People in Motion: Migration, Movement, and Immigration
TIME PERIOD 1450 to 1650
Discovery and Settlement of the New World, 1492-1650
Living Bravely Rules suspended “Living Bravely” or without restraint
Europeans could build their own social structures beyond Europe . This leads to unbridled
greed, enormous accumulation of wealth (organized thievery), brutality, heartless slaughter,
exploitation by Spaniards.
GLOBAL NETWORK
An exchange of goods, services, and cultures developed among the continents of Europe,
Asia, Africa, and the Americas
International Trade
Redistribution of wealth
Diffusion of European values and religion
Triangular slave trade 1500-1800 - “African Diaspora”
Redistribution of world’s population (voluntary and involuntary)
Redistribution of plants and animals - “Columbian Exchange”
Disease Indians are unprepared and unexposed to European disease
STAGES:(Maturation from extraction to settlement)
Enslavement
Dislocation
Confrontation
JAMESTOWN, 1607
Joint Stock Company (Virginia Company) pursues the settlement of Jamestown – marshy and
fever ridden No clear focus on the purpose of the colony. 104 settlers over ½ are considered
Gentlemen
Translation- they were semi-aristocrats who were there to serve as Garrisons
at a military outposts designed to launch raids on the Spanish –
Consequence – Gentlemen preferred loafing, prospecting for gold and dreaming of a Northwest
Passage to grubbing the earth to feed themselves. This almost killed the colony
Notables: John Smith, John Rolfe and tobacco crop economy; House of Burgesses
Why did the South remained underdeveloped
1. Few cities emerged
2. Life revolved around southern plantations.
3. Poor transportation -- waterways provided principal means of transportation
While the southern colonies were being established mostly for the sake of profit, a group
of northern colonies was founded mostly for the sake of ideas. The New England Settlement
was purposely founded for English radical Protestant refugees
THE PURITANS
Were refugees from the English government’s demands for conformity to a single
mainstream, state-established church. They left England of deliberate dissent = treason
John Winthrop - Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony
Covenant Theology: Winthrop believed Puritans had a covenant with God to lead new religious
experiment in New World "We shall build a city upon a hill"
THE PILGRIMS – The First wave of Separatists left Britain for Holland for freedom to practice
Calvinism. Secured rights with Virginia Company to settle within its jurisdiction in Virginia
The "Great Migration" (1630’s) By 1631, 2,000 colonists had arrived in Boston and had settled
a number of towns around it as well.
William Bradford -- prominent leader; elected Governor 30 times -- To encourage
farming, Bradford distributed land among the settlers
Myles Standish -- military leader who was hired to accompany the Pilgrims.
Led many expeditions against Indians whom he distrusted
INDIAN REACTION TO WHITE ENCROACHMENT
Pequot War (1636-1637) Despite Puritan victory over Indians, New England colonies realized
collective security was necessary for future defense. Connecticut towns sent 90 men who opted
to attack a smaller village of non-combatants where 400 Indian men, women and children
were slain
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia
Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western
settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and
then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an
illness.
King Philip’s War (1675) - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the
Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts
government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of
the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. Wampanoag leader
organized neighboring tribes to attack settlements in 1675, resulting in 1000 white and 4500 Indian
deaths
1. Settlers who established the British colony in Virginia during the 17th century were primarily seeking
to
a. recreate an Old World feudalistic society in the New World
b. create a perfect religious commonwealth as an example to the rest of the world
c. create a refuge for political dissidents
d. profit economically
e. increase the glory of Great Britain
2. Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of 17th-century Puritans toward
religious
liberty?
a. Having suffered persecution in England, they extended toleration to everyone.
b. They tolerated no one who’s expressed religious views varied from their own views.
c. They tolerated all Protestant sects, but not Catholics.
d. The tolerated Catholics, but not Quakers.
e. They had no coherent views on religious liberty.
3. Which of the following was true of most Puritans who immigrated to 17th-century New England?
a. They had renounced the Church of England.
b. They rejected the authority of the English king
c. They considered themselves non-Separatists.
d. They approved of the Crown’s religious policy.
e. They intended to return eventually to England.
4. The New England Colonies seemed to thrive in the early years of colonization as compared to the
Southern colonies. The longer life spans and the overall growth of the population in New England have
been attributed to the
a. Participation of New Englanders in the transatlantic trade
b. Lack of slavery and indentured servitude in New England
c. Strong religious beliefs and the family units with which they traveled to the New World
d. Larger number of single men in the New England colonies
e. Temperate climate of New England
5.
Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676 was significant in that it
a. led the colonies to recruit a greater number of indentured servants
b. caused the death of Governor Berkeley of Virginia
c. contributed to an increase in Indian uprisings in Virginia
d. created fear of additional rebellions by former indentured servants
e. was the largest slave rebellion in United States history
6. European exploration of the Americas resulted in all of the following EXCEPT the
a. introduction of new products to the Americas
b. spread of European diseases, such as smallpox, to the Native Americans
c. introduction of the new products to Europe
d. development of unifies resistance by the Native Americans to European settlement
e. mixed-race people in Mexico and Central America
7. The English colony at Jamestown
a. was developed on a high plateau overlooking the James River
b. was settled by farmers mostly from the rural areas of England
c. nearly collapsed because the farmers refused to cooperate, searched for gold instead of
planting crops, and antagonized the Indians
d. survived the “Starving Time” by allying with the Spanish
8. Which of the following does NOT correctly describe the Southern colonies?
a. They were the most English of the colonies.
b. They were largely urban.
c. The plantations were on the costal plains.
d. Tobacco and rice were the chief cash crops.
e. The Southern economy was primarily agrarian.
9.. In the 17th century, the Chesapeake Bay settlement expanded its territorial holdings more quickly
than did the Massachusetts Bay settlement primarily because
a. Massachusetts settlers were entirely uninterested in expansion
b. a high birth rate and healthy environment resulted in a population boom in the Chesapeake
region
c. no Native Americans lived in the Chesapeake Bay region, and the colonists were free to
expand their settlements at will
d. farmland in the Chesapeake area was less fertile, and so more of it was needed to support
sustenance farming
e. farming of the chief Chesapeake export, tobacco, required a great deal of land
10. Puritan emigration from England came to a near-halt between the years 1649 and 1660 because,
during that
period,
a. most English Puritans were imprisoned for heresy
b. most Puritans converted to Catholicism
c. the New England settlements had become too over crowded, and colonial legislatures
strongly discouraged immigration
d. the Puritans controlled the English government
e. Parliament outlawed travel to the New World
11. Which of the following New World settlements was founded by a group made up almost exclusively
of men?
a. Plymouth Colony
b. Massachusetts Bay Colony
c. The settlement in New Haven, Connecticut
d. The Quaker settlement in Pennsylvania
e. The settlement at Jamestown, Virginia
TIME PERIOD 1650 to 1850
Themes in AP History: Things to keep in mind about the themes
Demographic Changes
Changes in birth, marriage and death rates; life expectancy and family patterns; population size
and density. The economic, social and political effects of immigration, internal migration, and
migration networks.
American Diversity The diversity of the American people and the relationships among different
groups. The roles of race, class, ethnicity and gender in the history of the US.
American Identity Views of the American national character and ideas about American
exceptionalism. Recognizing regional differences within the context of what it means to be an
Americans
Culture Diverse individual and collective expressions through literature, art, philosophy, music,
theater, film throughout US History. Popular culture and the dimensions of cultural conflict
within American society
America and the British Empire, 1650-1754
Migration to Appalachia (remember the Proclamation of 1763?)
Proclamation Line established - A proclamation from the British government which forbade
British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any
settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
OLD IMMIGRATION 1800-1850 (Second Wave of Immigration)
Although the Jacksonian time period is known as the “age of the common man” it did not
embrace the immigrants.
During the 1840’s and 1850’s large numbers of Irish and Germans began arriving. The Irish
settled into Eastern cities. The Germans moved to the Midwest.
IRISH
Migration antebellum to 1890
Concentrate in the east (cities) and evolve into a political power; Unskilled workers
1880 Irish mayor of NYC ; 1882 Irish mayor of Boston
Catholic = religious identity and tension
GERMAN
Settle in the mid-west
Cluster in smaller towns
40% of St. Louis is of German decent
More skilled – Brewing, food processing, handy crafts
Nativism - distinguishes between Americans who were born in the United States, and
individuals who have immigrated - 'first generation' immigrants. They even formed the political
party called the Order of the Star Spangled Banner, more commonly known as the KnowNothings.
WHY? Threats involving language, jobs, pay-scales, control of the government, control of
borders (and fears of invasion), moral values, and loyalties to racial and ethnic groups, are
involved in nativism, with the exact ingredients varying widely.
Exodusters (1879 and 1880) At the conclusion of the Civil War, many blacks moved to Kansas
and were known as exodusters. This is known as the first great African American migration.
Those who stayed in the south ended up as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. It was nearly
identical to slavery, with the former masters in charge once again.
NEW IMMIGRATION 1880-1924 (Third wave of immigration)
There is a shift in where Immigrants come from. These new immigrants arrived from southern
and eastern Europe. 1890 Eastern Europe different religion – Catholic and Jewish = tension with
Protestants
They were looked down upon by the more established English, German, and Irish immigrants.
The new immigrants were usually poor and possessed limited skills.
They typically went to work in factories where they were treated poorly, working long hours for
very low pay. This situation led to them putting their entire family to work just to survive.
