Classics 322: The Civilization of Ancient Rome1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Italy



Trojans
o Aeneas
o Anchises
o Ascanius (Iulus)
Latium
o King Latinus
o Lavinia
o Turnus
Lavinium
 Alba Longa
Romulus and Remus
 Romulus: Palatine Hill, Six Vultures
 Remus: Aventine Hill, Twelve Vultures
 753 BC
 Romulus wins

Question of the Day
 Name on element of Roman Civilization that is still present in

modern Western Civilization.
Name, TA’s name, and your section number on paper
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day:
 The most important difference between a Roman king and a Roman
consul?
Roman names:
 MEN: Praenomen (first name), Nomen (clan name), Cognomen
(family name)
o Ex.Gaius Juliu Caesar
 WOMEN: called after their fathers:
o Cornelia < Publius Cornelius Scipio
o Julia < Gaius Julius Caesar

Julia Major, Julia Minor, Julia Prima, Julia Secunda, Julia
Tertia
century BC
Early Rome-8th-7th
 Monarchy
o 753 BC
 Romulus founds Rome….
 …becomes first king
o King
 Imperium: power

o Senate
o Curiate Assembly (Comtia Curiata)
 Everyone else who was Roman,
 Army assembly
 Curia is a grouping of people, could account for every
person in Rome
Kings
o Romulus: created with founding the state
o Numa Pompilius: created with the establishment of the
o
o
o
o
o
religious rites/priestly colleges, created with
creating/reforming the lunar calendar
Tullus Hostilius
Ancus Marcius
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
 From Tarquinii in Etruria
Servius Tullius
Lucius Tarquinius Superbus/Tarquinin the Proud

 Son or grandson of Tarquinius Priscus
 His fall ends the monarchy of Rome
Expulsion of Tarquin the Proud
o Sextus Tarquinius, son of Tarquin
o Collatinus, his cousin
o Lucretia, wife of Collatinus
 Raped by Sextus Tarquinius
o Values
 A dinner party (the wives of all except Collatinus were
drinking)
Spinning wool (Lucretia was doing what she should
have done)
o Lucius Junius Brutus
 Assure her that she hasn’t done anything wrong, but
she doesn’t agree and kills herself
 Highest virtue
o Foundation story for the Republic
 Aeneas and the Trojans
 Romulus

Republic
 510 BC
o Lucius Junius Brutus expels Tarquinius Superbus
o Republic Established
 Role of King transferred to two Consuls
o Elected Annually Members of Partician class; i.e., Aristocracy
 Other institutions
Imperium
 Imperius=power

Transfer of Imperium
o The Romans saw the transition was a gaining of their freedom
by changing the regal power, the didn’t’ diminish this power
of the king, they just changed it
Italian Peninsula
 Non-Roman Peoples of Italy
o Gauls
o Peoples of the Central Highlands, especially the Saminites
o Greeks
o Etruscans
Conquest of Italy
 5th c. BC: various battles between the Romans/Latin League and
Etruscans
 396: Capture of Veii
 390: Sack of Rome by the Gauls
 348: Treaty with Carthage; Rome claims Latium as a sphere of
influence
 343-41: First Saminite War
 340-338: Latin War
 327-304: Second Samnite War
 298-290: Third Samnite War
Organization of Italy
 Latium
o Latin Rights
o Civitas sine suffragio
o Roman cities, so they had all the rights of Roman citizens
except the right to vote
o The rest of Italy
 Municipium: people were given some of the rights of
Romans
 Confiscation: would settle Roman citizens
 Wanted to keep tabs on places outside of Rome
o Colonies
o Allies
Pyrrhus: A Challenge to Roman Hegemony
 King of Epirus, NW Greece
 Contended with the successors of Alexander (d. 323 BC)
 282: Tarentum revolts call on Pyrrhus
 280: Battle of Heraclea
 Italians do not follow Pyrrhus, are happy with the alliances
Nature of Roman Imperialism
 Wars for expansion (despite claims to the contrary)
o Pomerium (sacred boundary around city)
o Ager Romanus
 Proclivity for foreign intervention
 Nature of relationship to associates and allies
 Honor bestowed on successful generals
A Triumph
 “Triumph” or “Triumphal Procession”
 Pomerium (an army could not cross unless grated a Triumph)
 Capitoline Hill (the army would march to Temple of Jupiter on top of
Capioline Hill)
 Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus (Best and Greatest)
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day: How was the Roman Republic improved when the
Plebeians gained more political power? How was it harmed?
Roman Republic
 Republic: Res Publica, the ‘commonwealth’ or public business
 Patricians 10%
o Hold elective offices and priesthoods
o Senators
 Pleb/Plebeians 90%
o Disgruntled
o Cannot get into office no matter how wealthy/powerful
o Military service (but no decisions on when to go to war)
o Debt slavery: no way to get out of it
 Publius Servilius, consul 495 BC
 City-state
Ploybius on the Form of Roman Government
 Polybius: Greek historian of 2nd century BC
 Consuls (=monarchy)
 Senate (=aristocracy)
 People (=democracy)
Cursus Honorum (Sequence of Offices)
 Quaestor (20,40)-30 years old
o Late republic: entry into Senate
 (Aedile) (4)
o public good/events
 Praetor (2,8)- 40 years old
o Lead courts and take care of other civic duties in the city
 Consul (2)- 43 years old
o Only two a year
o Consular you have more authority in Senate after done with
Consul
Special Offices and Commands
 Censor
o Inspect wealth of Romans
o Could kick out senators if unmoral
 Dictator


o Legitimate Office
o Need one man to run the government for a short period of
time during crisis
Tribune of the Plebs (10)
o Represent and protect the Plebs
o Had veto power over eachother, and over consuls eventually
o Only Plebeians
o Sacrosanct (can’t be touched)
Military Tribunes
o Jr. Officers to people in the field

Senatus consultum ultimum
o A final decree of the Senate
 Auctoritas
o Authority through experience
Roman voting Assemblies
 Table at learn@uw
Development of the Balance of Power
 Early 5th century: Tribunes of the Plebs
o Sacrosanct






449: Twelve Tables
o laws are written down
445: Military Tribunes
421: Quaestorship
o Plebs allowed to be elected
367: Consulship
o Praetorship (only patricians)
337: Praetorship
Nobility
o Men who are wealthy and have served in the government
 Note 390: Sack of Rome/ 275: Defeat of Pyrrhus
Motivation for Developments
 For the Wealthy Plebeians
o Wanted to be let into the oligarchy
 For the Poorer Plebeians
Wanted debt relief
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day: According to Plutarch, what was a good, or even the
best, practice established for the Romans by Romulus?
Story of Romulus
 Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 8 BC), Greek
o Roman Antiquities: Origins to First Punic War (264 BC), 22
books
 Livy (c. 10 BC-AD 12), Roman
o Ab Urbe Condita: Origins to 9 BC, 142 books
o If you study the Romans of the past Romans of today can be
great like them


Ovid (c. AD 8), Roman
o Fasti (Calendar), 6 of 12 books complete (January-June) in
verse
o Has a feast/festival everyday, only finishes the first 6 months
of the year
Plutarch (c. AD 100), Greek
o Life of Romulusr (Theseus-Romulus)
o Takes and Greek and a Roman and puts them in the same
book, and then compares them through biographies
Legend, Myth and History
 Plutarch’s Aims
o “Submission to reason”
o “semblance of history”
 historein/historia
 “Declines to admit any element of probability”
 “not object to the ancient stories”
o If no semblance of history, why tell the story?
 Story may transmit the truth without being true


Story may attempt to explain a modern phenomenon
 Etiology
 When we know something, the explanation of how
it came to be
Story may reveal a modern attitude about the past
Plutarch’s Story
 Origins of the Romans (1 page)
 Romulus and Remus (3 pages)






