Chapter 22 Study Guide - The Industrial Revolution
People
 James Hargreaves
 Richard Arkwright
 Edmund Cartwright
 Thomas Savery
 Thomas Newcomen
 James Watt
 Henri Court
 George Stephenson
 Isambard Brunel
 Thomas Brassey
 Claude Monet
 Joseph Turner
 Thomas Malthus
 David Ricardo
 Cockerill family
 Hakort
 Friedrich List
 Pereire brothers
 Elizabeth Strutt
 Friedrich Engels
 Robert Owen
Terms/ Events
 Tariffs
 Proletariat
 Credit market
 Innovation
 Entrepreneur
 Textiles
 Spinning jenny
 Water Frame
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Power loom
Steam engine
Condenser
Puddling Furnace
coke
(failed) steam cars
The Rocket
‘workshop to the world’
The Malthusian hypothesis (the text
does not use this exact term)
The Iron Law of Wages
Per capita growth
National System of Political
Economy
Zollverein
limited liability investment
Credit Mobilier of Paris
Capital
Luddites
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The Condition of the Working
Class in England
New Lanark
the Factory Act of 1833
Mines Act of 1842
Working class solidarity/class
consciousness
Worker combinations (aka unions)
Combination Acts of 1799
The modern labor movement
New Harmony
The Grand National Consolidated
Trades Union
Amalgamated Society of Engineers
Chartists
Questions
 In what ways did and didn’t the
Industrial Revolution fit the
definition of a revolution?
 Why didn’t the I.R. bring many
people out of poverty before 1850?
Know that it did after 1850.
 Where did the I.R. start and why
there? (there are many parts to this
answer) You need to know about
England’s economic readiness,
agricultural readiness, the impact of
finance, the importance of stability
and the presence of a proletariat
 Why were credit markets an
important factor in the I.R.?
 What was the 1st industrial industry
and what factors combined to lead
to the industrialization of this
industry? (for example, why was
cotton better than wool and flax?
Why was it suddenly available?)
 Why did the spinning jenny and the
Water Frame lead to an explosion
in other textile related inventions?
 What were the immediate impacts
of the mechanization of textiles?
 Where were early factories located?
Was the work desirable and why or
why not? Who made up the early
workforce and why? What was life
like for these workers?
 What were the pre-industrial power
sources that the early I.R. relied
on? What were their limitations?
Why were these power sources
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particularly unappealing in
England?
Know roughly the statistics that
prove the value of coal as an
alternative to other early power
sources.
How did James Watt improve the
steam engine? How do the man and
his work serve to represent the
preconditions for the British lead in
the I.R.?
Why was the steam engine a truly
radical innovation?
What was the steam engine used
for? (a variety of things!)
What were the two most important
natural resources to the I.R.?
What impact did railroads have on
British economics, population
movement, and urbanization
Know Malthus’ and Ricardo’s
theories and how they were born
out of the previous bullet point.
Do modern historians tend to agree
or disagree with Malthus and
Ricardo’s basic arguments?
Know that Europe and the U.S.
developed their industry in
different ways and in jerky stops
and starts, but had largely
industrialized by the end of the 19th
c
Know the basic 19th c trends of
European industrialization versus
India’s and China’s
Who followed Britain most closely
in industrialization? Why is 1815
an important year in regards to the
growth of industrialization of
continental Europeans?
What advantages and
disadvantages existed on the
continent (in regards to
industrialization) after 1815?
What efforts did Britain take to
maintain its edge after 1815?
What factors eroded these British
efforts? (there are several)
What does Hakort’s success and
failure tell us about continental
challenges to industrialization?
What were List’s two basic
arguments in favor of
industrialization?
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How did the limited liability
investment help encourage
investment and as a result,
industrialization? Which country
pioneered this style of investment?
Know British versus Continental
industrialization by basic time
period… I would suggest 1780s –
1815; 1815-1850; 1850-1873
Know that the ‘mob’ of our earlier
Enlightenment discussions was
becoming the ‘working class’
It seems to me that the text
mentions that business was
cutthroat during industrialization to
give a justification for the cruel
decisions made by many
industrialists in relation to their
workforce (just thought I’d mention
it)
Know that in many European
countries, outsiders (Jews,
Protestants outside the mainstream)
played a key role in early
industrialization
Know the basic differences
between the first generation of
industrialists and the next
generation, which inherited
established industry (for example,
the openness to newcomers of
talent or the role expected of
women in the two generations,
respectively)
Know the basic pessimistic
response to the I.R. and its
component parts: why did the
Romantics (as personified by
William Blake and William
Wordsworth) criticize the Industrial
Revolution? Who were the
Luddites and when did they first
riot? (1812) What was Engel’s
criticism of the I.R.?
The basic optimistic view of
Industrialization, including: Ure
and Chadwick’s arguments; and the
specific areas of workers’ lives that
improved versus areas where their
lives degraded
Know that there were probably
more contemporary critics than
proponents
How do modern historians, with the
aid of statistics, assess the I.R. in
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terms of its impact on the working
classes, and what differences do
they see between the early, late,
and middle I.R.?
How did the hiring of whole
families into the factory soften
some of the sharpest pains of
Industrial work? Know that laws
meant to outlaw child labor (for
example the Factory Act of 1833 )
had the unintended consequence of
ending this hidden benefit.
Know that Irish were common
factory workers due to poverty in
Ireland
How did the relationship of gender
and work change? In other words,
why were women and men’s work
increasingly differentiated in the
I.R.? (Careful… there are two
competing interpretations here!)
Know that the Mines Act of 1842
was an example of attempts to keep
women out of certain professions.
Why did Industrialization highlight
class tensions and raise class
consciousness? What does liberal
economics have to do with this
question? Another way to phrase
these questions would be: Why did
attempts to free the markets hurt
many of the poorest workers?
What was the Combination Act of
1799 and how was it connected to
liberal economic ideas? What
forces caused it to be repealed?
What course did the development
of labor unions take after the
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Combination Acts were repealed
and before the collapse of the
Grand National Consolidated
Trades Union? Who led the way
during this period? What course did
the labor movement take after the
collapse of the Grand National?
Who took a leadership role in this
next phase?
What was the connection
between the labor movement
and the Chartists?
Possible Outlining Questions
1. Why Britain and why then?
2. Defend the following
statement: The Industrial
Revolution was a boon for both
wealthy and poor Europeans.
3. What is class consciousness
and why was it catalyzed by
the Industrial Revolution?
4. What were the advantages and
disadvantages for continental
European industrialists in
comparison to Britain?