US HISTORY FINAL REVIEW
Name __________________
Goal 12: The US Since the Vietnam War (1973-Present)
 Objective 12.01: How have significant events in foreign policy since the Vietnam War
impacted the role of the US in the world?
Describe US involvement in the following recent conflicts:
Region
Year(s)
Conflict
US Role
Soviet
Union
Yom Kippur War –
Middle
East
Lebanon –
Iranian Hostage Crisis –
Persian Gulf War –
China
Central
America
Africa
How did the following contribute to the end of the Cold War?
US defense spending –
Glasnost & perestroika –
Fall of the Berlin Wall –
 Objective 12.02: How have recent constitutional amendments, court rulings, and
federal legislation impacted the lives of US citizens?
Name three recent conservative appointees to the Supreme Court:
Describe three recent controversial rulings made by the Supreme Court:
When and why did Congress pass the following legislation? Who was president at the time?
Title IX –
Americans with Disabilities Act –
McCain-Feingold bill –
 Objective 12.03: How has the US been impacted by economic, technological, and
environmental changes?
Describe the economic conditions and policies during the following presidencies:
President
(Years)
Economy
Policies
Ford
Carter
Reagan
Clinton
What happened at Three Mile Island in 1979, and what was the impact?
What changes occurred as a result of innovations in computer technology?
What was the impact of the NASA space shuttles Columbia & Challenger?
 Objective 12.04: How have recent social, political, and cultural changes in the US
affected life in America?
How did Americans react to Ford’s decision to pardon Nixon? Carter’s amnesty for “draft-dodgers”?
What is the main difference between conservatives and liberals today?
What political groups comprised the New Right Coalition of the 1980s?
2
Describe the positive and negative characteristics and/or developments of the following presidents:
President
(Years)
Positive
Negative
Ronald Reagan
George H.W. Bush
Bill Clinton
What happened in the 2000 presidential election?
What is the controversy over school vouchers?
What are the overall goals of the No Child Left Behind Act?
 Objective 12.05: How has American racial and ethnic diversity changed since the
turn of the nineteenth century?
What is the difference between multiculturalism and assimilation?
What is the controversy in each of the following immigration topics?
Illegal immigration –
Bilingual education –
Nativism –
Immigration Reform Act –
3
How did the Supreme Court rule on affirmative action in Regents of UC v. Bakke?
List three minority individuals who have impacted US politics and describe their accomplishments.
 Objective 12.06: How has the US responded to the reality of terrorism in today’s
world?
Why are radical Muslim groups such as Al-Qaeda opposed to the US?
What three major terrorist attacks led up to the attack on the World Trade Center in 2001?
Describe President Bush’s response to 9/11:
At Home
In Afghanistan
In Iraq
The spread of nuclear weapons to countries that do not already have them is called _____________
____________________. Two countries of major concern to the US in this regard are _______
and _________________.
Goal 11: Recovery, Prosperity & Turmoil (1945-1980)
 Objective 11.01: How did the Cold War affect economic, political, and social life in
the US?
To deal with the threat of nuclear warfare in the Cold War era, President Truman signed the
_________________________ in 1947, which created the Department of Defense, National
Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). These actions gave the president more
control over military affairs. Congress also established the _____________________________
_______________________________, or HUAC, to investigate charges of communist
infiltration and espionage. American citizens began building ____________________ and
practicing _________________ drills in school. As more young people went to college, however,
some began to criticize these and other developments in American society. Their activism led to the
rise of the ______________, which rejected traditional views and wanted radical social change.
4
Why are Alger Hiss, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and the Hollywood Ten symbols of
McCarthyism?
Identify three specific examples of the policy of détente:
 Objective 11.02: How did the Civil Rights Movement change the US?
What Supreme Court decision did Brown v. Board of Education overturn in 1954?
What group of African American high school students required military escorts to enforce
desegregation in Arkansas schools?
What Air Force veteran required military escorts to attend the University of Mississippi?
Who is responsible for inspiring the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1956, and who is responsible for
organizing the boycott?
List three examples of civil disobedience strategies used by the NAACP, SNCC, and CORE.
What was the specific goal of the March on Washington in 1963?
How did police in Alabama unwittingly help the cause of the Civil Rights Movement?
Describe two legislative accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement signed by President Johnson:
Civil Rights Act of 1964 –
Voting Rights Act of 1965 –
What were the specific goals of the Black Panther Party?
 Objective 11.03: How did social movements during this era bring about change in
American society?
