35-101. Human Anatomy and Physiology 1
Fall semester, 2012
BONES OF THE HUMAN BODY
The number (in parentheses) following the name of each bone indicates how many of
that bone are found in the entire human skeleton.
 The page number following each description gives you the page where a good view of
that bone may be found in your textbook. You will find other views of the same bones
on other pages in the chapter.
 In almost all of the descriptions below, you will find a directional term. That is how
the questions will be asked on your third exam.
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Division One:
Axial skeleton – made of the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column,
and thoracic cage.

The Cranial Bones
Frontal (1)
Parietal (2)
Temporal (2)
Occipital (1)
Sphenoid (1)
Ethmoid (1)
Anterior cranium (forehead), superior orbit (page 244-245).
Lateral and superior cranium (page 246).
Lateral cranium and part of the cranial floor (page 246 and 248).
Posterior/inferior aspect of cranium (page 248).
Butterfly-shaped bone; anterior-medial cranial floor (page 249).
Anterior cranial floor between orbits (page 249 and 255).
The Facial Bones
Mandible (1)
Maxillary (2)
Zygomatic (2)
Nasal (2)
Lacrimal (2)
Palatine (2)
Vomer (1)
Hyoid (1)
Lower jawbone (page 246).
Two bones that unite medially to form the upper jaw (page 244).
Forms the lateral and inferior portion of the orbit, and anterior
portion of the bony cheek arch (page 246).
Tiny bones meeting at the superiomedial part of the face (page 244).
Small facial bones -- posteriolateral to the nasal bones (page 244).
Posterior portion of the upper palate (page 248).
Posterio-inferior portion of the nasal septum (page 248).
A “U”-shaped bone between the mandible and the larynx (page 259).
The Auditory Ossicles (located in the middle ear)
Malleus (1 per ear)
Incus (1 per ear)
Stapes (1 per ear)
Proximal-most; attached to the tympanic membrane (page 638).
Middle ossicle (page 638).
Distal most – (page 638).
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The Vertebral Column
Cervicals (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacrum (1)
Coccyx (1)
In the neck. C1 is the atlas; C2 is the axis. (page 264 and 267).
Spinous process points inferior. (page 265).
The largest, strongest, thickest of the vertebrae (page 265).
Five separate vertebrae fused together (page 268).
Four fused, but distinct, vertebrae. Essentially vestigial (page 268).
The Bony Thorax
Sternum (1)
Three regions form the sternum (page 269):
1. The manubrium (superior portion)
2. The body (middle portion)
3. The xiphoid process (inferior portion)
Ribs (12 pairs)
Attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae (page 269).
Increase in length from pair 1 to pair 7 (page 269).
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Division two:
Appendicular skeleton – consists of the pectoral girdle, upper
extremity, hip girdle, and lower extremity.
The Pectoral Girdle
Clavicle (2)
Scapula (2)
The "collarbones" are two, slender S-shaped bones. The sternal end
is the medial curve; acromial end is the lateral curve (page 274).
Flat bones on dorsal thorax; spans rib pairs 2 - 7. (page 275).
The Upper Extremity
Humerus (2)
Ulna (2)
Radius (2)
Carpals (16)
Metacarpals (10)
Phalanges (28)
The large, upper arm bone (page 276).
Medial lower arm bone (page 277).
Lateral lower arm bone (page 277).
8 carpals (two rows of four) form each wrist (page 278):
Proximal row from lateral to medial:
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
Distal row from lateral to medial:
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
Palm bones named I - V from lateral to medial (page 278).
14 per hand – two in the thumb; three in the other fingers (page 278).
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The Pelvic Girdle
Ossa Coxae (2)
Each ossa coxa is made of three bones (page 281 - 282):
1. The ilium -- the large flat bone with a thick iliac crest.
2. The ischium -- Inferiolateral bone that you sit on.
3. The pubis -- Inferioventral bones joined anteriorly.
The Lower Extremity
Femur (2)
Patella (2)
Tibia (2)
Fibula (2)
Tarsals (14)
Largest, strongest, thickest bone in the body-- thighbone (page 285).
The “kneecap”(page 286).
Larger of the two lower leg bones (page 287).
Long, slender bone of the lower leg (page 287).
The calcaneous and talus bear the weight of the body. The others
are called cuboid, navicular and 3 cuneiform (kew-neé-if-orm) bones
(page 289).
Metatarsals (10)
Form the arch of the foot; numbered I - V from medial to lateral
(page 289).
Phalanges (28)
14 per foot; two in the big toe and three in the other toes (page 289).
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