Chapter 5 The Skeletal System p115
A. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle (Pectoral girdle) p139 and helps prevent shoulder dislocation.
1. Clavicle (collarbone): acts as brace to hold the arm away from the top of the thoraz
2. Scapulae (shoulder blades) a. acromion: enlarged end of the spine of the scapula b. coracoid process: beaklike, points over the top of the shoulder and anchors some of the muscles of the arm c. suprascapular notch: nerve passageway d. glenoid cavity: receives the head of the arm bone
3. aspects of lightweight and flexible shoulder girdle a. attaches to axial skeleton at only one point: sternoclavicular joint b. scapulae are attached loosely and can slide back and forth against thorax c. glenoid cavity is shallow and the joint is poorly reinforced by ligaments
B. Bones of the Upper Limbs p140-141
1. Arm (humerus): typical long bone with a rounded head at the proximal end fitting into the glenoid cavity of the scapula a. greater and lesser tubercles: muscle attachment
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b. deltoid tuberosity: deltoid attaches c. radial groove: course of the radial nerve d. trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of the forearm e. coronoid and olecranon fossa: depressions that allow the ulna to move freely when the elbow is bent and extended.
2. Forearm a. radius: lateral bone in the anatomical position; on the thumb side b. ulna: medial (on the pinky) side length c. interosseous membrane: holds the radius and ulna together along their entire
3. Hand a. carpal bones are 2 rows of irregular bones held together by ligaments that form the carpus or wrist. b. metacarpals (make up the palm) c. phalanges: bones of the fingers i. numbered 1-5 from thumb to pinky ii. 14, 3 on each finger except thumb
C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
1. Bearing weight is the most important function
2. coxal bones, ossa coxae, hip bones: formed by fusion of ilium, ischium and pubis
E. Bones of the Lower Limbs
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A. Classification: functional (amount of movement) p148 figure 5.27
1. synarthroses: immoveable joints
2. amphiarthroses: slightly moveable
3. diarthroses: freely moveable
Structural
B. Fibrous: united by fibrous tissue
Ex: sutures of the skull
C. Cartilaginous: bones ends are connected by cartilage
Ex: pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints of spinal column (amphiarthrotic)
- hyaline-cartilage epiphyseal plates of growing long bones, between rib 1 and sternum
(synarthrotic)
D. Synovial: the articulating bone ends are separated by a cavity containing synovial fluid (p149 figure 5.28)
1. Articular cartilage covers the ends
2. Fibrous articular capsule: joint surfaces enclosed by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue which is lines w/ synovial membrane
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3. Joint cavity: articular capsule encloses a cavity containing lubricating synovial fluid
4. Reinforcing ligaments
5. Types: (determined by articular surface) p151 figure 5.29
1. plane joint: surfaces are flat so only short slipping or gliding movements, nonaxial: no rotation around an axis
2. hinge joint: cylindrical shape into trough-shaped; angular movement in one plane (uniaxial)
3. pivot joint; rounded end onto sleeve or ring bone, can only turn around its long axis
4. condyloid joint: egg-shaped surface into an oval concavity; movement can be
1) side to side or 2) back and forth (biaxial)
5. saddle joint: each surface has both concave and convex (same movement as condyloid)
6. ball-and-socket joint: spherical head fits into round socket; multiaxial: movement in all axes (most freely moving)
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(Plane joint)
E. Inflammatory Disorders of Joints
1. burstitis: water on the knee, inflammation of the synovial membrane (aka bursae)
2. sprain: ligaments or tendons damaged by excessive stretching or torn away from bone
3. arthritis: pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint caused by a variety of diseases. a. Osteoarthritis (OA): wearing of the cartilage with eventual softening, fraying and breakdown. i. bone spurs ii. crepitis b. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): autoimmune disease- immune system attempts to destroy its own tissues
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i. inflammation of synovial membrane ii. inflammatory cells invade fluid and produce pannus c. Gouty arthritis (gout): uric acid accumulates in the blood and may be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints (very painful and left untreated can lead to fusing of the bones in the joint.)
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