CH4
Tissues
• Groups of cells similar in structure and function
• Types of tissues
•
•
•
•
__________ tissue
__________ tissue
__________ tissue
__________ tissue
Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
• Two main types (by location):
1. Covering and lining __________
• On __________ and __________ surfaces
2. Glandular epithelia
• __________ tissue in glands
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
1.Cells have __________ —apical (upper, free) and basal
(lower, attached) surfaces
• __________ surfaces may bear __________ (e.g., brush border
of intestinal lining) or __________ (e.g., lining of trachea)
• Noncellular basal lamina of __________ and __________ lies
adjacent to basal surface
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
2.Are composed of __________ packed cells
• Continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and
__________
3.Supported by a __________ tissue __________ lamina (under
the basal lamina)
4.__________ but innervated
5.High rate of regeneration
Classification of Epithelia
• Ask two questions:
1. How many layers?
1 = __________ epithelium
>1 = __________ epithelium
Classification of Epithelia
2. What type of cell?
• __________
• __________
• __________
• (If stratified, name according to apical layer of cells)
Overview of Epithelial Tissues
• For each of the following types of __________, note:
• Description
• Function
• Location
Epithelia: Simple Squamous
• Two other locations
• __________ The lining of lymphatic vessels, blood vessels,
and heart
• __________ The epithelium of serous membranes in the
ventral body cavity
Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal
• Quite __________ in body
• Found in some __________ and __________ glands
• Typically two cell layers thick
Epithelia: Stratified Columnar
• Limited distribution in body
• Small amounts in __________, male urethra, and lining some
__________ ducts
• Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of
epithelia
Glandular Epithelia
• A __________ is one or more cells that __________ and
__________ an aqueous fluid
• Classified by:
• Site of product release—__________ or __________
• Relative number of cells forming the gland—unicellular (e.g.,
goblet cells) or multicellular
Endocrine Glands
• __________ glands
• Secrete __________ that travel through lymph or blood to
target organs
Exocrine Glands
• More numerous than __________ glands
• Secrete products into ducts
• Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body
cavities
• Examples include __________, __________, __________, and
salivary glands
Unicellular Exocrine Glands
• The only important __________ gland is the __________ cell
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
• Multicellular __________ glands are composed of a duct and a
__________ unit
• Classified according to:
• Duct type (__________ or __________)
• Structure of their secretory units (tubular, alveolar, or
tubuloalveolar)
Modes of Secretion
• __________
• Products are secreted by exocytosis (e.g., pancreas, sweat and
salivary glands)
• __________
• Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells (e.g., sebaceous
glands)
CH4
Connective Tissue
• Most abundant and widely distributed tissue type
• Four classes
• __________ tissue proper
• __________
• __________ tissue
• Blood
Major Functions of Connective Tissue
• __________ and support
• Protection
• __________
• Transportation (blood)
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
• Connective tissues have:
• __________ as their common tissue of origin
• Varying degrees of __________
• Cells separated by nonliving extracellular __________ (ground
substance and fibers)
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Ground substance
• Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood __________ and
cells
• Components:
• __________ fluid
• __________ proteins (“glue”)
• Proteoglycans
• Protein core + large polysaccharides (__________ sulfate and
__________ acid)
• Trap water in varying amounts, affecting the __________ of the
ground substance
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Three types of fibers
• __________ (white fibers)
• Strongest and most abundant type
• Provides high tensile strength
• Elastic
• Networks of __________, __________, elastin fibers that allow for
stretch
• Reticular
• Short, fine, highly branched __________ fibers
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Cells
• __________ active and secretory cells = “blasts”
• Mature cells = “cytes”
• __________ in connective tissue proper
• __________ and chondrocytes in cartilage
• __________ and __________ in bone
• __________ stem cells in bone marrow
• Fat cells, white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
Connective Tissue: Embryonic
• __________ —embryonic connective tissue
• Gives rise to all other connective tissues
• Gel-like ground substance with fibers and __________ __________ mesenchymal cells
Overview of Connective Tissues
• For each of the following examples of connective tissue, note:
• Description
• Function
• Location
Connective Tissue Proper
• Types:
• __________ connective tissue
• Areolar
• Adipose
• Reticular
• __________ connective tissue
• Dense regular
• Dense irregular
• Elastic
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
• Three types of cartilage:
• __________ cartilage
• __________ cartilage
• Fibrocartilage
Nervous Tissue
• Nervous system (more detail with the Nervous System, Chapter
11)
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscle (more detail with the Muscular System,
Chapter 10)
Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac muscle (more detail with the Cardiovascular System,
Chapters 18 and 19)
Muscle Tissue
• Smooth muscle
Epithelial Membranes
• Cutaneous membrane (skin) (More detail with the
Integumentary System, Chapter 5)
Epithelial Membranes
• Mucous membranes
• Mucosae
• Line body cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and
respiratory tracts)
Epithelial Membranes
• Serous Membranes
• __________ —membranes (mesothelium + areolar tissue) in a
closed ventral body cavity
• __________ serosae line internal body walls
• __________ serosae cover internal organs
Steps in Tissue Repair
• Inflammation
•
•
•
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Release of __________ chemicals
Dilation of blood vessels
Increase in vessel permeability
__________ occurs
Steps in Tissue Repair
• __________ and restored blood supply
• The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
• Epithelium begins to __________
• __________ produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap
• Debris is __________
Steps in Tissue Repair
• Regeneration and fibrosis
• The scab detaches
• Fibrous tissue __________; epithelium __________ and begins
to resemble adjacent tissue
• Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar
tissue
Developmental Aspects
• Primary germ layers: __________, __________, and endoderm
• Formed early in embryonic development
• Specialize to form the four primary tissues
• Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm
• Muscle and connective tissues arise from mesoderm
• Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers