WHH Study Guide – Industrialization of Europe
Evolution of the Industrial Revolution
What drove the industrial revolution in England (what were wealthy landowners doing?) What were
enclosures? How did they influence agricultural efficiency? Upon whom did the agricultural developments
put pressure? What was a seed drill? What is crop rotation? What was selective breeding?
Industrialization in England
What are the three Factors of Production? What are the other reasons why the industrial revolution occurred
in England?
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
What was the first industry in England to industrialize? What is a factory? What was it first powered by?
What was it powered by later in the 19th century?
Transportation Advances
What is a canal? What is a macadam road? Why was the steam engine important? What did it allow on sea?
On land? Why were the railroads so important, a transformative industry (there are four reasons)?
Industrialization on the Continent
When did industrialization reach Belgium? What advantages did Belgium have that helped it to industrialize?
What else did the Belgians do to assist their industrialization?
When did industrialization reach Germany? What two things did they do to assist in their industrialization?
How did industrialization spread to the rest of Europe? Why were rivers so important to the spread of
industrialization in Europe? When did France industrialize? What is unique about France’s industrialization?
Why is this important or significant?
Impact of Industrialization
How did industrialization contribute to global inequality? What two things did industrialized countries need?
What did this lead to? Where was economic power in the nineteenth century concentrated? Why? What were
the economic and social effects of industrialization?
Reform of the Industrial Revolution
What are two things employees could do to collectively influence their employer? What options did an
employer have in response? Who were the first workers to organize? What did they form? How did employers
respond to these organizations? By the late 1800s, what group of workers had organized? What political group
supported the unions?
Reform Laws
When did the factory work day begin? End? What were working conditions in the factories like? What were
living conditions like?
What was the Factory Act of 1833? What were its effects on children under 9? From 9-12? From 13-17?
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit? What did the 10 Hours Act of 1847 limit?
Where did the urban poor live? What were their homes called? Where did the middle class live? What did
they belong to, that gave them a sense of community? Where did the wealthy live?
New Economic Theories
What was the dominant European economic theory in the 1700s? Why did it limit industrialization? What does
“laissez faire” literally mean, in French? What is free trade? What is the idea behind free trade? Who was
Adam Smith? What did he write? Why was it so important?
What is the belief in capitalism based on? What are the factors of production? What are the three “natural
laws” of The Wealth of Nations? Who was David Ricardo? What did he write? What was “The Iron Law of
Wages?”
What is the belief in socialism based on? Who was Jeremy Bentham? What was Utilitarianism? Who was
John Stuart Mill and what did he believe? Why was this a challenge to Capitalism? Amongst socialists, what
were their key beliefs? What were the key industries in 19th century society?
Who developed the theory of Communism? What book did they write, in 1848? Who were the “haves”? The
“have nots”? Who were the proletariat? Be able to describe Marx’s belief in the process of the “dictatorship of
the proletariat”! What would the proletariat produce? In a communist society, who owned the means of
production? What does the Marxist slogan, “from each according to his ability, to each according to his need”
mean, in practical terms?