Unfortunately, the children didn‘t get an education which would doom them to a life of
working in factories themselves with out a chance for improvement.
THE GREAT MIGRATION (1910 to 1930)
The "Great Migration" increased dramatically in the years between about 1910 and the early
1920s. Between 300,000 and 1,000,000 African-Americans moved north during this period,
largely in response to an increased number of unskilled factory job openings as northern
manufacturers boosted production for World War I. Black migration between 1916 and the
1960s remained strong, except during the Great Depression. More than 6 million southern
blacks made the move to the North during this period.
MEXICAN MIGRATION (1877 to 1910) Mexican immigration in the 20th century came in three
great surges of growth. The first surge began in the 1900s. Revolution in Mexico and a strong
U.S. economy brought a tremendous increase in Mexican immigration rates. Between 1910 and
1930, the number of Mexican immigrants counted by the U.S. census tripled from 200,000 to
600,000.
For many Mexican immigrants, moving to the U.S. was not necessarily a one-time journey of
permanent relocation. Since the distance was so short, Mexican citizens could return home
relatively easily, and many did so--because of improved conditions in Mexico, because of family
concerns, or because they had earned enough money to live more comfortably. In the 1910s
and 1920s, it is estimated that more than 1 million Mexican immigrants returned to Mexico.
REACTION: The Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Two groups in society faced special discrimination. The Chinese out west were constantly
harassed. In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed that outlawed Chinese immigration for
ten years
REACTION: Nativist opposition
Americans had also tired of the teeming refuse (immigrant hordes) from foreign shores. The
congress passed strict anti immigration laws.
2008 AP DBQ Question
“For the years 1880 to 1925, analyze both the tensions surrounding the issue of immigration
and the United States Governments response to these tensions”
Anti-Radicalism and Anti-Immigration
With the end of WW I – the need for immigrants in America decreased – restrictions began
Literacy Test Act (1917)
Passed over Wilson’s Veto
Immigrants had to be able to read and write a language to get in
Didn’t have to be English
Emergency Quota Act (1921) – Johnson Act
Congress thought “the world” was going to move to the United States after the war
We adopted a policy of restrictions
Immigration from Europe limited to 3% of the nationality in the US as of 1910
Quota Act of 1924 (Further limitations)
2% of the residents – 1890
National Origins Plan
Set immigration limit at 150,000 per year
Each country given a quota based on the % of the population in 1920
Each country could send at least 100
Immigration from Asia prohibited
Immigration from Western Hemisphere unlimited – but had some requirements
Stayed this way until 1965
REACTION: Revival of the Ku Klux Klan
KKK began to promote the organization nationally by 1922-25 – 6 million members at its peak
KKK had several causes : Anti-black in the south - Anti-catholic in the Midwest and west - Antisemitic in the east – Anti-urban in CA - LA vs. Rural CA over the issue of water - anti-immigrant
all over
Disapproved of the immorality of saloon keepers, Darwinism, Birth control, Pacifism
REACTION: The trial of immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti highlighted to the world just
how nativist and anti immigrant that America had become.
REACTION:
1917 Immigration Act—for the first time the United States barred the entry of persons based
on their lack of education (the Literacy Test) and barred the admission of persons born in a
specific region of the world (the Asiatic Barred Zone).
1921 Emergency Quota Act, and May 26, 1921, Johnson–Reed Immigration Act—for the first
time the United States limited the admission of (mostly) European persons based on their
nationality and the proportion of people of such nationality among all foreign-born persons in
the United States (quotas).
In 1924 the maximum was 3 percent of those born outside of the United States present in
1910.
1. Between 1890 and 1914, most immigrants to the United States came from
(a) Southern and Eastern Europe
(b) Northern and Western Europe
(c) Latin America
(d) Southeast Asia
(e) Canada
2.
The hostility of the Know Nothing Party was directed primarily against
(a) the growth of cities and industrial manufacturing
(b) Irish and German Catholic immigrants
(c) Free Masons and members of other fraternal orders
(d) Abolitionists
(e) slaveholders
3
All of the following account for nativist sentiment against the “new immigrants” of the
late 19th century except that the immigrants
(a) practiced different religions
(b) had different languages and cultures
(c) were willing to work for lower wages than were native - born workers
(d) were not familiar with the United States political system
(e) dominated the professions of law, medicine, and engineering
4.
Which of the following groups was affected by the first United States anti-immigration
measure targeted at a specific ethnicity?
(a) Greeks
(b) Armenians
(c) Jews
(d) Mexicans
(e) Chinese
5 . Which of the following immigrants were often forced to return to their country of origin?
a. Irish during the 1850s.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Germans during the First World War.
Italians during the 1920s.
Mexicans during the 1930s.
Japanese during the Second World War.