Origins

Founding of Rome and Government (1.5)
Sabine Women and Merging of Communities (3.5)
o Tatius
Religious Traditions (1)
Death of Tatius (1)
Expansion of Roman power (.5)
Death and Apotheosis of Romulus (2.5)
of Rome
Credible
o Pelasgians (proto-Greeks); Rome <rhome
o Trojans; woman named Roma led revolt, burned ships
o “founder” traditions
 Roma, daughter of Italus and Leucaria, or of Telephus
son of Hercules; married to Aeneas or Ascanius
o Romus, son of Emathion, sent from Troy by Diomedes
o Romus, king of Latins
o Romulus
 Son of Aeneas
 Son of Roma and Latinus, son of Telemachus, son of
Odysseus
 Son of Mars and Aemilia, daughter of Aeneas and
Lavinia
 “mere fable”
o Tarchetius, king of Alba Longa, ordered to give unmarried
daughter to male ghost; servant girl bears children by him;
left to die near a river
Romulus and Remus (pp. 1-4)
 Alba Longa

o – Numitor & Amulius
o – Rhea Silvia
 Vestal Virgin
 Mars (?)
o – Romulus & Remus
Tiber Valley
o – Lupa and the Woodpecker
o – Faustulus & Acca Larentia (Lupa?)

Alba Longa
o – Arrest and rescue of Remus
o – Death of Amulius and Restoration of Numitor
 Tiber Valley
o – Auspices
o – Death of Remus
Sabine Women: Origins of Roman Customs
 Festival
o Taking of unmarried; 30 curiae?
 Talasius
“For Talasius”; “down to the present day”
Sextius Sylla “told me” that Talasius was the signal
“Most are of the opinion” that talasia means spinning
Plutarch: women did no servile work but talasia
 Saying repeated in Plutarch’s day (but not
practiced!)
 Support; men carry brides across threshold;
bride’s hair parted by spear
War with Ceninensians






o Duel with Acron; vow to Jupiter; spolia opima; Jupiter
Geretrius (stricker)
o “And indeed nothing advanced more the greatness of Rome,
than that she did always united and incorporate those whom
she conquered into herself.”
o First Triumph
War with Tatius
o Tarpeia; Caitol and Tarpeian Rock
o Lacus Curtius
o Prayer to Jupiter to stop retreat>temple of Jupiter Stator
 Resolution
o Quirites
Death and Apotheosis
 Arrogance
o Cf. Tarquinius Superbus, and Julius Caesar?
o Dress, comportment, bodyguards
 Alban throne: a foreshadowing of the Republic?

o “Put the government into their own hands:
o This “taught the free men of Rome to seek after a free and
anti-monarchical state, wherein all might in turn be subjects
and ruler.”
 “great men”, “all” = patricians;
 =Romans?
Disappearance
o Destroyed
o Assumed into heaven
o Julius Proculus
 Quirinus
o One more etiology: Goat’s Marsh
 Fear at Romulus’ disappearance
 Reenactment of a trick played on the Latins
Why tell stories?
 Truth
o “Kingly arrogance”
o Roman aversion to monarchy
 Etiology
o Landmarks and festivals related to Romulus
Curiae, Talasius
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
What if the Romans hadn’t won the Second Punic War?
Phoenicians
 •Poeni ; poenicus > punicus > punic
 •By 1000 BC: trading across the Mediterranean
o Note: traditional dates for Rome:
 Founding of the city: 753 BC
 Establishment of the Republic: 510 BC
Founding of Carthage
 Legend of Elissa
o From Tyre after her husband Sychaeus was killed by her
brother Pygmalion
o Lands in Carthage, founded it in 814 (close to 8th century BC)
o Have a problem with local kings
 Ox hide
 Can have as much land as she can cover with ox
hide, she strings it around a large plot of land
 Then marriage
o King Hierbos and the Pyre
 Wants to marry her, but she resists and dies
 Archaeology: traces of occupation at end of 8th century.
Carthaginians Territory
 Settlements
 Sicily and Greeks
o 276: Carthage defeats Pyrrhus
o Recall: 275: Romans defeat Pyrrhus at Beneventum
 Western Mediterranean
o Libya
o Straights of Gibraltar
o Spain
 North Africa (Libya)
o 5th c.: control solidified
o 4th c.: Mago writes an important treatise on agriculture.
o By 300, Carthage controls about ½ of modern Tunisia
Government of Carthage
 2 suffetes
o basically like a consul
o more personal power than a consul
 Council of 30 elders (Gerousia)
 Assembly of People
 Aristotle, Politics: praise for
o Carthage’s balance of monarch, aristocracy, democracy
o Stable government
Carthage’s Military System
 Citizens
 Navy

Foreign Troops
o e.g Libra, Numidia, Spain, Gaul
o Mercenaries
o Allies
 Heterogeneous
o Unique army for the problem it was facing
o V. Homogeneous armies of Rome
First Punic War
 264: Intervention at Messana




o
260:
o
255:
o
241:
o
238:
o
First Roman battle outside Italy
Navel battle at Mylae
First Roman naval victory
Roman defeat at Tunis
Spartan mercenary Xanthippus
Carthage asks for terms
Rebllion in Africa
New Advances
Rome seizes Sardinia
o Carthage makes advances in Spain
Regulus: A Roman Hero
 Captured in 255 after battle of Tunis
 Sent to Rome in 250
o Swearing oath that he’ll return
o Advises against ransoming prisoners, it shows weakness
o Keeps his promise
 And example of old Roman virtue and heroism

Second











o Rome first
Horace, Odes 3.5 (published 23 BC)
Punic/Hannibalic War
Important Carthaginians
o Hamilcar Barca
o Hasdrubal (son-in-law)
o Hannibal (son)
219: Carthage takes Saguntum in Spain
218: Hannibal crossed the alps
217: Roman defeat at Lake Trasimenus
o Quintus Fabius Maximus named Dictator
216: Roman defeat at Cannae
212: Roman sack of Syracuse
o Archimedes
212-10: Fighting in Italy
210-08: Scipio’s success in Spain
207: Hasdrubal defeated in Italy
205-02: Scipio in Africa
202: Battle of Sama
o Public Cornelius Scipio Africanus
Rome after the Second Punic War
 Rome truly an international power
 Faithfulness of the Italian allies proven
 Importance of individuals
o Dictatorship
o Proconsular commands
 Imperium in the field
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Was the Roman conquest of the Mediterranean accidental?
Who were the Hellenes?
English Latin Greek Ελληνικά
Greece Graecia Hellas Ελλάς
Greek Graecus Hellenic Ελληνικός
Greeks Graeci Hellenes Έλληνες
Major Periods of Ancient Greek History and Culture
 Bronze Age: 1600-1200 BC
 Dark Age: 1200-800 BC
 Archaic: 800-479
 Classical: 479-323
 Hellenistic: 323-146
 Roman: 146 and following
The Bronze Age in Greece
 3000-2000 BC Early
 2000-1600
Middle
 160-1125
Late
 Minoan Civilization 1600-1400
 Mycenaean Civilization 1600-1200
Post-Mycenaean Greece
 The Dark Age 1200-800 BC
 The Archaic Age 800-479 BC
 The Classical Age 479-323 BC
The Persian Wars
 490 BC
o Darius’ army invades Greece
o Battle of Marathon, victory of Athens
 480/79
o Xerxes leads a massive force against allied Greek states
o Spartans defeated at Thermopylae
o Athens destroyed
o Greek naval victory at Salamis
o Greek land victories at Plataea and Mycale
Alexander
 356 BC, born
 336 BC, becomes king
 Conquers the world
 323 BC, dies
The Hellenistic Period
 323-146 BC
 Spread of Greek culture
 Reinterpretation of Greek culture
 Human focus
Important Successors