Movement
(Leaders)
Counterculture
Goals
Strategies
Achievements
Farm Workers
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Movement
(Leaders)
American Indian
Movement (AIM)
Goals
Strategies
Achievements
Women’s “Lib”
Environment
Why were Phyllis Schlafly and other conservatives opposed to the Equal Rights Amendment?
In Roe v. Wade (1973), the Supreme Court ruled that because a woman’s right to _________ was
implied in the ______ amendment to the Constitution, state laws restricting abortions in the _____
trimester were unconstitutional.
 Objective 11.04: What led to US involvement in Vietnam, and what impact did it have
on the US?
Use the chart below to describe the turning points of US involvement in the Vietnam War:
CAUSE
Development
EFFECT
Geneva Accords
1954
US sends military aid
1956-1963
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
1964
“Americanization”
1965-1968
Tet Offensive
1968
My Lai
1968
Bombing/invasion of
Cambodia
1970
Kent State University
1970
Pentagon Papers
1971
“Vietnamization”
1969-1973
Paris Peace Accords
1973
War Powers Act
1973
Fall of Saigon
1975
6
 Objective 11.05: What were the effects of technological innovations following WWII?
As the Soviets developed ICBMs and launched Sputnik, how did Cold War tensions affect education
and the space program in the US?
What effect did radio have on the growing youth culture after WWII?
What effect did television have on:
Consumerism –
Civil Rights –
Vietnam War –
Two other innovations of the era helped speed up the pace of life in the US. The ______________
cooked food much faster than a conventional oven. Also, ________________________ allowed
people to travel faster and led to a boom in hotel construction and the car rental industry.
 Objective 11.06: How did the role of the federal government in American life change
during this era?
KENNEDY
“New Frontier”
JOHNSON
“Great Society”
NIXON
“New Federalism”
Medicare/Medicaid –
Head Start –
HUD –
NEH –
VISTA –
Who were the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)?
What three violent events overshadowed the Election of 1968?
What role did Nixon play in the Watergate Scandal, and why did he choose to resign?
7
Goal 10: World War II and the Beginning of the Cold War (1930-1963)
 Objective 10.01: What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the US into
World War II?
How did the Great Depression facilitate the rise of totalitarian or fascist governments? In what
countries did this happen?
Describe how each of the following is an example of appeasement:
Japanese invasion of Manchuria (China) –
Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia –
Munich Pact –
Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact –
How did US policy change from isolationism to military intervention?
Neutrality Acts
1935 –
Quarantine Speech
1937
Embargo on Japan
1940
Lend-Lease Act
1941
Pearl Harbor
1941
1937 –
 Objective 10.02: How did military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World
War II affect the outcome of the war?
What event finally prompted Britain and France to declare war on Germany in 1939?
Which European countries fell to Germany by 1940 as a result of the blitzkrieg technique?
Use the terms Battle of Britain and “arsenal of democracy” in the same sentence.
In his “Four Freedoms” speech, how did Roosevelt justify the sacrifices that would be made in war?
Identify four US military leaders responsible for leading American forces to victory in World War II.
8
Identify the significance of the following turning points of World War II:
European Theater
Dec 1941 Pearl Harbor ____________________________________________________
Aug 1942 Manhattan Project _______________________________________________
1942-1943 Operation Torch ________________________________________________
Jan 1943 Casablanca Conference ____________________________________________
Feb 1943 Battle of Stalingrad _______________________________________________
Dec 1943 Tehran Conference _______________________________________________
Jun 1944 D-Day ________________________________________________________
Jan 1945 Battle of the Bulge ________________________________________________
Feb 1945 Yalta Conference _________________________________________________
May 1945 V-E Day ________________________________________________________
Nov 1945 Nuremberg Trials ________________________________________________
Pacific Theater
Dec 1941 Pearl Harbor & Philippines _________________________________________
Jun 1942 Battle of Midway _________________________________________________
1942-1945 “island hopping” ________________________________________________
Mar 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima ________________________________________________
Jun 1945 Battle of Okinawa ________________________________________________
Jul 1945 Potsdam Conference ______________________________________________
Aug 1945 Hiroshima & Nagasaki _____________________________________________
Aug 1945 V-J Day ________________________________________________________
 Objective 10.03: How did the war impact life in the US?
Women
African Americans
Japanese
Americans
Mexican
Americans
Taxes
Consumers
Unions
Middle Class
How did the war
affect Americans at
home?
Propaganda
Name three groups of minorities that fought bravely in World War II, despite experiencing
discrimination at home.
