2000 Undergraduate Space Research Participation (USRP) Program PROJECT ABSTRACTS Project No. : USRP/2000/01 Mentor: Dr. Ruey-Hung Chen, University of Central Florida, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Dept. of Mechanical, Title: Shock Structure of Small-Scale Underexpanded Supersonic Jets for Small Satellites Project Abstract : Small satellites are gaining popularity for space applications. The primary reasons are, among others, (1) they are lightweight, (2) the cost of launching is low, and (3) a larger system may be compartmentalized and installed on many smaller satellites to avoid a total shutdown due to damage or error in a small portion of it. Certainly, the recent progress and development of miniaturized electromechanical devices and systems enable such concepts and their realization. For the attitude and altitude control of small satellites, small-scale nozzles would be appropriate because thrust for maneuvering these satellites should be small. Although theories and experiments have led to many useful results that allow scaling for nozzles of various sizes. It is not clear how the scaling can be applied to nozzles having an exit diameter on the order of 0.1 millimeters. The student participant will fabricate nozzles with exit diameters of about 0.1 mm. Schlieren flow visualization will follow the completion of the fabrication of the nozzle. When time permits, flows into vacuum would be studied to obtained data under conditions similar to those in outer space. Project No. : USRP/2000/02 Mentor: Dr. Ruey-Hung Chen, University of Central Florida, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Dept. of Mechanical, Title: Unsteady Combustion under Conditions Similar to Those in Gas Turbine or Rocket Combustion Chambers Project Abstract: Real flames under conditions similar to those found in gas turbine or rocket combustion chambers are embedded in turbulent flow environments. As the intensities of turbulence in these propulsion devices are normally high, the flow time scales are short. When the flow time scale is on the same order of magnitude as the chemical reaction time scale, strong interaction exists between the flow turbulence and chemical reaction. For example, some reactants may not have sufficiently long residence time to complete reaction and to release heat for the purpose of propulsion. Furthermore, radical species may leave the combustion chamber without giving out their energy content, as thermochemical equilibrium would allow. These phenomena result in waste of the energy stored in the fuel and propellants. It is important to reduce the above-mentioned incomplete combustion so as to increase propulsion efficiencies. First of all, it is important to understand how the flow turbulence affects flame characteristics. One important feature of turbulence is flow unsteadiness. In this study, the flow unsteadiness will be artificially imposed on laminar flame jets. Such a flow configuration is the first step toward understanding more complicated turbulent flames. The effect of unsteadiness on the flame would be measured by measuring the emission of the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) which is responsible for the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. As the flame deviates from thermochemical equilibrium, the emission level of NOx would change, thus giving an indication of how effective the interaction between the flow and the chemistry. A flame apparatus has been fabricated in our laboratory. The student participant would be responsible to construct a flow pulsating device (using a microphone) and conduct the measurement of flame temperature and NOx emission level. Project No. : USRP/2000/03 Mentor: Dr. Larry Chew, University of Central Florida, and Aerospace Engineering Dept. of Mechanical, Materials Title: Effects of Catalyst on a RWGS Reactor Project Abstract: The cost of a mission to Mars could be reduced by 90% if the return propellant is produced in Mars as opposed to the traditional method where fuel for the return trip is brought to Mars. In situ propellant production (ISPP) on Mars is an approach for converting Martian atmosphere into propellants for lift-off, thus reducing the load of propellants that must be brought from Earth for a Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission. One such method of ISPP is known as Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS). In this reaction, Hydrogen brought form earth is reacted with carbon dioxide (Martian atmosphere) to produce water and carbon monoxide. H2 + CO2 = H20 + CO Use of this or any of the other ISPP methods will significantly reduce the cost of a MSR mission. However, these methods also add weight and therefore a cost of their own to the mission. To produce enough propellant for an unmanned MSR mission, a RWGS system would have a mass of 18 kg. A manned mission would require more propellant and therefore a heavier RWGS system. If RWGS could be made more efficient in that the propellant to system mass ratio is increased, the cost due to weight can be reduced. The objective of this research is to increase the efficiency of the chemical reactor used in the RWGS through