Rome’s





301: Battle of Ipsus
o Seleucus and Lysimachus defeat Antigonus
o Seleucids control Syria, Asia Minor and East
Ptolemy-Egypt
Cassander- Macedonia
Eastward Expansion
Peoples Encountered on Greek Peninsula
o Illyrians
o Aeolians
o Macedonians
o Achaeans/Achaean League
Peoples encountered in Greek East
o Syrians / Antiochus (< Seleucus)
o Egyptians
o Rhodians
Pyrrhus (275)
First Punic war: 264-238
Illyrian wars
o 231-228: First Illyrian War
 Queen Teuta
o 220-219: Second Illyrian War
 Demetrius
 Pharos
 Second Punic War: 219-202
Macedonian Wars
 [Second Punic War: 219-202]




215-205: Against Philip V
200-196: Against Philip V
o Titus Quinctius Flamininus (consul 198)
o Cynoscephalae (197)
Rome defeats Antiochus III
o King in Syria
o 191: Thermopylae in Greece
o 190: Magnesia in Asia Minor
171-168: Against Perseus
o Aemelius Paullus
o Macedonia divided into four republics
 149-148: Against Andriscus
o Macedonia becomes a province
 Praetor, proconsul, propraetor
Other Eastern Problems
 Phodes
 Syria/Egypt
 Greece
o 167: Achaean League cooperates with Perseus
o 149-147: Critolaus emerges as ppular leader
o 146: Metellus defeats Critolaus
o Mumius destroys Corinth
Third Punic War
 Cato the Censor: Carthago delenda est!
 Numidia
 150: Carthage surrenders
 149-146: Carthage Destroyed
 Scipio Aemelianus
 Polybius: Scipio reflective about Carthage’s destruction
Reflections
 146 BC
o Corinth
o Carthage
 Scipio Aemelianus
o Rome’s position in the world
o Republic AND Empire
o A tipping point?
Heroes and Villains
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Roman




Overseas Expansion
275: Defeat of Pyrrhus
264-241, 219-201: First and Second Punic Wars
215-148: Macedonian Wars
146:
o third Punic War>destruction of Carthage
o Defeat of the Achaean League>Destruction of Cornith
Question of the Day:
 What role did religion play in the expansion of Roman influence?
Roman Religion



Purpose




Roman


Components of Religion
o What one does
o What one thinks
Ogilvie: “A Roman was free to think what he liked about the gods;
what mattered was the religious action performed.”
No moral of ethical component to Roman religion
of Roman Religion
Gods
o Capable of affecting human affairs and natural affairs
o Capable of being persuaded by prayer and sacrifice
Oietas (piety): correct behavior with respect to the gods, state and
family.
Nature of gods’ actions in the world
o Homer: Now Dawn rose from her couch from beside lordly
Tithonus, to bring light to immortals and to mortal men (Iliad
11.1).
Religion vs. Myth
State Religion
No “separation of church and state”
Interaction with the Gods:
o Prayer
 Name of deity
 Form of prayer
 Get the god’s attention
 Convince god that he/she is the target of prayer
 State request
Votives
 Promised beforehand
 Given as a thanks offering
 Given with a prayer as an “inducement
o Sacrifice
 When
 Public Holidays
 Private commission
 Who
 Magistrate



 Individual (did not do the sacrifice, just attended)
Features
 Selection of victim
 Arrangements with temple custodian, officials
 Sacrifice performed outdoors on stone alter
Procedure
 Victim sprinkled with flour and salt mixture
 Decorations removed
 Stuck with hammer


Throat slit
Dissected
 Organs examined then burned on alter
 Meat cooked and eaten
o Divination
 Augurs
 What the gods are thinking/have in mind
 Augurs
 Flights of birds




Priestly Colleges
 Lightening strikes
Unsolicited signs
 Natural events
 ‘slips’
Haruspex (pl. Haruspices)
Sibylline Books
Dreams






Pontiffs
o Pontifex Maximus
o Vestals (6 girls)
o Flamines
 12 minor, of 12 “minor” gods
 3 major, or Jupiter (flaminen dialis), Mars and Quirinus
 restrictions: could not leave city, no riding a horse, etc.
Augurs
Duoviri sacris faciundis
o Two men for sacred actions
o Later: Decemviri
Fetials
Haruspices
Minor priesthood
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Roman Women - Traditional Images
Suetonius, The Deified Augustus
Chapter 64
He so educated his daughter and granddaughters that they even
acquired the habit of working wool, and forbade them to say or
do anything underhand or which might not be reported in the
daily chronicles. So strictly did he prohibit them from
associating with anyone outside the family that he wrote to
Lucius Vinicius, a distinguished and honorable young man, to
rebuke him for his immodest action when he came to pay his
respects to Augustus’ daughter at Baiae.
Chapter 73
He rarely wore clothes which were not produced in his own
household by his sister, his wife, his daughter, or his
granddaughters. His togas were neither close fitting nor
voluminous, his purple stripe neither broad nor narrow.
Roman Women - Traditional Images
 Lucretia
o Home spinning wool while other women out
o Livy: “Which wife had won the contest in womanly virtue was
no longer in doubt.”
 Verginia
o A father’s duty and a father’s right
Paterfamilias
 Terms
o Pater: father
o Familia: household
o Potestas: control
o Paterfamilias: head of household
Familia




Rights

Children, young or grown, living at home or not
Sons’ children, sons’ children’s children
Wife (depending on marriage agreement)
Slaves
Accept or refuse to raise a legitimate child
 Life and death over members of familia
 Sale or surrender
“A Woman’s Place”
•Officially, no independent action
•Cornelia
– Daughter of Scipio Africanus
– Wife of Tiberius Gracchus
– Mother of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
•“The Gracchi”
•Tribunes of the Plebs
Marriage
•Manus = hand = control
•Marriages “with manus” and “without manus”
•Arranged
•Plautus’ Menaechmi or Double Bind
Divorce
•How and Why
•Adultery
– Woman:
•any relationship outside of marriage
•husband obliged to divorce, prosecute
– Man:
•relationship with upper-class woman
– prostitute, slave, freedwoman: OK
•wife could divorce, but not prosecute
Other Roles for Women
•Upper Class
– Primarily a background role, though could be influential
– Authors
•Working Class
– Textile work, both inside and outside the home
– Pompeii: mill workers, landlady, moneylender, butcher,
construction (both running businesses and working)
•Other
– Slaves / household servants
– Prostitutes
– Actresses (see above)
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Roman Household
 Familia
 Pater
o Paterfamilias
o “Patria” Potestas
o “Senex”
 Other Members
o Wife/Mother (“Matrona”)
o Children
 Boys
 Girls
o Slaves
Roman Education
 Apuleius (late 2nd c. AD)
 Litterator
o elementary education in reading and writing
o paid for children to go to school, no public schools
o was probably a slave
o would have been for both boys and girls (family with money)


Grammaticus
o Horace’s teacher Orbilius- “plagosus”
o In general only boys were going on to this
o Girls were spinning/being trained for household duties
o Instruction in literature (mainly Greek)
o Reading aloud or reciting literature
 Explanation from teacher
Rhetor
o Suasoriae
o
o
o
o
o
 Speech of persuasion
Controversiae
 Invented legal cases
Means speaker
Not everyone moved on to this, but he would teach you to
speak in public speaking
Study classical Greek authors
Maybe went to Athens after the Rhetor
Slavery
 All levels of society
 Prior to 3rd century BC only wealthy had slaves
o Of Italian origin
o Were included into the family, were treated like sons
 Changes in 3rd century
o Captives from expansion
o Flood of slaves
o Because of warfare, farmers are on campaign for longer and
farther away
Lost to debt or sold
Family farmer are replaced by slaves on large plantation
bought by wealthy
o Ownership is widespread because there are so many
o Occupations
 Greek/educated slaves
 Household occupations
 Publicly held slaves
 Consul, Aedile, Quaestor