9
 Objective 10.04: How did events after World War II develop into the Cold War?
What promise did Stalin fail to keep after World War II?
Use the terms “iron curtain” and “satellite nations” in the same sentence.
How did the US try to deal with the reality of a communist superpower (the USSR) after WWII?
Containment policy –
Truman Doctrine –
Marshall Plan –
Why was Berlin such a difficult situation after the war? How did President Truman handle this
situation?
What two events took place in 1949 that intensified Cold War tensions?
How did the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 play into Cold War politics at the time?
What did the Eisenhower Doctrine declare in 1957?
Describe the following Cold War conflicts of the 1950s and early 1960s:
Korean War
COLD WAR CONFLICTS
Hydrogen Bomb
U-2 Incident
Cuban Revolution
Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
How was the “domino theory” central to US foreign policy during the Cold War?
10
 Objective 10.05: How effective have organizations been in maintaining peace since
the end of World War II?
Identify the following peace-keeping organizations established after World War II:
Organization
Allied Regions
Purpose
UN
(Security
Council)
NATO
Warsaw Pact
SEATO
OAS
Alliance for
Progress
Goal 9: Prosperity & Depression (1920-1939)
 Objective 9.01: What factors played a role in the “boom and bust” economic cycles of
the 1920s and 1930s?
How did the presidents of the 1920s – Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover – view the role of the
government in the economy?
How did speculation and buying on the margin contribute to the stock market crash of 1929?
Were American farmers enjoying economic prosperity in the 1920s? Explain.
After the stock market crash on Black Tuesday, how did the actions of the banking industry help
turn the crash into an economic depression?
Congress reacted to the depression by passing the Hawley-Smoot Tariff. What effect did this
legislation have?
11
President Hoover reacted to the depression by encouraging citizens to rely on their own rugged
individualism, not on direct relief from the government. What does this mean?
 Objective 9.02: How were different groups of people affected by the business cycles
of the 1920s and 1930s?
As factories mechanized their production lines like Henry Ford, consumer goods became plentiful and
cheap. Businesses relied on ________________ to convince Americans that they wanted and
needed certain products. To buy more products, Americans took advantage of the _____________
_______ and __________________ that allowed consumers to “buy now and pay later.” The
economy grew, but so did consumer debt.
__________________ became a major weakness of the economy:
o In industry, _____________ were producing goods faster than _____________ could
buy, resulting in _______________ full of un-purchased merchandise and layoffs in the
factories. As jobs vanished, workers had less money to buy goods, and more jobs vanished.
o In the Midwest, __________ had stripped and damaged the land by trying to produce
more and more crops to make ends meet. The more they produced, the lower the prices fell
for their crops, the more they produced. Eventually, the damage combined with a massive
drought created a disaster known as the _________________.
Farmers, known as “__________”, left the Midwest and traveled to ____________ in search of
work. The plight of these __________ farm workers was documented in _________________’s
photographs and ___________________’s novel The Grapes of Wrath.
As unemployment reached ____% (____% among African Americans), countless numbers of people
found themselves standing in ________________ and _________________, waiting for food.
Some lost their homes and gathered together in villages of shacks, known as _________________.
In 1932, a group of World War I veterans, known as the ______________, marched to DC to
demand early payment of a bonus scheduled for 1940. Congress vetoed the bill, and President Hoover
called in federal troops to remove the protesters. Several were killed or injured, and Hoover’s
reputation was damaged even more.
 Objective 9.03: How did technological and social changes in the 1920s and 1930s
impact American lifestyles?
Radio
Transportation
Movies
Sports
Music
Prohibition
What authors comprised the Lost Generation, and what was their major complaint?
12
 Objective 9.04: How were traditional practices in religion, race, and gender
challenged during the twenties and thirties?
Why is the Harlem Renaissance such a significant period of African American history?
How did young women challenge the traditional roles of women in the 1920s?
How did Margaret Sanger challenge the traditional roles of women?
Why were many traditionalists opposed to the 19th amendment? Business owners?
Name two fundamentalist preachers of this era who were opposed to the new modernist values.
How did the Scopes Trial challenge fundamentalism in 1925?
 Objective 9.05: Why and how did the federal government increase its power during
the Great Depression?
Why did the new president in 1932, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, have a “brain trust”?
The central concept to the New Deal was deficit spending. What does that mean?
What legislation was FDR able to push through Congress in his first hundred days in office?
