” (people who share a common language, history, __________ of origin or a ___________ of these elements) Government & Economy • Governments of the world share certain ___________ such as maintaining _________ within the country, providing _________ from outside dangers or providing ___________ to the people who live there • Governments are organized by levels of _________ (national, ________, local) & by the type of authority (single ruler, a small group of leaders or a body of _________ & their representatives) • Geographers look at ____________ activities to study how a culture uses its natural __________ to meet human __________ Culture Regions • Geographers _________ the Earth into “_________ Regions” with each including countries that have certain traits in ___________ such as similar economic systems, forms of _________ & social groups • Their histories, ___________ & art forms may share _________ influences also Cultural Change • __________ factors (new _________, lifestyles & _________) create change within cultures • Change can also come through spatial interaction such as __________, migration & _______ • The process of ____________ new knowledge from one place to another is called “cultural __________” Agricultural Revolution • Cultural Diffusion has been a major factor in cultural __________ since the earliest humans (_________) who had no fixed __________ & moved from place to place in search of _________ & water The Neolithic Revolution (10,000-4,000 B.C.) The ___________ Revolution followed the end of the last ________ age around 10,000 B.C. & was a significant change in ____________ patterns that occurred in the “New _________ Age” The biggest change was the shift from _________ animals & ___________ plants for sustenance to producing food by _____________ agriculture (An ____________ Revolution) ___________ of grains & ______________ provided a __________ supply of food __________ of animals such as goats, cattle, pigs, & sheep added a steady source of ________ & milk Fibers such as _________ was used for clothing Growing crops & taming food-producing animals created a new __________ between humans & ________ The growing of __________ on a regular basis gave rise to more permanent ___________ (Neolithic farming villages or ____________) Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution Once people __________ in villages or towns they built _________ for protection & other structures for the _________ of goods As an organized ___________ they stored food & accumulated _________ goods They engaged in far greater __________ than nomadic peoples did People began to ___________ in certain crafts & a division of ____________ developed ___________ making, weaving, ___________ from flax plants & the making of stone _________ Changed the relationship between _________ & ___________ Men were responsible for working ____________ & herding ________ that often took them from home Women cared for the __________, weaved clothes, made __________ & performed job duties that allowed them to stay in ________ place Between 4,000 & 3,000 B.C. significant ___________ developments began to transform the Neolithic towns The invention of ____________ enabled __________ to be kept The use of _________ marked a new level of human control over the environment & its _____________ Metal-bearing rocks (________ was the 1st) could be ___________ to liquefy metals to be poured in molds to make ___________ & tools After 4,000 B.B. craftspeople in western Asia discovered that a combination of __________ & _______ produced _____________ which was a much harder & _____________ metal Fixed ____________, domesticated ___________, regular farming, a division of _________, & men holding power are all part of the human story as today we still _________ on the growing & storing of food Emergence Of Civilization Early human beings formed _________ groups that developed a simple _________ that enabled them to ___________ As human societies grew & developed, a new form human ___________ called “___________” began to form A “civilization” is a complex _________ in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common __________ “Cultural Hearth” or early centers of civilization whose ________ & __________ spread to surrounding areas (From Mesopotamia life civilization & “____________” or permanent settlements spread to _________ to Assyria to Persia & on to _________ & the Americas) Industrial & Information Revolution Industrialization - When countries began using ___________ (machines instead of humans) Industrial Revolution - People moved to the city to take jobs in __________ (cities grew __________) Information Revolution - ___________ make it possible to save & send large amounts of __________ to any part of the world POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SYSTEMS (Section 3) • Political & economic systems provide the _______ & _______ for groups of people to control Earth’s surface • Today the world includes more than ________ independent countries that vary in size, ___________ might, natural ______________ & world _____________ with each country being defined by characteristics such as territory, ___________ & “sovereignty” or freedom from __________ control • These elements are brought together under a ____________ that must make & enforce __________ & laws that are ______________ on all people living within its ___________ Levels Of Government • The government of each country has unique characteristics that relate to that country’s _____________ development & in order to carry out their _________ must be ____________ or have levels of government (national/central, provinces/states, cities, towns/villages) • ___________ System - Gives all the power to national or ________ government (United Kingdom & France) • Federal - __________ the government powers b/t the __________ & _________ government with each level of having some powers (United States/Canada/Mexico/Brazil & Australia) • ___________ - Like a Federal government, it is a _________ of ______________ territories (Switzerland & European Union) Types Of Government • Governments can be classified by asking the question: Who _________ the _______? • Under this classification all governments belong to one of the ______ major groups (Autocracy---rule by _______ person, oligarchy---rule by _______ people or democracy---rule by _______ people) Autocracy • The _____________ & ____________ belongs to ______ single person (usually inherited or by use of military or police power) • One of the most ___________& _________ forms of government • Monarchy - King or Queen has ________ power over the country in a usually inherited position (Saudi Arabia) • Totalitarianism/Dictatorship - _______ person rules (usually with fear) the land & seeks to _________ all aspects of _________ & economic ______ & has usually come to power forcefully (revolution) (Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union & Hitler’s Nazi Germany) Oligarchy • Any form of government in which a _________ group holds ________ • ________ is usually obtained through ________, military power, social position or any combination of the 3 • __________ - Ruled by the __________ & the __________ of the country (China) • Both claim that they _______ for the ___________ Democracy • A government in which ____________ rule