Treatment
o A good life?
 Slaves were used to do things that Romans didn’t want
to do
 Fighting, mining, etc.
 Slaves could be tortured, Roman citizens could not
o Cato the Elder
o Spartacus
o Freedmen and Freedwomen


Manumission
Former masters
 Still low social standing
 Eventually wears off
Greek Comedy
 Athens
 City Dionysia
o Spring Festival, in honor of god Dionysus



o After 440, also performed at the Lenaea (Winter)
Competitive Performances
o Five Comedies
o Five authors (writers of comic plays)
o Comic writers DID NOT write tragedy (visa versa)
Selection
o Writers and actors selected by city officials,
o Chorus funded by a choreus
 Wealthy citizen that funded the plays
Old Comedy
Late 5th century-early 4th century BC
Aristophanes
Actors and Chorus
Political satire, fantasy plots
 E.g. The Birds, Lysistrata
 Cf. The Daily Show
o Chorus and musical accompaniment
New Comedy
o 3rd-4th century BC
o
o
o
o

o Menander (343-291 BC)
o Actors and NO chorus
o ‘everyday’ situations, exploring human behavior
 e.g. The Dyskolos
 the only play to survive from this time
 by Menander
 the same plot as “The Brothers”
 cf. I love Lucy—situation comedy
o what the Romans picked up on
Roman Comedy
 Horace, Satires 1.4.48-52
 Titus Maccius Plautus (c. 254-184)
 Publius Terentius Afer (Terence) (d. 159)
Roman Comedy—Some Standard Characters
Question of the Day

Identify 3 standard characters from the opening scenes of A Funny
Thing Happened… and describe what saying or action makes them
typical
 Erionius—old man
 Beautiful women (prostitutes)
 House of Senex
o Wife, son, father
 Supilus slave
Witty slave
Is Roman Comedy Funny?




A clever slave?
Prostitutes?
Marriage for money or for love?
Love?
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day
 Who was right—the Gracchi or the Senators?
Public Service
 President: $400,000/year
o Why does someone run for office?
 Enlisted soldier: 14,320/year
 Full-time employee at Taco Bell: 13,920/year
o Why does someone choose the Army over Taco Bell?
 Why did a Roman run for office?
 Why did a Roman serve in the Army?
o Compulsory
Roman Army to 2nd century BC
 Composition
o Citizen property owners
 Stipendium
 Served until 46
 If you wanted to serve in an office, you had to have 10
years of military service
o Allies


o NOT a standing army
Pre-275 BC
o Were fighting mainly closely to Rome
o Usually in seasons, could farm and campaign because it was
at different times
3rd and 2nd centuries BC
o expansion
o eastern neighbors
o citizen soldiers have to travel far away, family farms
disappear
Organization of the Army (10 2nd c. BC)
 consuls
 military tribunes
o would assist the consuls
o elected officer
o about 24 each year (changes)
 three stages
o enrollment (after met requirements)
 4 legions of 4200-5000 men each
 happens before there is actually fighting needed
o division into legions
 soldiers divided
 velites
 lightly armed
 front line
 hastate
 full armor
principes
 full armor
 triarii
 full armor
 full sized spear instead of javelin
 structure of a legion
 60 centurions
 30 maniples (2 centurions/maniple)
o call-up



consuls lead 2 legions each
allies comprise additional 2 legions
Soldiers
 March
o Had to carry their own belongings
o Marches could be 20-30 miles in day (Caesar)
 Camp
o Even if they stoped for one night set up camp
o Tents are always put up in the same way


o Men kept together, kept busy, kept ready
Discipline
o Guard duty—“Fustuarium”
 If you fell asleep “fustuarium”
 Would be beaten to death
o Group Discipline—“Decimation”
 Kill one in ten men
Praise and Rewards
o Corona civica
 Civic crown (if saved another citizen’s life)
o Corona obsidionalis
 Withstand siege
Veterans and Land Reform
 Problem of the 2nd century BC
 Loss of small, family farm
 Extended, overseas campaigns
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
 “The Gracchi”



Tiberius Sepronius Gracchus and Cornelia
o Tiberius (163-133 BC)
o Gaius (153-121 BC)
Complaints
o Restless poor = political instability
o Farmer-citizen-soldiers
o Slave labor=little opportunity for change
Tiberius (the son)
o Tribune of the Plebs, 133 BC
o Idealist?
o Opportunist?
Tiberius Gracchus
 Land bill
o Key element: limit ownership of public land
 Political moves
o Senate (against it)
o Tribal assembly
 Gets them to pass the law
o Marcus Octavius
 Opposes Tiberius
 Gets Tiberius pulled out of office
o Oversight board
 See to redistribution of land
 Stocks with his own family
o Attalus III of Pergamum (Asia minor)
 Leaves entire kingdom to Rome
 That money will be used to redistribute land
 Re-election Bid
o Publius Scipio Nasica—pontifex maximus
o Rumble on the Capitoline Hill
 Tiberius and others killed
o Order restored
 Laws allowed to go forward
 Get rid of Tiberius
Gaius Gracchus
 Unsettled issues

o Land reform
o Italian allies and citizenship
 Want it
 Doing everything that Romans do
 People do not want them to have it
Gaius’ Turn
o Qaester in sicily 126 BC
o Tribune of Plebs 123-122 BC
o Program






Public lands
Soldiers
Poor
Equites (sg. Eques)
 Knights
 Business class
 Cut out of serving on juries
Citizenship
Colonies
o Out of office 121 BC
 Lucius Opimius, consul
 Senatus Consultum Ultimum
The Gracchi
 Hooper: A Morality Tale
o Reform vs. status quo
o Justice vs. self interest
 A Republican Tale
o Reform vs. restoration
o Tradition vs. improvisation
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day:
 Where did young Romans go for Spring Break
Roman Calendar
 Romulus (753 BC)
o 10 months, 304 days
 Martius
 Aprilis
 Maius
 Junius
 Quint-ilis

 Sext-ilis
 Sept-ember
 Oct-ober
 Novem-ber
 Decem-ber
Numa (715)
o 12 months, 355 days
 Martius
 Aprilis










Maius
Junius
Quint-ilis
Sext-ilis
Sept-ember
Oct-ober
Novem-ber
Decem-ber
January
 February
Republic (153 BC)
o 12 months, 355 days
 January
 Februray
 Martius
 APrilis
 Maius

 Junius
 Quint-ilis
 Sext-ilis
 Sept-ember
 Oct-ober
 Novem-ber
 Decem-ber
Reforms and Changes
o Julius Caesar-Julian Calendar (46 BC)
 Still used in some places
o Julius Caesar (July)/Augustus (August)
o Pope Gregory XIII-Gregorian Calendar (AD 1583)
 Modern day calendar
Roman Numerals
 Letters stand for Numbers
o I -1
o V-5
o X-10
o L-50


