Chapter 5 - The Skeletal System
1.
Introduction
a. The adult skeleton is composed of _____________________________ bones.
b. The skeletal system is subdivided into 2 divisions:
i. __________________________________ Skeleton
ii. __________________________________ Skeleton
c. The Skeletal system includes _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________.
2.
Bones: An Overview
a. Functions of the Bones
i. Support – ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
ii. Protection – _________________________________________________________.
iii. Movement – _________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
iv. Storage – ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________.
v. Blood Cell Formation – This process is also called
_______________________________________________ and occurs within the
_______________________________________________________ certain bones.
b. Classification of Bones
i. There are 2 basic types of bones:
1. Compact Bone = _______________________________________________
2. Spongy Bone = _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
ii. Bones are classified into 4 groups according to shape:
1. Long Bones – __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. Short Bones – __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. Flat Bones – ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
4. Irregular Bones – ______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3.
Structure of a Long Bone
a. Diaphysis
i. ____________________________ of the bone
ii. Makes up most of the bone’s length and is composed of
_________________________________________________.
b. Periosteum
i. Fibrous connective tissue membrane
ii. ________________________________________________________ the diaphysis
c. Epiphyses
i. ________________________________________________ – proximal and distal
ii. Consists of a thin layer of compact bone that encloses an area
filled with spongy bone
d. Articular Cartilage
i. Covers the ___________________________________________________________
ii. It provides a smooth, slippery surface that ________________________
________________________________________________________________________
e. Medullary Cavity
i. The cavity of the shaft that is primarily a storage area for
_______________________________________ tissue
ii. Also known as the ___________________________________________________
4.
Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
a. The skeleton is formed from two of the strongest and most supportive
tissues in the body – ______________________________________________________.
b. In embryos, the skeleton is primarily made of ___________________________
_____________________________, but in the young child most of the cartilage
has been replace by _______________________________.
c. Ossification – process of _____________________________________________ and
involves 2 phases:
i. The hyaline cartilage is completely covered with bone matrix by
bone-forming cells called __________________________________________.
ii. The hyaline cartilage is digested away, opening a medullary
cavity within the newly formed bone.
d. Bones are always changing and are remodeled in response to changes
in 2 factors:
i. ______________________________________________ in the blood
1. If blood calcium levels are too low, __________________________
(bone-destroying cells) break down bone matrix and release
_____________________________ into the blood.
2. If blood calcium levels are too high, calcium is deposited in
bone matrix as ________________________________________________.
ii. The pull of ____________________________________________________ on the
skeleton.
e. Bone remodeling is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions
and strength during long-bone growth as the body increases in size
and weight.
5.
Bone Fractures
a. Bones are susceptible to fractures, or _________________, all through life.
b. During youth, most fractures result from exceptional trauma that
twists or smashes the bone. In old age, bones thin and weaken, and
fractures occur more often.
c. 2 common types of fractures:
(refer to page 123 for others)
i. Simple (closed) Fracture = __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ii. Compound (open) Fracture = ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
d. Fractures are treated by ___________________________________ – realignment
of the broken bone ends
6.
Axial Skeleton
a. Forms the ____________________________________________________ of the body
b. Divided into 3 parts:
i. Skull – formed by 2 sets of bones:
1. Cranium – encloses and protects the ________________________;
made up of several smaller bones: (pages 126-127)
a. Frontal Bone – ___________________________________________
b. Parietal Bones – _________________________________________
c. Temporal Bones – _______________________________________
d. Occipital Bone – _________________________________________
e. Sphenoid Bone – _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
f. Ethmoid Bone – __________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
2. Facial Bones – hold the eyes in position and allow the facial
muscles to show our feelings (page 129)
a. Maxillae – ________________________________________________
b. Palatine Bones – _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
c. Zygomatic Bones - ______________________________________
d. Lacrimal Bones – ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
e. Nasal Bones – ___________________________________________
f. Vomer Bone – ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
g. Inferior Conchae – _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
h. Mandible – _______________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3. Fetal Skeleton – The skull of a fetus or newborn infant is
different from an adult skull. When a baby is born, its
skeleton is unfinished. The skull also has regions that have
yet to be converted to bone which are called
___________________________________. These are also known as
the “_______________________________________.”
ii. Vertebral Column (page 131)
1. Extends from the ______________________________________________
2. Formed from ________________ irregular bones
3. Running through the central cavity of the vertebral column
is the ________________________________
4. The vertebrae are separated by pads of cartilage ______________________________________________________________ –
cushion the vertebrae
5. The spinal cord curves and forms an _________________________
___________________________________
6. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures (page 132)
a. _________________________________
b. _________________________________
c. _________________________________
7. Three main types of vertebrae:
a. Cervical Vertebrae
i. Identified as _______________________________________
ii. Form the ___________________________________________
b. Thoracic Vertebrae
i. Identified as _______________________________________
ii. Larger than ________________________________________
c. Lumbar Vertebrae
i. Identified as _______________________________________
ii. Where most of the stress on the vertebral
column occurs
8. Sacrum - Formed by the _______________________________________
9. Coccyx – Formed by the fusion of 3 to 5 tiny vertebrae; also
known as the human “__________________________________”
iii. Bony Thorax – also known as the thoracic cage (page 135)
1. Sternum
a. Also known as the _______________________________________
b. A flat bone and the result of the fusion of 3 bones:
i. ________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________
iii. ________________________________________
2. Ribs
a. ________________ pairs
b. Males DO NOT have one rib less than females!!
c. 3 types of ribs:
i. True Ribs – _________________________________________
______________________________________________________
ii. False Ribs – ________________________________________
______________________________________________________
iii. Floating Ribs – _____________________________________
______________________________________________________
7.
Appendicular Skeleton
a. Composed of _____________ bones of the ___________________________ and
__________________________________________________________________ girdles
b. Bones of the Shoulder Girdle (page 139)
i. Clavicle – also known as the ________________________________________
ii. Scapula – also known as the ________________________________________
c. Bones of the Upper Limbs (page 140 - 141)
i. Arm – formed by a single bone = _________________________________
ii. Forearm – 2 bones:
1. ___________________________ – on the _______________________ side
2. ___________________________ – on the _______________________ side
iii. Hand – 3 sets of bones:
1. Carpals – _______________________________________________________
2. Metacarpals – __________________________________________________
3. Phalanges – ____________________________________________________
d. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle (page 142)
i. Formed by 2 coxal bones called ____________________________________
ii. Each hip bone is formed by the fusion of 3 bones:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
iii. Differences between the male and female pelvis:
1. The female pelvis is ___________________________________________
2. The female bones are _________________________________________
3. The female sacrum is _________________________________________
e. Bones of the Lower Limbs (page 144 – 145)
i. Thigh – formed by a single bone = __________________________________
ii. Leg – 2 bones:
1. Tibia – __________________________________________________________
2. Fibula – ________________________________________________________
iii. Foot – 3 sets of bones:
1. Tarsals – _______________________________________________________
2. Metatarsals – __________________________________________________
3. Phalanges – ____________________________________________________
8.
Joints
a. Also called _____________________________________________
b. 2 main functions:
i. ________________________________________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________________________________________
c. Classified in 2 ways:
i. Functionally
ii. Structurally
d. Functional Classification – focuses on the _______________________________
_____________________________ allowed by the joint
i. _____________________________________________ Joint
ii. _____________________________________________ Joints
iii. _____________________________________________ Joints
e. Structural Classification – focuses on the type of _______________________
i. Fibrous Joints – bones are united by _______________________________
ii. Cartilaginous Joints – bones are united by _________________________
iii. Synovial Joints – joint cavity contains ______________________________
f. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape:
i. Plane Joint – _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ii. Hinge Joint – _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
iii. Pivot Joint – _________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
iv. Condyloid Joint – ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
v. Saddle Joint – _______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
vi. Ball-and-Socket Joint – ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
g. Inflammatory Disorders of Joints:
i. Arthritis
1. Inflammation of the ___________________________________
2. Most ________________________________________________ in the U.S.
3. Symptoms = ___________________________________________________
ii. Osteoarthritis
1. Most common type of ______________________________________
2. Chronic degenerative condition that affects the _____________
iii. Rheumatoid Arthritis
1. __________________________________________________ disorder
2. Affects more _____________________________________________
3. The body’s immune system attempts to _____________________
________________________
iv. Gout
1. ____________________________________ accumulates in the blood
and may be deposited as ______________________________________
in the soft tissues of joints
2. Usually affects the _______________________________________