Student Name: __________________________________
Earth Science Semester A
Unit 2: Earth’s Materials
Section #1: Matter

In the image of Niagra Falls, how is water present in three states of matter?
Solid = ______________________
Liquid = ______________________
Gas = ____________________

Give three examples of matter you encounter everyday:
1) _____________________________________________________________
2) _____________________________________________________________
3) _____________________________________________________________

What four major areas of matter will we study in this section?
1) Atoms and the structural connection between atoms and _________________.
2) How atoms come together to form ______________________________ and
__________________________.
3) _______________________ properties of matter.
4) _____________________ of matter.

What do the chair you’re sitting in, the air you breathe, and a rock all have in
common? ____________________________________________________________

Everything we experience in this universe is either matter or energy. Matter is
anything that has _________________ and takes up _______________. Examples of
matter include the chair you are sitting in, the table, the food you eat, and the air you
breathe. Energy is the ability to make things __________________ or
________________. Examples of energy include the movement of a pendulum, an
______________________ or _______________________.

The ancient Greeks believed that all matter in the universe was made of tiny
particles that were indivisible and called them _____________________, which are
the smallest unit of an ______________________.

By the late 19th century, scientists were investigating elements and their
____________________________ with one another to establish the existence of
_________________ as we know them today. We cannot see individual
_________________ but we can study their ___________________________.

Take a moment and record five examples of matter you can see right now:
1) _____________________________________________________________
2) _____________________________________________________________
3) _____________________________________________________________
4) _____________________________________________________________
5) _____________________________________________________________

Why do you think atoms are called the building blocks of all things in the world?
_____________________________________________________________________

Complete the table below:
Subatomic Particle
Charge
Proton
Location
Nucleus
_____________________
No charge
Nucleus
____________________
Electron
Negative
_____________________

Each atom is made up of a _______________________ charged nucleus
surrounded by negatively charged ____________________.

What holds the electrons in orbit around the nucleus?
_____________________________________________________________________

The number of protons equals the number of _________________________ so
the positive and negative charges balance each other out and the atom is
_____________________.
The Periodic Table

The periodic table is organized systematically using properties such as reactivity,
_______________________________, as well as atomic number to group them.

Dimitri _________________________ is given credit for creating the periodic
table.

Copper has an atomic number ___________ and an atomic mass of __________.

The atomic number tells us how many ____________________________ the
atom has. It also tells us how many ___________________________ the atom
has.

Since the atomic number is 29, this means copper has 29 protons and
______________________.

The atomic mass is an __________________________ of the number of protons
plus the number of neutrons.

Since the number of _____________________ can vary, the atomic mass is an
average and often ends in a fraction.

___________ elements occur naturally in the universe and another ________
have been developed in a lab setting.

What is the definition of an element? ________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Elements can combine to make several different types of matter like
_____________ and the ___________________ in our own bodies. But some matter
is made up of a single element like ________________ wire that is made up of
copper atoms only.

The periodic table is a table of all the _____________________ known to man.

The periodic table is arranged so it is easy to identify how many
__________________, neutrons, and electrons are in each atom of a specific element.

The number above each element represents the _____________ number which is
equal to the number of ______________.

The symbol for carbon is “_______” and the atomic number is ________. That
means there are 6 _______________ in each carbon atom.

The periodic table is arranged in _____________ (up and down) and __________
(left to right) that group elements together based on their chemical
______________________________.

The periodic table is also arranged from the ______________ atomic numbers to
the largest atomic numbers as you read ____________ to ____________.
Example: How many protons and electrons does nitrogen (N) have?
Nitrogen’s atomic number is 7 so it has 7 protons. Because we assume each atom
is neutral, if it has 7 protons (positive charges) then it must also have 7 electrons
(negative charges) to balance them.
Practice 1: How many protons and electrons does boron (B) have?
Protons = _____________
Electrons = ______________
Practice 2: How many protons and electrons does cobalt (Co) have?
Protons = _____________
Electrons = _______________
Practice 3: How many protons and electrons does lithium (Li) have?
Protons = _____________
Electrons = _______________

What is the most prevalent element in the universe? ______________________

What is hydrogen’s atomic number?______ This means it has _______ proton(s).

Gold’s atomic number is ________ which means it has ________ protons.

If gold has 79 protons, it has 79 electrons as well. Why does the number of
protons equal the number of electrons in a neutral atom?
__________________________________________________________________

Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of __________________.

The number that is found under the symbol for each element is the
________________________________________. The atomic mass number is
equivalent to the number of ____________ and __________ in the nucleus of an
atom. The number of neutrons in an atom is found by subtracting the
_____________________________ from the atomic mass number

Complete the table below:
Name of
the
Element
Symbol of
the
Element
Atomic
Number
Mass
Number
Number of
Protons
Number of
Electrons
Number of
Neutrons
(round
your
answer)
Nitrogen
N
7
14.007
7
7
7
Ag
47
80
Radium
80
80
Ra
Sodium
 Crossword:
Across:
1) Neutral subatomic particles ___________________________________________
6) Number of protons in an atom _________________________________________
7) Positively charged subatomic particles ___________________________________
8) The ability to make things move or change _______________________________
Down:
2) A substance made up of only one type of atom _____________________________
3) Anything that has mass and takes up space ________________________________
4) The building blocks of matter ___________________________________________
5) Negatively charged subatomic particles ___________________________________

Everything in the universe is made up of the 118 ____________________ found
on the periodic table. This is possible because the elements ___________________
to make different materials.