Roman






o C-100
o D-500
o M-1000
Letter values are added
o Left to right, higher to lower
o DXV=515
Letter values are subtracted
o When the smaller values stands to left of bigger value
o IV=4
Calendar
N (nefastus): public business not conducted
EN (endotercisus): some public business not conducted
<major holidays>; e.g. the Lupercalia, Feb. 15
F(fastus): ordinary working day
C (comitialis): assemblies properly held
Days of the Month
o Kalends: first day
o Nones: 5th/7th day of month
o Ides: 13th/15th day
o Four months when Nones =7 and Ides=15
 March, May, July, October
o Inclusive counting
Roman Calendar: the year
 Formula: “during the consulship of x and y”
o During the consulship of C. Julius Caesar and M. Calpurnius
Biblus (=59 BC)
 During the consulship of Julius and Caesar
Coming




o During the first/second consulship of Pompey and Crassus
(=70/55 BC)
of Age
Bulla (a pin on toga)/Toga Praetexta (striped toga, or toga of
youth)
Toga Virilis (toga of manhood
Enrolled as citizen
Public Career-not compulsory
o Senators
o Equites
 Business, would do anything except land owning
Raising them right: two views
 Terence’s Brothers
o Micio: let them run wild
o Demea: discipline and control
o Debate is over raising boys
 Value systems
o Urban: Micio
o Rural: Demea
o Relaxed
o Strict
Cicero’s Pro Caelio
 Delivered
o 56 BC
o In defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus
 Other figures

Caelius’




o Publius Clodius Pulcher
o Sister: Clodia
Charges
o Murder of an envoy from Alexander
o Poison of Clodia
Career
Training and Studies
Association
Service in Africa
‘Spectacular’ prosecution
 Good standing in Rome
Caelius’ Stumble
 Clodia
 Imperfections: p. 181
 Tolerance: allowed certain amount of indulgence
Limits: avoid ruining someone’s life, or ruin someone’s home, waste
money
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Who was the single most important figure from the period of the Roman
Republic and why?
Development of the Balance of Power
 Important Dates in Political History
o Early 5th century: tribunes of the plebs
o 449: Twelve Tables
o 445: Military Tribunes
o 421: Quaestorship
o 367: Consulship
 Praetorship
o 337: Praetorship
 Important Dates in Military History:
o 390: Sack of Rome
o 275: Defeat of Pyrrhus
Third and Second Centuries:
 264-241: First Punic War
 219-202: Second Punic War
 215-148: Macedonian Wars
 146: Destruction of Carthage/Corinth
 146 BC: stabilization of Rome’s external affairs
Some Sources of Stress
 More officials sent abroad to manage armies, provinces
o Temporary imperium
o Reintegration
 Prolonged military engagements change society
o Citizen army based on short campaigning season
o Shifts in traditional roles
 Rearrangement of land ownership
Some sources of Stability
 Senate
 Tribunes of the Plebeians
o Tribal Assembly
 The motives of these bodies may change, depending on one’s point
of view
Tiberius Gracchus






Tribune 133 BC
Situation
o Large Landholders controlling large estates
o Small landholder squeezed out
o Slave labor
Proposed Solution
o Enforce the 500 iugera limit, with allowance for 500 more
o Land to be held free and clear
Methods
o Bill taken directly to Tribal Assembly
o Tribune Octavius removed from office
o Redirection of Attalus III’s estate
o Bid for reelection
Results
o Pontifex Maximus P. Scipio Nasica ‘removes’ Tiberius
o Senate allows legislation to stand
What was Tiberius doing?
o Reformer?
o Politician?
o Both?
 Essence of proposals
o Stabilize the army
o Remove unemployed poor from Rome
 Was Tiberius adopting a popular message in order to secure his
power base?
Other Reformers and Troublemakers
 Gaius Gracchus
o Full citizenship for Latins, voting rights for Italians
o Opposed by senate and people
 Marius
 Sulla
 Marius v. Sulla
Caius Marius (c. 157-86 BC)
 Numidia
o King Micipsa, son Adherbal
o Jugurtha takes kingship after his uncle Micipsa dies



o Adherbal wants his place, appeals to Rome, killed by Jugurtha
o Metellus
 Marius fights under him
Novus Homo (New Man)
o Marius consul: 107
o Had no ancestry for consul
o “common man”
o popular support
o raises an army from common people, gives them money for
being in the army, bought them weapons
o 1st paid army
Gaul
o Marius consul: 104-100
Marius and Sulla
o Mithridates, King of Pontus
o 88 BC: who gets the command?
 Senate gives the command to Sulla
 Gets command taken away from Sulla in Tribal
Assembly
Sulla has an army and marches on Rome in order to
take back his command
 Tells army Marius and his army are Traitors (over rule
Senate, Senate should be supreme)
o Sulla’s Reforms
 Drives Marius out
 Restore power of Senate, reduce power of Tribal
Assembly
 Takes away voting power from Tribal Assembly, gives to

Centurion Assembly
 Power of the vote to the wealthier people
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
 Sulla and Marius
o 87-83: War with Mithridates
o Marius, Cinna, Carbo
 Take back the control of Rome
 Reverse the reforms of Sulla

 Consul Gnaeus Octavius is killed, head showed off
o 83-82: War with Marians
 Sulla conducts a war with them
 They are Traitors according to Sulla
 Victorious and made dictator, without the time limit
Proscriptions
o Plutarch, Life of Sulla 31
o Publication of lists of men that were dangerous to the state
(enemies of Sulla)
o Could be killed on the spot

Reforms
o Reduce the power of the people
o Restore power of the Senate
 Resignation
o 79 BC
o intentions were purer than thought
o wanted to put the Republic back on track
Catilina (Catiline)
 Cicero’s First Catilinarian, 63 BC




Conservative appeal: “O tempora! O mores!”
Cicero’s dilemma
o Execution with no trial
 Gave up rights as citizens when attacked Rome
o Precendents
Catiline a ‘popular’ leader: really?
Other conservative elements
o Catiline attacks all things sacred (pp. 81-2)
Cicero speaks in the voices of Rome (p.85) and Italy (pp. 89-90)
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Question of the Day:
 Julius Caesar: Man or Myth?
The Background
 Marius
o Raises an army with private funds
 Source of funds?
 Roman Hero
 Numidia/Jugurtha
 Gaul
 Sulla
o Leads a state army
o Marches on Rome
o “Restores” the Republic
 Catiline
o Frustrated candidate for consulship
o Populist program
o “Attacks all things sacred”
o Opposed by “Roma”
Julius Caesar: Allies and Rivals


Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC) “Pompey the Great”
o Lieutenant of Sulla, led fight against rivals in Sicily, Africa
o 76-71: Command against rebel Sertorius in Spain
o 71: Helps Crassus to put down up rising of Sparticus
o 70: elected consul (with Crassus)
o 67: special imperium to sweep pirates from Mediterranean
o 66-62: command against Mithridates, territorial expansion in
East
 conquers Asia Minor/Middle East and turns into a
province
o Frustrated: Senate won’t ratify his organization of the East or
settle his soldiers
Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BC)
o 72-71: command against Spartacus, leader of slave revolt
o 70: consul, with Pompey
o Frustrated: Senate won’t approve his plan to assist taxfarmers
Young Caesar: Bold and Ambitious
 100: Gaius Julius Caesar born
o father was a praetor, but died when Caesar was 15
o aunt was married to Gaius Marius
 86: flamen dialis
 81: refuses to divorce Cornelia
o Daughter of Cinna (as in Marius and Cinna)
o Leaves Rome for a time to avoid Sulla
o Returns to Rome after Sulla dies
 77: prosecutes Dolabella