Identify the purpose of the following New Deal programs:
Relief
Recovery
Reform
CCC –
NIRA –
FDIC –
WPA –
AAA –
SEC –
PWA –
TVA –
NLRA –
SSA –
Fair Labor Standards Act –
13
Match the following people to their views of the New Deal:
___ Frances Perkins
___ Father Charles Coughlin
___ Business owners
___ Huey P. Long
A. Criticized the New Deal for not going far enough. Gathered a
large radio audience demanding government ownership of
banks and a more even redistribution of wealth.
B. Criticized the New Deal for not going far enough. Proposed a
guaranteed income of $2000 per year for every US family and a
limit of $1 million per year for individuals.
C. FDR’s Secretary of Labor and first female cabinet member.
Helped write minimum wage laws and pushed for the passage
of the Social Security Act.
D. Criticized the New Deal for going too far. Claimed the reforms
gave the government too much control over business and the
economy and were unconstitutional.
What was FDR’s “court packing scheme”?
Goal 8: The Great War & Its Aftermath (1914-1930)
 Objective 8.01: What factors combined to draw the world into World War I?
How did the “MAIN” causes of World War I each contribute to the outbreak of war?
Militarism –
Alliances –
Imperialism –
Nationalism –
Describe how the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand led all of Europe into war.
Put the following events in chronological order:
____ US intercepts the Zimmermann telegram
____ Great Britain declares war on Germany
____ Wilson’s isolationist 1916 campaign slogan: “He kept us out of war!”
____ Wilson’s interventionist case for war: “The world must be made safe for democracy!”
____ German U-boats sink the Lusitania
____ Congress declares war on Germany
The US joined the fighting in World War I to protect American shipping rights on the open seas. True
or False?
 Objective 8.02: How did military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World
War I affect the outcome of the war?
List the countries on either side of the war:
Triple Entente
Central Powers
14
What was the Triple Entente called by the time the US joined?
Describe the trench warfare that soldiers faced in World War I:
Who led the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)?
How did the “Harlem Hell Fighters” manage to see combat?
What event occurred in 1917 that threatened to tip the balance of the stalemate on the Western
Front in favor of the Germans?
If the Germans had this new advantage, why were they ultimately defeated?
Compare Wilson’s proposals for a peace treaty with the final document:
Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”
Treaty of Versailles
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
Circle any of Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” that made it into the Treaty of Versailles.
Why did the US fail to join the League of Nations?
 Objective 8.03: How did the war impact America’s social, economic, political, and
cultural institutions?
How did the federal government increase its power during the war?
War Industries Board –
Committee on Public Information –
Food Administration –
Espionage & Sedition Acts –
Why was there a “Red Scare” in the US after World War I?
15
Which civil liberties tended to be violated during the “Red Scare”?
Did the Supreme Court rule in favor of civil liberties in Schenck v. US (1919)? Explain.
Why did labor unions lose much of their influence after the war?
How did the Dawes Plan…
…maintain peace in Europe?
…boost the American economy?
…and contribute to worldwide depression in the 1930s?
The US did not join the _____________________ after World War I, but it did show some signs
of international cooperation by hosting the _______________________________ in 1922. At
this event, the US signed a treaty with ____________ and ____________, agreeing to balance
the power of each nation’s _______ and keep any one from becoming too strong or aggressive.
Goal 7: The Progressive Movement in the US (1890-1914)
 Objective 7.01: How did the conditions of the Gilded Age lead to the Progressive Era?
How are Social Darwinism and Social Gospel different in their philosophies of society?
List three problems for workers in the industrial age:
How did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire draw attention to the need for reform?
What did the following muckrakers expose about industrial society?
Lincoln Steffens
Ida Tarbell
Upton Sinclair
Jacob Riis
Describe the general characteristics of Progressives during this era:
 Objective 7.02: How effective was the Progressive Movement in addressing the
problems of industrialization?
How are Jane Addams and Carrie Nation examples of Progressive reformers?
16
What did Theodore Roosevelt mean by promising Americans a “Square Deal” in his 1900 election
campaign?
Identify the actions taken or supported by each Progressive President:
T. Roosevelt
Anthracite Coal Mine Strike –
Taft
Mann-Elkins Act –
Wilson
Federal Reserve Act –
Northern Securities v. US –
American Tobacco v. US –
Clayton Antitrust Act –
Summarize the Progressive amendments to the Constitution:
16th –
17th –
18th –
19th –
How was Woodrow Wilson able to win the 1912 election, becoming the first Democratic president
since before the Civil War?