miniaturization. The RWGS reaction takes place on the surface of a catalyst. The catalyst provides a favorable direction for the reaction to take place as this reaction is a reversible one. IN additi0on, it also increases the reaction rates. The reaction rates are dependent on the catalyst. This study will investigate the various catalyst such as paladium, copper on alumina, ruthinium to find the catalyst that provides the highest reaction rates. In addition, we will investigate the effects of the producing and coating of the catalyst on reaction rates. The catalysts are obtained in powder form. We will study the effects of coating the reactor surface, using in a powder form, or coating it on steel balls and placing it in the reactor. Of course, the goal is to maximize surface area. Experiments will be conducted in which hydrogen will be reacted with carbon dioxide to produce water and carbon monoxide. The conversion rate of this reaction will be measure with varying reactor surface area/volume ratios to find a parametric relationship between sa/vol ratio to reaction rates. An undergraduate student is needed to design and build several reactor channels and to conduct the experiment. We hope to obtain a scaling relationship of reactor size to conversion rates. Project No. : USRP/2000/04 Mentor: Dr. Larry Chew, University of Central Florida, and Aerospace Engineering Dept. of Mechanical, Materials Title: Miniaturization of the RWGS Reactor Project Abstract: The cost of a mission to Mars could be reduced by 90% if the return propellant is produced on Mars as opposed to the traditional method where fuel for the return trip is brought to mars. In situ propellant production (ISPP) on Mars is an approach for converting Martian atmosphere into propellants for lift-off, thus reducing the load of propellants that must be brought from Earth for a Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission. One such method of ISPP is known as Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS). Use of this or any of the other ISPP methods will significantly reduce the cost of a MSR mission. However, these methods also add weight and therefore a cost of their own to the mission. To produce enough propellant for an unmanned MSR mission, a RWGS system would have a mass of 18 kg. A manned mission would require more propellant and therefore a heavier RWGS system. If RWGS could be made more efficient in that the propellant to system mass ratio is increased, the cost due to weight can be reduced. The objective of this research is to increase the efficiency of the chemical reactor used in the RWGS through miniaturization. The RWGS reaction takes place on the surface of a catalyst. The greater the surface area the greater the likelihood of the reaction taking place. Miniaturization allows for a large surface area within a small volume. Take for example a channel that is 2 mm wide, 2mm deep and 10 mm long. The surface area of this channel is 80 mm 2. If this channel was now divided along its center so that two channels 1mm wide, 2mm deep and 10 mm long exist, the surface area is 120 mm2. Note that the volume remained the same, but the surface area increased by 50%. Microfabrication technology allows for the channels to have widths in the microns creating very large surface areas per unit volume. A heavy chemical reactor can be replaced with a much lighter microfabricated reactor of the same surface area. This would increase the efficiency by reducing the mass. A microfabricated reactor can also replace a conventional reactor of the same volume. The microfabricated reactor would have a much greater surface area and based on the assumption that greater surface area will increase production yields, the efficiency would be increased. The scope of this research is to determine if there is some optimal surface area per a given flow rate where further increase does not augment the yield or to at least find some scaling law. The effect of channel geometry (aspect ratio) and temperature on yield will also be investigated. Experiments will be conducted in which hydrogen will be reacted with carbon dioxide to produce water and carbon monoxide. The conversion rate of this reaction will be measure with varying reactor surface Area/volume ratios to find a parametric relationship between sa/vol ratio to reaction rates. An undergraduate student is needed to design and build several reactor channels and to conduct the experiment. We hope to obtain a scaling relationship of reactor size to conversion rates. Project No. : USRP/2000/05 Mentor: Dr. Norman Fitz-Coy, University of Florida Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics & Engineering Science Title: A Combined Attitude and Altitude Determination Scheme for a Mars Microlander Using 3 Microwave Sensors Project Abstract: Project Impact : The proposed project will benefit ongoing activities in the AeMES department at the University of Florida. NASA’s New Millennium Initiative of “smaller, cheaper, faster” spacecraft has resulted in a deluge of micro-satellite related investigations. The AeMES department at UF has being conducting a feasibility study on the use of Microlanders (vehicles less