75: travels to Rhodes
Anecdotes
o Pirates
 Captured by them
 Worth 50 talons (a lot of money, more than pirates
asked for)
 Promised to kill them when he was released
o Statue of Alexander the Great
o “Many Mariuses”
 Sulla for saw that Caesar would do more than Marius
 Abitious
o Funeral speech for Aunt Julia
 Ancus Marcius
 Julius<Julus/Ascanius<Aeneas<Venus
Caesar the Populist
 69 BC: Quaestor
 65: Aedile
o public works
o goes into great debt to make a great name for himself
 64: Iudex Quaestionis (i.e., judge)
o death for those who gained form Sulla’s proscriptions
 63: Pontifex Maximus
 62: Praetor
 60-61:Govener of Spain
Consolidating Power
 60: A pivotal Year
Triumph or consulship?
Bibulus
Proconsular provinces
Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
 Money, influence
59: Consulship
o Agrarian Law
 Make people happy
 Following in Tiberius’s steps
o No Bibulous
o
o
o
o


o Pompey, Crassus satisfied
o Proconsular provinces
 Gaul
o Marriage of Pompey and Julia
58-50: Pronconsulship
o Gallic Wars
o Benefits
 Reputation
 Wealth
 Army
 Control of politics in Rome
 The Deified Julius Caesar (pg. 15)
Crossing the Rubicon
 54: death of Julia
 53: death of Crassus
 52: Pompey’s third consulship
o Optimates and Populares
 49: January 10: iacta alea est
o bring army down into Italy
 48: Pompey defeated at Pharsalus, Thessaly, Greece
o taken by Pharaoh and killed
 46-45: Clean up
o Victories over Republican forces in Africa, Spain
o Amnesty and Return allowed for defeated
 Including Marcus Junius Brutu
Going too Far


Progression of offices
o 49: Dictator
o 48: Consul
o 47: dictator
o 46: consul; dictator for 10 yeas
o 45: consul; dictator for life
o 44: consul; king?
Attempts at Monarchy
o Excessive honors and titles
o Regal behavior
o Ides of March
 Senators kill Caesar
 Divinity, reality and myth
Swiftboating Caesar
 The Scandal: Caesar and Nicomedes
o Sex scandal
 The politics
o Bibulus: Caesar is the ‘Queen of Bithynia’
o Cicero: ‘It’s well known what Nicomedes gave you and what

you gave him’
o Songs from his Gallic Triumph
Other scandals
o Body hair plucked out
o Clean shaven/hair cut
o Damaged the reputations of great many women of rank
o Love affairs with queens
Cleopatra
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Whom do you admire more, Octavia or Cleopatra, and why?
Death of Caesar
 Important Precedents
o Princeps senatus
o Princeps civitatis
o The Republic strikes back
 Marcus Junius Brutus
 Gaius Cassius Longinus
 After the Ides of March
o Marcus Antonius: ‘Antony’
 Was Caesar’s master of the horse
 Consul after Caesar is killed
o Gaius Octavius
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus: ‘Octavian’
o 43 BC: Second Triumvirate
 Octavian
 Antony
 Marcus Lepidus
 Proscriptions
o 42: Battle of Philippi
 Octavian and Antony
 Brutus and Cassius
 Puts an end to restrictions from Republic
Alexandria
 Intellectual climate under Ptolemies
o Soter
o Philadelphus

Scholarship
o Collection, preservation, analysis of older works
 Art: new and old styles of poetry
o Callimachus: Aitia, Hymns
o Apollonius: the Argonautica
o Theocritus: Idylls
 Continuing intellectual tradition
Alexandria and Rome

Ptolemy XII Auletes
o 59: ally and friend of the Roman people
o 57: banished, flees to Rome; cf. Cicero’s speech for Caelius
o 55: restored to Egypt by Gabinius with help of Antony
o 48 BC: Pharsalus and aftermath
 Alexandria in 48
o Ptolemy XIII: 15 years old, ‘associates’
o Cleopatra XII: 21 years old, driven out of Alexandria by
Ptolemy’s associates
Cleopatra and Julius Caesar



Situation
o Cleopatra still exiled, Prothinus, Achillas still in charge
Approach
o “every woman’s man and every man’s woman”
o Dio Plutarch
Results
o War
o Caesarion
 Son of Caesar and Cleopatra
Cleopatra and Antony
 Situation
o Post-Philippi: Antony goes East
 Approach
o Plutarch, Life of Antony, chapter 26
 Results
o Luxury in Alexandria
o Fulvia in Italy
 40 BC: Reconciliation


o Octavia
 Great Hope: Virgil’s Fourth Eclogue
 Great Conflict: Cleopatra AND Octavia
Octavia: Roman Values
o ‘a wonder of a woman’
o Loyalty: to husband, brother, Rome
Cleopatra: Eastern Values
o ‘I hate the Persian (eastern) splendor’ (Horace, Odes 1.38)


o Alexandrian Donations
o Attacks in Rome
31 BC: Actium
o Meeting point of East and Weast
o Cleopatra’s influence
 Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra
o Cleopatra’s desertion
30 BC: Alexandria
o Antony’s suicide
o Cleopatra’s suicide
o Octavian’s loss
 Princeps
Augustus
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Who do you admire more, Caesar or Augustus and why?
What ever happened to Caesarion?
Recap
 Gaius Julius Caesar
 Gaius Octavius>Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
o Octavian
o Augustus
 Marcus Antonius (“Antony”)
 The Ptolemies
o Ptolemy XII
o Ptolemy XIII
o Cleopatra VII
Octavia

Octavian
 Octavian’s Youth
o Political unrest
o Caesar, Pompey, Catilina
 Octavian’s view of the Republic?
o How is should work
o How it did work
o Which man will dominate?
The Road to Actium
 44 BC: Assertion of inheritance/conflict with Antony
 42: Philippi
o defeat of Republicans, Brutus and Cassius
 40: Reconciliation at Brundisium
 37: Negotiation/reconciliation of Octavia
 31: Actium



30: Death of Antony and Cleopatra
Reverse Timeline
o -29 59: Caesar’s consulship
o -22 52: Pompey’s solo consulship
o -19 49 Caesar crosses the Rubicon
o -12 42: Battle of Philippi
o 0 30: Octavian victorious Antony
Who remembers the old Republic?
 Who is not weary of war?
The Beginnings of the Principate
 Terms
o Princeps: “The leading man” as in “princeps senatus”
o Potesta: power, cf. potent
o Pomerium: the boundary around Rome
o Auctoritas
o Imperium
o Imperator
o Res Publica (respublica): the Republic

Reforms
o No ‘bold plan’ for reorganizing the Republic
o Prevention of civil war/retention of power
Consolidation of Power
 31-27: Octavian holds consulship annually
 special honors granted by Senate
o right to use title Imperator all the time
 New (and loyal) patrician families
 Triumph



o Battle of Actium
o Distributes money to resurrect the city of Rome
Army
o Pay them off and settle them in areas
Census
o Censorial potestas
Signs of Weakness
o M. Licinius Crassus
o C. Cornelius Gallus
The First Settlement-27 BC
 Renunciation of powers, but
o Retained consulship
o Held important provinces: Spain, Gaul, Syria
o Special honors
o Title ‘Augustus’, called Princeps’ of the state
 Some details
o Armies, provinces held by Senate and Augustus, but Augustus
clearly more power
o Princeps: a careful choice of words
o Augustus: augaur, auctoritas
Results


Signs of


Republic back in action
Augustus’ auctoritas overwhelming
Weakness
M. Primus
Conspiracy of Fannius Caepio

Augustus’ illness
o Marcus Agrippa
Second Settlement-23 BC
 Second settlement
o Resignation of consulship
o Special powers
 Imperium inside the pomerium
 Imperium maius proconsulare
 Imperium great than a proconsul

Tribunician potestas

Result
o Augustus can pass legislation
o Provinces divided, but maius imperium gives Augustus
universal rights and power
o Executive committee formed
Augustus’ Family
 A mess: see Hooper, p. 350
 Poor Julia

o Heirs for Augustus
Key Figures
o Augustus (63 BC- AD 14)
o Livia Drusilla (58 BC- AD 29), wife of Augustus
o Julia (39 BC- AD 14): daughter of Augustus and Scibonia
o Marcellus (42-23 BC): son of Octavia, nephew of Augustus
o Marcus Agrippa (64-12 BC)
o Sons of Livia Drusilla and T. Claudius Nero