Payne-Aldrich Tariff –
Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party –
1912 election –
Fighting municipal corruption: Reformers, such as Wisconsin governor _________________,
devised ways to fight against corruption and “party bosses” in state and city governments.
a) Many states adopted the _________________ to allow citizens to choose the candidates for
public office, rather than having them selected by the party bosses.
b) The ______________ allows citizens to vote on legislation.
c) The _____________ allows citizens to propose (or initiate) a law for the legislature to vote on.
d) The __________ allows citizens to vote to remove an elected official from office.
e) The _______ (or Australian) _________ guarantees that a citizen’s vote is anonymous.
f) Many cities began appointing a ______________ or electing a _________________ to hold
the mayor or local leader accountable. Another arrangement was to have the city hire a ______
_____________ to oversee the city finances.
 Objective 7.03: How did Progressives address the issues of racial injustice?
Name four methods used in the South after Reconstruction to keep African Americans
disenfranchised.
What Supreme Court case upheld the constitutionality of Jim Crow laws?
17
Describe the philosophy of equality of the Progressive reformers below and their achievements:
Booker T. Washington
Philosophy –
W.E.B. Du Bois
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Marcus Garvey
Achievements –
When did American Indians gain citizenship and the right to vote in the US?
 Objective 7.04: What was the impact of technological changes in the Progressive
Era?
How did electricity change work and play in the industrial age?
What two inventions changed city skylines across America?
What two innovations allowed Henry Ford to take mass production and mass consumption to new
heights?
How did the following help create a nation-wide mass culture at the turn of the twentieth century?
Mail order catalogs –
Movie cameras –
Coca Cola advertising –
18
Goal 6: The Emergence of the US in World Affairs (1890-1914)
 Objective 6.01: Why did the US take an increasingly active role in world affairs at the
turn of the twentieth century?
What does it mean when a nation wants to expand its “sphere of influence”?
Explain the following reasons why many in the US at this time thought imperialism was justified:
Need for resources –
Need for new markets –
Anglo-Saxon Superiority –
Social Darwinism –
Match the following people to their worldviews:
___ Alfred T. Mahan
___ Frederick Jackson Turner
___ Josiah Strong
___ Rudyard Kipling
A. Missionary who believed that whites were superior to other
races and that it was America’s noble destiny to civilize and
Christianize other parts of the world.
B. Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, arguing that
the US must build a powerful navy in order to protect its
interests abroad and become a world power.
C. British author who wrote the famous poem, The White Man’s
Burden, which portrayed the dominance of whites as their
burden to civilize other races.
D. Argued that the pioneering spirit of the early settlers had made
the US great, and that expansion should continue overseas.
 Objective 6.02: Where did the US exert military, economic, and political influence?
What was “Seward’s Folly” in 1867?
Describe the conflict that took place in each region of the world and the outcome below:
Region
(Year)
Conflict
Outcome
Hawaii
Cuba
19
Region
(Year)
Conflict
Outcome
Philippines
China
Panama
Mexico
Why are William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer sometimes blamed for the start of the
Spanish American War?
 Objective 6.03: How did the policies and actions of the US government impact the
affairs of other countries?
What was Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine of 1923?
Describe the main idea behind each Progressive president’s foreign policy:
Roosevelt
“big stick diplomacy”
Taft
“dollar diplomacy”
Wilson
“moral diplomacy”
Why did the US government want an Open Door Policy in China?
Goal 5: Becoming an Industrial Society (1877-1900)
 Objective 5.01: How did rapid industrialization and immigration influence the
growth of urban areas?
How did the inventions of Samuel Morse, Alexander Graham Bell, and Thomas Edison
contribute to industrialization?
What effects did elevators, electric trolleys, and typewriters have on life in the city?
20
Contrast “new” immigrants of the late 19th century with “old” immigrants of the early 19th
century:
Old Immigrants
New Immigrants
What are two theories of how immigrants should become American?
Melting pot –
Cultural pluralism –
How is the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 an example of nativism?
Describe the living and working conditions of poor immigrants in the cities during the Gilded Age.
How did people in urban areas have fun and relax in their leisure time?
 Objective 5.02: How did business and industrial leaders accumulate economic and
political power?
Match the following tycoons to the industries they dominated during the Gilded Age:
___ Andrew Carnegie
___ J.D. Rockefeller
___ Cornelius Vanderbilt
___ J.P. Morgan
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oil
Steel
Finance
Railroad
How did the inventions of Edwin Drake, Henry Bessemer, and George Westinghouse help
make the industries above possible?