than 10 kg in mass) to place scientific payloads on Mars is being conducted by. This study has identified that COTS microwave sensors could be used to determine the attitude and altitude of the Microlander. The purpose of this project is to further investigate the use of microwave sensors in the attitude and altitude determination of a Mars Microlander. Project Description: The use of COTS microwave sensors has been identified as a potential cost saving endeavor in the development of Mars Microlander vehicles. This research effort involves the development and implementation of an algorithm for determining the attitude and altitude of a Mars Microlander vehicle. The project will use three commercially available microwave sensors and involves three major tasks: (1) sensor calibration, (2) algorithm development and simulated testing using Matlab/SIMULINK, and (3) hardware implementation and testing of the algorithm. Project Requirements: The student is expected to have some working knowledge of Matlab and C programming language. Knowledge of LabView would be advantageous, but is not mandatory. Project No. : USRP/2000/06 Mentor: Chan H. Ham, University of Central Florida Aerospace Engg. Dept. of of Mechanical, Material & Title: Study of Micro-tube Hydrazine Flow Tests Project Abstract: The object of the test is to determine if the residual volume (dribble volume) of hydrazine that is left in the microtube after each valve closure leaves behind enough NVR to clog the 85 micron diameter microtube over 300,000 cycles at operating temperatures from 80 to 120 degrees C. Or to state this in a positive manner, the object of the test is to determine if the microtube can survive 300,000 cycles without clogging. Apart from the quantity of NVR that exists even in high purity hydrazine, hydrazine will react with and dissolve the metals of the reservoir, tubing, valve, etc. These dissolved metals can also be deposited as NVR. These NVRs have the potential to plug the tube and lower the performance of the thruster or even render it useless. The largest internal surface area of the test setup is the hydrazine reservoir. A glass reservoir is being considered to eliminate the dissolved metal contribution of the reservoir. It has also been observed that hydrazine will react with air to form salts. This is not a problem in the space environment, however precautions must be taken in the test setup and handling of the hardware to preclude any exposure to air when there is ANY, even very small residual amounts of, hydrazine in the hardware. This work is in support of a micro-thruster, also known as hydrazine milli-newton thruster (HmNT) research project currently on-going at JPL. This project could lead to other micro-thruster tests including building and testing a catalyst bed (mono-propellant thruster). MilliNewton class thrusters are currently needed on a wide variety of spacecraft. On large vehicles they can be used for for precision pointing, and to reduce fuel used for attitude control (e.g. maintenance of a pointing deadband). On small to microspacecraft (75 kg. and under) these thrusters are enabling technology for basic attitude control. Cold gas systems are the only current option for microspacecraft, but are prone to leakage problems. Also, the mass of a cold gas system, particularly once the leakage mitigation features are incorporated, becomes a burden. For pointing or attitude control reaction wheels can only be used for rotational motion, but not translational motion. Wheels are also heavy and consume relatively large amounts of electrical power, which is another precious resource on microspacecraft. During a 10-week Summer period, undergraduate students build their technical background in the milli-newton thruster and do research the test set-ups and the test procedures. It is also anticipated that successful completion of this study will be followed by an actual microthruster test. Project No. : USRP/2000/07 Mentor: Kuo-Chi Lin, University of Central Florida Dept. of Mechanical, Material & Aerospace Engg. Title: Data Mining of Solid Rocket Boosters Corrosion Pitting Data Using WWW Project Abstract: The two Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) that propel the Space Shuttle into orbit are retrieved after dropping into the ocean. The technicians then inspect the surfaces of SRB for corrosion pittings. The data are logged by hands and sent to the engineers to analyze to see whether the SRBs are still usable. The data are then filed into the archives. During the past 15 years of the Space Shuttle missions, there are a lot data accumulated in the form of paper log. Valuable information are buried in the paperwork which is difficult to retrieve. The research proposed in this proposal is a continuation of the works in the past three years' Undergraduate Space Research Participation (USRP) program and Academic Year Undergraduate Program (AYUP). In the previous programs, we have converted some of those data into the electronic form for statistical analysis. The NASA contractor, USBI Company, which is in charge of the service several sections of the SRBs, has provided the data logs. In this program the undergraduate