 Tiberius Claudius Nero (42 BC-AD 37)
 Nero Claudius Drusus (39-9 BC)
o Sons of Julia and Marcus Agrippa
 Gaius Caesar (20 BC-AD 4)
 Lucius Caesar (17- AD 2)
Key Dates
o 23 BC: Marcellus dies
o 21: Agrippa marries Julia
o 17: Gaius and Lucius adopted by Augustus
o 12: Agrippa dies
o 12: Tiberius marries Julia
o 9: Drusus dies
 Livia has only one living son, Tiberius
o 5: Gaius takes Toga Virilis
 Tiberius goes to Rhodes
o 2: Julia banished for immorality
 Lucius takes Toga Virilis
o AD 2: Lucius dies
o 4: Gaius dies
Tiberius adopted by Augusuts
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
What makes Aeneas cry when he first arrives in Dido’s city of Carthage? Why
does he cry?
The Troubled first century BC
 88: fighting between Marius and Sulla
 82: Sulla returns from east, marches on Rome
 72-71: Slave war (Spartacus)
 63: Conspiracy of Catilina
 59: Caesar’s first consulship
 49: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, civil war
 44: Assassination of Caesar






Publius

42: Battle of Philippi
40-31: Hostilities between Octavian and Antony
31: Battle of Actium
27: First Settlement
23: Second Settlement
Gaius Octavius>Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus>Augustus
Vergilius Maro-“Virgil”
Born 70 BC
o First consulship of Pompey and Crassus
o Mantua, northern Italy
 Not yet full citizenship
 Works
o Ecolues (42-37 BC)
o Georgics (37-30 BC)
o Aeneid (30-19 BC)
 Unfinished at Virgil’s death, published on Augustus’
orders
Roman Poetry





Livius Andronicus (c. 284-c. 204): Odissia
Gnaeus Naevius (c. 270-c. 201): Bellum Pubicum (Punic War)
Quintus Ennius (239-167): Annales (Annals)
Neoterics (1st century BC)
o E.g. Catullus (85-55)
o Love poetry
o After Virgil
Virgil’s contemporaries
o Tibullus
o Propertius
Virgil




Writing a National Epic: Homer, Ennius
Sensitive to Human Qualities:
o Archaic Greeks Hellenistic Greeks
o Neopterics
o Contemporaries
Highly Artistic: Hellenstic Poets and Sculptors
The Culmination of a long history of Greco-Roman poetry and
Greco-Roman thinking
 His poetry and he himself come to maturity during the “Golden
Age” of Augustus
Fundamentals of the Aeneid
 Aeneas
o Trojan, survives fall of Troy
o Charged by Fate to found a new home in Italy
o Opposed by Juno
o Aided by Venus, his mother

o Aided by Anchises, his father
Fate
o Will Aeneas succed?
o Suspense?
Purpose?
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Is the Old fashion hero still desirable in the Augustan or Golden Age?
Who is Aeneas?
 Trojan
 Soldier, experience in war
 Son of Venus and Anchises
 Father of Ascanius/Iulus
 Husband of Creusa-and Dido and Lavinia?
 Mission: preserve a remnant of Troy by founding a new city
 Desire: to die defending Troy
 Pius: leaves Troy with father, son, penates.
o Creusa?
What is the Aeneid?
 A national poem
o Reflects on
o Customs
o Origins
o People
 …of the nation
 Aeneas must in someway be a “national Figure”
o Aeneid=”The Story of Aeneas”
o Aeneid=”the Story of Rome”??
The Fall of Troy
 Piety
 Reluctance
o Hector
 Tells him Troy cannot be saved
o Aeneas
o Venus
 Tells him he must leave
o Creusa
 Has been killed, appears to him as a ghost
False Steps (1)
 Thrace
 Sad, wants to just end mission
o Is told he needs to leave
o Gruesome way—bloody corpse tells him he must leave
False Steps (2)
 Delos
o The Oracle of Apollo
o Crete for a year
False Steps (3)
 Andromache and Helenus
o Have built a city like Troy
o Andromache is wife of Hector, but remarried Helenus after his
death
o Aeneas wants to stay, but Helenus tells him he must leave
Death



Anchises
o He has to go because Aeneas has to be his own man
Dido
o Commits suicide
o Had to go because he needs to marry Lavinia
Others (book 5,6,7)
o Palinurus: The pilot of Aeneas’ ship
o Deiphobus: second husband of Andromache after Hector’s
death
o Caieta: Aeneas’ nurse
 Symbol of youth, it’s over
 All must step aside in order for Aeneas to realize his destiny
Italy. Rebirth?
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Heroism
 What is a hero?
 Fate
 Reluctance
 Is Aeneas a hero?
The Story of Aeneas: Narrative Order
 Book 1
o Beginning of the poem
o Ships get blown away by Juno towards Carthage
o Dido


o
Book
o
o
o
Book
 Venus makes her fall in love with Aeneas
Banquet
2
Trojan Horse: Sinon, Laocoon
Destruction of Troy: Priam, Neoptolemus/Pyrrhus
Escape from Troy
 Hector, Venus
 Anchises, Ascanius/Iulus, Creusa
3
o Thrace: Polydorus
o Delos>Crete>”Hesperia”
o Strophades: Harpies
 Prophecy of tables
o Actium
o Epirus: Helenus, Andromache
 Prophecy of the sow and Sibyl
o Odyssey: Scylla, Charybdis, Cyclops’ island (Polyphemus),
Ortygia (Calypso)

o Anchises
 Died, symbolic
Book 4
o Narrative Order and Chronological Order
o Questions:
 Marriage
 Dido’s perspective, justification



Duty






Book
o
o
Book
o
o
Lonely queen, needs protection, gods made
her fall in love
Aeneas’ perspective, justification
 Comfortable, safe
to Fate
Dido
 Must obey, even though made to fall in
love, role was to give a safe port for Aeneas
along his way
Aeneas
 Must go on, must found Rome
Duties to Others
 Dido
 Husband who was killed
 Aeneas
Sacrifice
 Dido
 Suicide only honorable way out
 Aeneas
5
Funeral Games for Anchises
Burning of the ships
6
Sibyl of Cumae
Underworld
 Anchises
 Dido
 Parade of Descendents
 Auguststus
 Gates of Horn and Ivory
Why does Aeneas return from the underworld through the gate of false
dreams?
 Book 7
o Latinus, Lavinia
o Turnus
 Promised Lavinia’s hand

o
Book
o
o
Juno, Allecto
8-10
Evander
Pallas
 Killed by Turnus
 Belt taken as a prize, worn by Turnus
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Who is Aeneas?
Aeneas on Arrival in Italy
 Complicated Man
o Traditionally heroic
o Desire to be heroic
 Wants to fight/die for his country
o Desire thwarted
o Great loss
 Underworld: a clarification
o Anchises
o ‘parade’ of Roman souls
o strange exit
A New Phase
 “Double Aspect” of Aeneid
 arma virumque cano-I sing of arms and a man
 Man: Odysseus, Homer’s Odyssey
 Arms: Iliad
What sort of war?
 Trojans and Latins
 Aeneas and Latinus
 Civil war (future family)
 Took up arms in impiety (against family, state and gods)
Is Aeneas Augustus?
 The Shield of Aeneas: 8.912-68
o Battle of Actium
o Victory in civil war
 Hard NOT to think of Augustus, but…
Is Aeneas Antony?

Book 4: Seduction by Dido
o Fancy clothes, fancy weapon
o Attention to Carthage
o Cleopatra and Dido
Reactions
o Aeneas: Warning of Mercury
o Antony: marriage to Octavia
Other Parallels between Aeneas and Augustus

Sack
o
o
o
of Perusia, 41-40 BC
Lucius Antonius, Fulvia
Brutal siege, destruction of city, cruelty to captives
Suetonius, Augustus 15
 No mercy
 Human Sacrifice?
o Aeneid 11.108-111
 Human Sacrifice!
The Ending
 Evander and Pallas



o Evander becomes Aeneas’s supporter
o Pallas is killed by Turnus
Pallas, Aeneas, and Turnus
o Pallas’s belt around Turnus while Aeneas and Turnus fight
Elements
o Violence
o Fury
o Vengeance
Troubling?
The Ending
 Characteristic of the overall course of the poem
 Surprises early
 First words
 Fall of troy
 Journey to Italy
 Noble Qualities
o Piety
o Wisdom

o Strength
Weakness
o Rage
o Lack of Clemency
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
What should Augustus have done to ensure a good leader for Rome?
Augustus as Princeps-The Office
 First Settlement-27 BC
o Res Gestae
o Republic still intact
o Retained consulship
o Held important provinces: Spain, Gaul Syria
o Special honors
o Title ‘Augustus’, called ‘Princeps’ of the state
 Second Settlement-23 BC
o Resignation of consulship
o Special powers
 Imperium inside the Pomerium
 Imperium maius proconsulare: Imperium greated than
a proconsul
 Tribunician Potestas
o The succession
 Augustus’ illness
 Future transfers of power
o Constitutional problem
o Other problems
Augustus as Princeps-Moral Legislation
 Problem
o Republican Ideals fading
o Low birth rate
o Existing laws and customs not enforced
 Legislation
o Adultery: Lex Julia (18 BC)
Adultery
Stuprum (sex with a woman who is not married (a
virgin or widow))
o Marriage and Family: Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea (9 AD)
 Restrictions on marriage partners
 Incentives for marriage and children
 Freedmen that had 3 children or more did not owe
any property to owner


 Could not get inheritance if you were not married
 The Imperial Family a microcosm for marriage problems
Succession and Morality Intertwined
 Julia
o Augustus’ only natural child-not a son
o Grandsons ill-fated
o Subversive to Augustus’ moral program
o I,Claudius
Succession: Augustus to Tiberius
 What is a princeps?



Auctoritas
Potestas
Capability

Germanicus
o Germanicus’ character
o Contrast with Tiberius
o Duty in the East (AD 17)
 Poisoned?
Rivals


o Piso
Sejanus
o A different sort of rival (Praetorian Guard)
o A steady plan
 Drusus, son of Tiberius poisoned, AD 22
 Tiberius’ retirement, AD 26
 Control of administration
o Fall from grace, AD 31
Moral
o There are issues because it’s the first transfer of power with
Augustus
o What will be the form of government?
Succession: Tiberius to Caligula
 Questions about form of government
 Process
o Macro
o Choices
 Tiberius Gemellus, son of Drusus
 Caligula, Germanicus’ son
 Claudius, Germanicus’ brother
o Tiberius’ death
o Who makes the choice?
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
In what ways was Nero an emperor in the sense of Augustus?
Nero’s Ancestry






Great, great grandfather: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Great gradfather: Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
Grandfather: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Grandfather: Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
o Married to Antonia Major, dauther of Marc Antony
Why does Suetonius devote so much space to Nero’s ancestors?
Father: Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus
o Married to Agrippina the younger, daughter of Agrippina and
Germanicus
o Suetonius, Nero 5
 Nero himself
o Suetonius, Nero 6
Nero’s Ancestry: A Comparison
 A Comparison
o Julius Caesar
o Augustus

Passages
o Suetonius, The Deified Augustus 3: Father
o Suetonius, The Deified Augustus 5,6: Birth
 Other comparisons
o Military Career
o Living Conditions
o Death
Nero’s Military Service
 Tiridates of Armenia



o Installed as king by Vologaesus I of Parthia, AD %$
o Diplaced by Romans then reinstated
o Gernal Corbulo negotiates submission, AD 66
Suetonius, Nero 13
Where is Corbulo?
Easy comparison
o Caesar
 Self-confident, foregoes triumph in 60 BC


 Many foreign victories
o Augustus
 Military accomplishments well known
Nero’s Triumph
o ‘Campaign’ in Greece
o Triumph
o Suetonius, Nero 25
More comparisons
o Augustus’ chariot
o Temple of Apollo

Sayings
o “since our leader strings his lyre, the Parthian his bow, Ours
will be musical Apollo, theirs the great archer.”
Nero’s Living conditions
 Caesar
o Simple homes in Rome
o “Many report” that he built extravagantly outside the city
 Augustus
o Modest home
o Plain furnishings
 Nero
o The Domus Aurea-the Golden House
o “At last I have begun to live like a human being”
Nero’s Death
 Comparison with death of Julius Caesar
o Death of Caesar
 Killed before a senate meeting
 Wanted to be descent in death
o Death of Nero
 Both understand their lives are ending
 Crying when giving orders, what a man is dying (but an
artist)
Bad corpse
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
Identify five features in the film that characterize aspects of chariot racing
 Anything goes, cuts people off without caring what happens…just
try to win, ruined the wheel of one, whips his opponent,
 Someone crashed round the curve which is what the people wanted
to see, someone was run over (crowd went wild)
 The chariots have 4 horses each
 Have Red, Green, White, and blue chariots (correct colors)
 The emperor had his own seating area with his entourage
The dolphins to mark the laps
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
What building or monument is most symbolic of Ancient Rome?
Early Rome-8th-7th century BC
 Little city on top of a hill
Republican Rome
 Much more expanded
Imperial Rome
Built up more
1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
How do Juvenal and Marcus Aurillius differ in the failings of their fellow
Romans?
Year of the Four Emperors
 Servius Sulpicius Galba (c. 3 BC-AD 69)
 Marcus Salvius Otho (AD 32-69)
 Aulus Vitellius (AD c. 15-69)
 Lessons of AD 69
o No Central Power
o Civil Wars of late-Republic
o Back to the Future?
The Flavians (AD 69-96)
 Titus Flavius Vespasianus (Vespasian) (69-79)
o Military Experience
o A plan fur ruling
 Close supervision of the army…
 … and the senators and magistrates
 close eye on revenues
 reform of courts
o Second Founder of Rome?
o Problems with succession
 Titus (79-81)
 Domitian (81-96)
o Good qualities…
o … and bad
 Rome escapes repetition of post-Augustan decay
Mount Vesvius
 Has erupted in modern times (1875-1906)/1913-1944
 Summer AD 79
o Pliny the Elder
o Pliny the Younger
o Tacitus
Juvenal, Satires 1: What’s going on in Rome?
 Juvenal is writing between AD 100 and 130
o Just after the rule of the Flavians
o During the period that Hooper is calling “The Good Years”
o What’s the real story?
The New Rich: social climbing / informing / legacy
hunting
 Excessive Luxury and Greed: gambling / neglect of the
poor / perversion of the patron-client system
Gluttony: waste of inheritance / neglect of the poor

1/22/2008 10:59:00 AM
From the arrival of Aeneas in Italy to the death of Constantine, who do you
think is the single most important figure from Roman civilization and why?
A multi-cultural world: Acts 21-22
 21.19-26: the problem
 21. 27-30: the trouble
 21.31-36: the arrest
o 21.37-39: Paul speaks Greek
 21.40-22.21: Paul addresses the Jews in Hebrew
 22.22-24: arrested again

22.25-29: Paul is a Roman