Define the following business strategies of the Gilded Age:
Monopoly –
Vertical Integration –
Horizontal Integration –
21
Why do some call the industrial capitalists of this era “Captains of Industry,” while others call
them “Robber Barons”?
In the mid-1800s, Herbert Spencer introduced the concept of Social Darwinism. How is this
related to the concept of laissez-faire capitalism?
Why did Mark Twain criticize this era, naming it the Gilded Age?
 Objective 5.03: What were the impacts of labor unions on industry and the lives of
workers?
Why did workers join unions during the era of industrialization?
Why was the Knights of Labor union considered radical?
What union formed in 1886 that was more conservative, focusing on particular issues of wages, hours,
and working conditions? Who was the leader?
Name one other famous union leader of this era who led the Pullman Strike and eventually ran for
president as a socialist.
Match the following strategies used by unions to gain better pay and conditions for workers:
___ Strikes
___ Boycotts
___ Collective bargaining
___ Mediation
___ Arbitration
___ Closed shop
A. A neutral third party, such as a judge, makes a decision in a
labor dispute that unions and bosses are bound to honor.
B. A neutral third party helps negotiate a settlement that is
acceptable to both sides.
C. Refusal of employees to work until employers meet certain
demands.
D. Employers can only hire union members.
E. Employees negotiate as a united group rather than individual
workers, increasing their negotiating power.
F. Refusal to buy or pay for certain products or services until
producers change their policies or actions.
Match the following strategies used by employers to undermine the power of unions:
___ Yellow-dog contracts
___ Blacklists
___ Lockouts
___ Scabs
___ Injunctions
___ Intimidation
A. A method by which employers would not allow employees to
return to work.
B. Forbade workers from joining unions.
C. Workers who employers would refuse to hire.
D. Court orders that declared a strike illegal.
E. The use of force or brutality to subdue labor unrest.
F. Replacement workers hired during a strike.
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Describe the following strikes:
Strike
Problem
Outcome
The Great Strike
Homestead
Strike
Pullman Strike
 Objective 5.04: How did industrialization affect the relationship between
government, business, and workers?
Describe two major scandals under the Grant administration after the Civil War.
Whiskey Ring –
Credit Mobilier Scandal –
What happened to encourage Congress to pass the Pendleton Civil Service Act?
What does it mean that the government was trying to change from a patronage system to a civil
service system?
What was undemocratic about the political machines of this era?
Why is Thomas Nast credited with bringing down Boss Tweed’s Tammany Hall machine in
New York City?
As the federal government began to go after trusts with the Sherman Antitrust Act, what
Supreme Court decision was a setback in the battle against these monopolies?
What group of Republicans voted for Democratic President Grover Cleveland because they were tired
of the corruption between politicians and big business owners?
Goal 4: The Great West and the Rise of the Debtor (1860-1896)
 Objective 4.01: Who migrated west and what problems did they experience?
Where did the first transcontinental railroad meet in 1886?
What religious group made their way out West to avoid persecution in the eastern cities?
What discovery in 1848 attracted thousands of settlers out West? In 1859?
23
How did the following contribute to settlement out west:
Homestead Act –
Morrill Land-Grant Act –
How did life out West change social roles for women?
How did Chinese and Irish immigrants contribute to the development of the West?
Describe the conflicts between miners, farmers and cattle ranchers out West:
 Objective 4.04: What is the relationship between settlement in the West and
innovations in agricultural technology and business practices?
A number of technological advances made the western lands inhabitable by white settlers. John
Deere’s ______________ allowed farmers to cut through tough prairie sod and plant crops in the
Midwest.
Since farmers often had to dig more than 100 feet to reach water, _________________ allowed
farmers to pump water to the surface.
On the plains, there was not enough wood for fences, so ______________ made it possible for
farmers and ranchers to fence off their land.
As the cost of supplies, transportation, and doing business increased, farmers began organizing into
________________ to share their costs and profits. One new plow could cultivate multiple farms.
Businesses did not like this arrangement.
 Objective 4.02: How did the migration of people bring about change in the West?
What two practices of white settlers affected the ways of life of the Plains Indians?
Describe the following conflicts between the US government and Plains Indians:
Sand Creek Massacre
Battle of Little Big Horn
Wounded Knee
Nez Perce
What book publicized the broken treaties and mistreatment of American Indians carried out by the
US government?
24
Was the Dawes Severalty Act a misguided humanitarian effort or a surreptitious attempt to take
more land from American Indians? Explain your point of view.
 Objective 4.03: Why did so many farmers support Populism?
Why did the Grange and other farmers’ alliances want more government regulation of railroads,
banks, and grain storage?