Most matter on Earth exists as _____________________ or
___________________.

A compound is made when
__________________________________________________________________
o They do this by giving or _________________ the __________________
in the outer shells of the atoms.

The two main types of bonds are
1) ____________________________________ which occur when electrons are
__________________________________________________.
2) _____________________________________ which occur when electrons are
__________________________________________________.

The combined atoms form a _____________________ which is a type
of a compound.

Water is a compound because the properties it has _________________ from the
properties of the individual __________________ it’s made of.

The chemical formula for water is H2O. This tells us that water is a compound
made up of two ________________ atoms and one _______________ atom.

Are compounds and molecule the same thing? ___________

Why or why not?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

A reaction occurs when ________________________________ and something
happens.

An example of a ______________________________ is when a car rusts.

A reaction can happen with anything, including ___________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Ions are atoms that have ___________________________ an additional electron.

A ___________________________________ has extra electrons and a
_________________________________has fewer electrons than protons.

When many different objects are mixed together but they all retain their
___________________________________, it is called a ___________________.

A ________________ is formed when one substance of a mixture ____________
in another substance, such as ________________and ______________________.

Physical properties of matter are the properties of matter we can observe without
__________________________________________________________________

How is the little girl similar to the yellow basket on the desk?
__________________________________________________________________

Name two objects in the picture then identify two ways they are similar and two
ways they are different.
Objects: __________________________________________________________
2 Similarities: ______________________________________________________
2 Differences: ______________________________________________________

Although just about everything you see has different characteristics, they are all
examples of __________________________.

Remember that matter is anything that has __________ and takes up __________.

The four main states of matter that occur naturally on Earth are
1) _______________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________
3) _______________________________________________________________
4) _______________________________________________________________

In 1995, scientists added a fifth state of matter,
______________________________________________ which only occurs on Earth
in a _____________________________________________.

In this image, the sun represents the ______________ state of matter. The air
represents the _______________ state of matter. The water represents the
______________ state of matter and the cliffs represent the ______________ state of
matter.

The differences between the states of matter depend on the amount of
_______________________ between the atoms or molecules and how
______________ they move.

Atoms in a solid molecule are _________________ attracted to one another and
packed ________________ together, causing _____________________ movement.

Solids are usually hard because their atoms have been ____________ tightly
together.

Solids can be made up of a pure ___________________, like gold or a variety of
compounds. Solids that consist of several different compounds are called
______________________.

Solids are said to have definite shape and volume, this means that solids
___________ their own shape and a solid ______________ be compressed or
expanded.

List three examples of solids you see right now:
1) _______________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________
3) _______________________________________________________________

If you apply _____________ to a solid it will cause the atoms to
___________________________________________ instead of being packed tightly
together. The atoms are still attracted to one another and remain in contact with one
another but they are no longer tightly packed. This allows the liquid to
______________.

A __________________ is the state between a solid and ______________.

A liquid is said to have no definite shape but definite______________. This
means that if
you pour a liquid into a new it will take the ________________ of the new container
you put it in but the liquid _________________________be compressed or
expanded.

What is one way solids and liquids are alike?
_______________________________________________________________

What is one way solids and liquids are different?
_______________________________________________________________

When you apply heat to a liquid, the atoms move ________________ and start to
____________________________ eventually forming a ____________.

The atoms in a gas have very little _____________________ for each other and
have a lot of _______________________.

Gases are said to have no definite shape or volume. This means that gases can fill
any container because gas has no ___________ or _____________ of its own.

What is the definition of plasma?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

Plasma is the _______________________ state of matter in the universe.

In space, plasma remains ________________________________ charged and is
influenced by _____________________________________________ forces more
than gravitational forces.

List five common examples of plasma:
1) _______________________________________________________________
2) _______________________________________________________________
3) _______________________________________________________________
4) _______________________________________________________________
5) _______________________________________________________________
States of Matter Activity
As you complete the activity fill out the table below:
State of Matter
Temperature
Example
Solid
Low
Ice cube
Molecular Motion
(sketch an image)
Liquid
Gas
1) ______________________ are the building blocks of all matter in the world.
2) Matter is anything that has mass and _________________________________.
3) A __________________ is a positive particle found in the _______________
of an atom.
4) A neutron is a particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no ________________.
5)____________________ are negatively charged particles found __________________
of the nucleus.
6) An element is any substance that is made of only one type of _____________ that
cannot be broken down by ordinary ____________________ or ____________________
means.
7) Which element has atomic number 20? __________________________
8) If an atom has an atomic number of 60, how many electrons does it have? _________
9) A ________________________ is made when atoms of more than one element
combine and are ________________________ bonded together.
10) A reaction occurs when _________ or more molecules ______________ and a new
substance is created is known as ________________________ properties.
11) A ______________ can hold its own shape and keep the same _________________.
12) A liquid takes the _____________ of its new container, but its __________________
stays the same.
13) A _____________ has no _____________ or size of its own.
14) Temperature makes particles ________________ up or _____________ down.