Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology Reading Guide
38.1 Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
This may be a good time for you to go back to Chapter 29 and review alternation of generations and the terms
associated with it. Figure 29.5 is a good starting point. Then, review Concepts 30.1 and 30.3 on angiosperm life cycles.
The angiosperm life cycle has three unique features, all of which start with the letter F, which provides a good memory
aid: Flower, Fruits, and double Fertilization. You will want to remember these!
1. Sketch a flower and label all floral parts and give the function of each. Label also the stamen and carpel. Then,
circle the flower parts that are essential for reproduction.
2. What is another name for the microsporangia?
3. Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis to form four haploid _______.
4. Each microspore undergoes mitosis to produce the male ________.
5. The male gametophyte is composed of only two cells. Name each cell, and tell what will come from each of
them.
6. What are the three components of a pollen grain?
7. Draw and label Figure 38.3. Explain what is happening at each stage.
8. Meiosis in the female part of the plant produces four megaspores. How many survive?
9. What occurs in pollination?
10. Study Figure 38.4 in your text. List five modes of pollination. For each mode, describe a feature of the flower
that aids pollination.
11. The story of the Madagascar orchid and its pollinator is too good to miss! Take a good look at Figure 38.5 in
your text. Darwin never saw this moth, but why did he make a prediction that explorers would find a moth with
a 28-cm-long proboscis?
12. Study the section in this concept under the heading Double Fertilization very carefully. Draw and label Figure
38.6 to show two sperm nuclei, pollen tube, female gametophyte, ovule, synergids, polar nuclei, egg, and
zygote.
13. Study the last picture in figure 38.6. You should be able to count a total of seven cells and eight nuclei. Which
of these are fertilized in double fertilization?
14. When the polar nuclei are fertilized, what is formed?
15. The chromosome number of endosperm is (a) haploid, (b) diploid, and (c) triploid?
16. The chromosome number of the zygote is (a) haploid, (b) diploid, and (c) triploid?
17. What is the role of the endosperm?
18. After double fertilization, what does each ovule become?
19. After double fertilization, what does each ovary become?
20. Let’s compare the seeds of eudicots and monocots. How many cotyledons does each type have?
21. What is the function of a seed coat?
22. What part of the embryo plant emerges first?
23. Describe the mechanisms used to maintain seed dormancy?
24. Describe how a seed blossoms into a plant using the following words (you may draw pictures to help explain):
monocot, eudicot, cotyledons, radical, hypocotyls, epicotyls, seed coat, and endosperm.
25. What is imbibition?
26. To a botanist, a fruit is a ripe ____________________. It does not have to be sweet! A pea pod is a fruit. A
green pepper is a fruit.
27. An important function of the fruit is to aid in dispersal. Study Figure 38.11 in your text. What are three primary
methods of dispersal and an example of each?