Printing more paper money (greenbacks) and including silver as a currency (bimetallism) would
have made money less valuable by making more of it available. Why did farmers want that?
Bankers and business owners, however, wanted a gold standard for the economy. Why?
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that state governments could regulate grain storage?
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that state governments could not regulate railroads because
that was federal jurisdiction?
In reaction to this decision, what law did Congress pass to try to regulate the railroads and make their
rates more fair?
The Populist Party met in Nebraska and laid out its demands for the upcoming elections. Their
demands, called the ________________, wanted unlimited coinage of __________, government
regulation of ______________, a ____________ income tax, and reforms to clean up corruption
between politicians and big business. The party decided to back the Democratic candidate _______
_______________, who supported bimetallism in his “___________________” speech. The
Democrats _____ the 1896 election, and the Populist Party __________ as a result.
Goal 3: Crisis, Civil War & Reconstruction (1848-1877)
 Objective 3.01: How did the issues of sectionalism lead to the Civil War?
Describe how the following developments increased sectionalism in the US:
Development
What Was It?
What Were the Effects?
Compromise of 1850
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Underground
Railroad
Development
What Was It?
What Were the Effects?
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Kansas-Nebraska Act
of 1854
Dred Scott v. Sanford
(1857)
Lincoln-Douglas
Debates
John Brown’s Raid
What did the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party have in common?
 Objective 3.02: What were the immediate political issues that led to war?
Put the following events in order:
____ The Confederate States of America forms and elects Jefferson Davis as president.
____ Northern Democrats and Southern Democrats select two different candidates for the 1960
presidential election.
____ South Carolina secedes from the Union.
____ When Lincoln refused to hand over Fort Sumter in South Carolina, Confederate soldiers fired
the first shots of the Civil War and forced the fort to surrender.
____ Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee joined the Confederacy, and the capital of
the Confederacy was moved to Richmond, Virginia.
____ Abraham Lincoln becomes 16th president of the US
____ Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana and Texas secede from the Union.
 Objective 3.03: How did political and military turning points influence the outcome
of the war?
List the advantages of each side in the Civil War.
North:
South:
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List the key people on each side of the war.
North:
Describe the turning points of the Civil War:
What
When
Where
South:
Significance
First Battle of Bull
Run (Battle of
Manassas)
Antietam
Emancipation
Proclamation
Gettysburg
Vicksburg
March to the Sea
Appomatox Court
House
 Objective 3.04: What was the impact of Reconstruction, and how did it come to an
end?
Describe the differences between Congressional and Presidential Reconstruction plans.
How were white Southerners able to keep African Americans from power after the war?
Sharecropping –
Black codes –
Ku Klux Klan –
Jim Crow laws –
Disenfranchisement –
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What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?
 Objective 3.05: To what degree did the Civil War and Reconstruction prove the
supremacy of the federal government?
What was “Military Reconstruction”?
What federal legislation was passed to protect civil rights after the war? Amendments?
How did the Compromise of 1877 end Reconstruction in the South?
Goal 2: Expansion & Reform (1800-1850)
 Objective 2.01: What affect did territorial expansion have on the development of the
new nation?
Put the following expansion sequence in order:
____ James K. Polk wins the election of 1844 by supporting the annexation of Texas and the
“54-40 or Fight!” settlers against Britain in the Oregon territory.
____ President Jefferson purchases the Louisiana Territory from France.
____ The Supreme Court overturns the Indian Removal Act in the case Worchester v.
Georgia, but President Jackson and the white Georgia farmers ignore the ruling and force the
Cherokees west on the Trail of Tears.
____ Missouri Compromise tries to maintain a balance of power in the Senate by allowing slave
states south of the 36’30 parallel in the Louisiana Purchase.
____ The US makes the Gadsden Purchase from Mexico in order to construct a transcontinental
railroad through the Southwest.
____ The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was signed with Britain to establish the Northeastern
border with Canada.
____ Texas settlers rebel against the Mexican government and declare an independent republic.
____ Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Northwest coast for the first time. Many settlers will follow
this Oregon Trail out west.
____ The Oregon Territory is added to the US in a compromise with Britain at the 49th parallel.
____ 49ers rush out to California in search of gold.
____ Spain cedes Florida to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty.
____ The US wins the Mexican-American War and obtains the Mexican Cession in the Treaty
of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
 Objective 2.02: How did the nation develop and express its unique style through the
arts during the early 1800s?