with the peoples “_________” or approval • __________ Democracy - When __________ themselves decide on issues (usually at the local level) • Representative Democracy – People ________ representatives with the responsibility & power to make _________ & ________ government (council, legislature, congress, parliament) • Republic - Voters elect all major ___________ who are supposed to best __________ the people of the country or are responsible to the people (United States & France) Economic Systems • All economic systems must make 3 basic economic decisions • What & how many __________ & _________ should be produced • How they should be ___________ • __________ gets the goods & services that are produced • These decisions are made differently in the _____ major economic systems (traditional, market & command) Traditional Economy • ___________ & ___________ determine how the rules for all economic activity • Individuals are not ________ to make decisions based on what they would ________ to have instead their behavior is defined by the __________ of their elders & ancestors An example is that it was tradition for the _________ society in northern Canada that a hunter ________ the food from the hunt with the other families in the __________ Market Economy • Individuals & private groups make ___________ about what to __________ • People, as ____________, choose what products they will or will not _________ & businesses make more of what they believe consumers ________ • It is based on “_________________” The idea that __________ individuals or groups have the ________ to own property or businesses & make a _________ with only limited government interference (must pay _______ & product can’t be ___________) People are _______ to choose what jobs they will do & for whom they will work called “_____________” _____ country in the world has a _______ market economy system Mixed Economy (type of Market Economy or a Mixed Market Economy) The government ___________ & ____________ some of the production, but people still have some freedom about ____________ & products they sell The main point is for the government to keep the market ________ & ________ from people who are trying to take _____________ of other people (United States) Command Economy (Communism or Socialism) • The government _________ & __________ the means of production, land, _________, capital (machinery, factories) & business managers & also ____________ the distribution of goods • They believe that the economic ___________ making benefits all of ____________ not just a few people • Goods are made by the _____________ & are distributed ____________ to people, instead of single businesses __________ them • _____________ Economy Requires ________ government control in which ________ decide how much to produce, what to produce, & how to distribute products Customers choices are ___________ & the economy usually ___________ (Soviet Union) • _____________ Economy Allows a _________ range of ________ enterprise & has 3 main goals (China) __________ distribution of wealth & economic opportunity Society controls __________ through government __________ ownership of services & factories is essential RESOUCRES, TRADE & THE ENVIRONMENT (Section 4) • Although people are ____________ on the world’s __________ resources for survival, certain economic activities can _____________ human’s future access to these resources • __________ provides all the elements necessary to sustain _________ but they must be used sparingly Natural Resources • Items on Earth that are _______ made by people but can be _______ by people for ________ or ________ • ____________ Resources Replenished _________ - can _________ be used up (Wind, Sun, Water) • ____________ Resources Can not be replaced or ____________ (Fossil Fuels) Must be _____________ to last for future generations (Oil, coal, Natural Gas) • _________ use of natural resources have encouraged people to replace their dependence on ________ fuels with the use of renewable _________ sources (Hydroelectricity & Nuclear Power) Economic Development • Most natural resources are not _________ distributed throughout the __________ • This ________ distribution affects the global __________ & as a result some countries specialize in the economic _____________ best suited to their resources • ________ Economic Activities - taking & using _______ resources from Earth EX: farming, fishing, mining • ___________ Economic Activities - Use ________ materials to produce something new & more valuable EX: Manufacturing cars, electric power • ______________ Economic Activities - Activities that provide ___________ to people EX: doctors, teachers, bankers • ___________ Economic Activities - Processing & ________ info EX: Researchers & government employees • ________________ – The ____________ of industrialization determines how __________ a country is • ___________ Countries - Most people work in ___________, service, or information industries (_________ Life in the U.S.) • ___________ Industrialized Countries – Have moved from primarily ____________ to primarily __________________ & industrial activities (Mexico & Malaysia) • ____________ Countries – Countries working toward ___________ manufacturing & _____________ but most still rely on ____________ to feed their families & as a result most people remain _________ (Africa & Latin America) World Trade • When countries _________ produce as much or make a certain ___________ they must __________ it from other countries • _______ of Trade - Barriers created by __________ so that their government may benefit from trade • Tariffs - _______ imposed on imported goods., used to influence people to buy their own countries ________ • Quota - # ___________ on the amount of a certain product that can be __________ • Embargo - Forbidding ___________ w/ certain countries at all, usually imposed b/c of ______ or ill feelings • Free Trade - ____________ of trade barriers so that countries may trade __________ (U.S. & Canada) People & The Environment • In recent decades, economic activities have drastically affected the ___________ • A _________ environmental challenge today is “____________” or the release of __________ or toxic elements into the air, _________ & land Water & Land Pollution • The release of unclean or toxic elements into the ____________ or ____________ • ___________ Pollution Water generally __________ itself, but pollution has ___________ this down __________ spills, hazardous _________, fertilizers & pesticides from __________ can seep into groundwater & cause harm as can animal ________ & untreated sewage as well Air Pollution • Main source comes from __________ fossil fuels by ____________ & ___________ which release poisonous gases that are harmful to humans • _________ Rain - When chemicals from _________ pollution combine w/precipitation it eats away at building _____________, kills __________, & plants Ecosystem • People are ___________ the ecosystem by building communities & ___________ the environment • Everything in the ecosystem is _________ on one another to survive (predator & prey or food ________) • The decisions we make ___________ will effect our Earth ___________ & as people are becoming more aware of how their actions affect this ___________ balance of life, they are starting to ____________ resources more wisely