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___ Noah Webster
___ Washington Irving
___ Nathaniel Hawthorne
___ James Fenimore Cooper
___ Ralph Waldo Emerson
___ Henry David Thoreau
___ Edgar Allan Poe
___ Alexis de Tocqueville
___ Hudson River School
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Wrote mysteries and macabre.
Wrote tales of the frontier.
Wrote a book to unify American language and spelling.
Wrote about transcendentalism and civil disobedience.
Wrote about transcendentalism and social utopia.
First American author to win international fame.
Landscape paintings inspired by the new lands out west.
Wrote about American democracy and individualism.
Wrote stories that criticized New England society.
 Objective 2.03: How did technological innovations and economic conditions
contribute to sectionalism?
How did the development of interchangeable parts lead to an Industrial Revolution in the US?
What 1793 invention sparked a need for more slaves, encouraged the spread of plantations out West,
and led to a Southern economy known as the Cotton Kingdom?
What two inventions allowed farms out West to increase their productivity?
What two inventions increased the speed of business across the US?
What Northeastern engineering project in 1825 allowed more food to be transported to workers in
New York, more factory goods to be transported to Western farmers, and more settlers to travel west?
In the North, the growth of industry led to a ___________ system that used _______ labor. In the
South, the reliance on cotton as a cash crop led to a __________ system that used ________ labor.
 Objective 2.04: What were the political events, issues, and personalities that
contributed to sectionalism and nationalism?
Why did the Era of Good Feelings come to an end in the 1820s?
Check all that apply:
Political Event/Person
McCulloch v. Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Andrew Jackson
Tariff of Abominations
South Carolina Exposition & Protest
Bank War
State’s
Rights
Federal
Supremacy
Why did John C. Calhoun first support Henry Clay’s American System, then change his mind?
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Describe the main issue(s) in the following elections. Who won?
1824
1828
1832
1836
1840
How are white manhood suffrage and the spoils system related to Jacksonian Democracy?
 Objective 2.05: How effective were the major reform movements of the era?
Describe the goals and leaders of the following early reform movements:
Prison and Asylum Reform –
Education –
Temperance –
Women’s Rights –
Utopian Communities –
Mormons –
 Objective 2.06: What was the role of religion in the debate over slavery and other
social movements?
What role does religious faith play in the reform movements listed above?
Supporters of slavery often argued that it was God’s will, that slavery was better for the African race,
and that wage labor in the Northern factories was worse. Other supporters simply claimed that
slavery was a “necessary evil.” What is the difference?
How did abolitionists such as William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, David Walker,
and the Grimke sisters feel about the “necessary evil” argument?
Goal 1: The New Nation (1789-1820)
 Objective 1.01: What was the impact of the major domestic issues and conflicts
experienced by the nation during the Federalist Period?
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Why is the debate over strict and loose interpretations (constructions) of the Constitution so
significant in US history?
Was it Hamilton or Jefferson that wanted a laissez-faire approach to economic policy? Explain.
Describe the major ideas in Hamilton’s Economic Plan for the new nation.
Why did the Whiskey Rebellion result in two separate political parties forming in US politics?
Describe the major ideas of each political party:
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
As US relations with France became more tense, President Adams signed the _________________
_________________. This legislation outlawed criticism of the government in times of
international crisis or war. Democratic Republicans cried foul and argued that this was not a matter
of national security – the Federalists were simply trying to silence political opposition. Thomas
Jefferson and James Madison argued that the legislation violated the First Amendment and passed
the __________________________________ to nullify the laws for their states.
What important Supreme Court decision was made in Marbury v. Madison?
John Marshall, a “midnight judge” appointee to the Supreme Court, would prove instrumental in
making decisions that asserted the power of the federal government over states. True or False?
Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election in 1800 a “revolution”?
 Objective 1.02: How did the political freedoms available to different groups reflect
the social structure of early America?
What were the suffrage requirements in the early 1800s?
Who did that leave out?
Why was Tecumseh fighting the US government in the Ohio valley?
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 Objective 1.03: How did the US confront internal and international conflicts during
the Federalist Era?
What did Pinckney’s Treaty acquire for the US?
Why did President Washington issue a Proclamation of Neutrality and warn about “entangling
alliances” in his Farewell Address?
Why did President Adams send John Jay to negotiate a treaty with the British?
What happened with the French as a result of the treaty?
In 1807, President Jefferson signed an Embargo Act hoping to force the British to cooperate. Did
the embargo have the desired effect? Explain.
Identify the significance the following terms:
War of 1812 –
Battle of New Orleans –
Treaty of Ghent –
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