student working for this project has made the data input to a computer automatic. The data logs USBI keeps are in other format such as Excel spread sheets. The undergraduate student has developed a software program to convert them to the form that we can conduct the statistical analysis more easily. He will continue to put the data on a World Wide Web (WWW) page. The page will be passwordprotected. Only the authorized personnel can access to it. This product will be very useful to the designer, manufacturer, and the service company of the SRBs. The undergraduate student who will work in this project should be a junior or senior major in Engineering or Science. The period of the project will be from May 1, 2000 to April 30, 2001. Project No. : USRP/2000/08 Mentor: Dr. James Mantovani, Florida Institute of Technology, Space Sciences Title: Electrostatic Properties of Extra-terrestrial Dust Simulants Dept. of Physics and Project Abstract: This space science research project will be conducted at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. It is expected to involve investigations of the electrostatic properties of dust particulates under conditions simulating extra-terrestrial environments, such as that found on the Martian surface. The research will also investigate the interaction of dust particles with the surfaces of materials likely to be used in equipment sent on space missions to Mars or the Moon. The goal of the research is to assist NASA in determining the ability of a material to withstand the potentially hazardous environments found on the Martian and lunar surfaces. Project No. : USRP/2000/09 Mentor: Dr. Francisco J. Reyes, University of Florida Dept. of Astronomy Title: Live and Archived Data on the Internet from Observations of the Low Frequency Radio Emission of Jupiter and the Sun using a Remotely Controlled Radio Telescope Project Abstract: The University of Florida Radio Observatory (UFRO) has been observing the Jovian decametric radio emission for the last 43 years. The observations began two years after the discovery of the radio emission in 1955 and have continued with no interruption up to the present. The main purpose of observing and studying the radio emission is to understand the plasma processes that take place in the region of the Jovian magnetosphere where the emission originates and study the physical conditions of the plasma and the surrounding environment. The Jovian decametric radio emission is the only low frequency planetary radio emission that can be detected by ground based radio telescopes. The University of Florida in collaboration with a group at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center are participating in Radio Jove, an educational project involving high school and college students in the observation of the low frequency radio emission of Jupiter and the Sun. One aspect of this project consists in using a kit for building a receiver and antenna and make observations of the Jovian decametric emission and the low frequency radio emission from the Sun. Another part of the project is to put the UFRO on line in the Internet and provide access ot live and archived data in the form of plots of intensity of the signal versus time for several frequency channels. An audio channel containing the sounds originating in the radio emission will also be made available. The UFRO is located at about 55 miles west of the UF main campus. Plans are under way for the construction of a wireless data link between the UF main campus and the UFRO site. The wireless link will make it possible the remote operation of the radio telescope and the transmission of live data. Two computers will be used to achieve this task. One computer will be located at the UFRO site and will perform the data acquisition and control of the telescope. The second computer will be located in the UF main campus in Gainesville; it will receive the data from UFRO, act as a server to make the data available to the users on the Internet, and provide the capability of remote control of the telescope. Once the UFRO On-line project is completed, it will make live and archived data accessible to researchers working in the field and to science teachers and their students. This is an interesting opportunity for an undergraduate student having a computer science or electrical engineering background and knowledge of Java and Visual Basic programming and some experience in web site development. The student will have the chance of getting involved in the development of software, the manipulation of radio astronomical data, and the participation in the educational and research aspects of Jupiter decametric radio emission. Project No. : USRP/2000/10 Mentor: Dr. R Glenn Sellar, Florida Space Institute Title: MultiSpectral Imager for the Terrestrial and Atmospheric MultiSpectral Explorer, Phase II Project Abstract: The Terrestrial and Atmospheric MultiSpectral Explorer (TAMSE) is a Space Shuttle Small Self-Contained Payload (or “Get-Away Special”) project, led by Rolando Branly, consisting of nine experiments in remote sensing and microgravity science. One of these experiments is the MultiSpectral Imager (MSI), an innovative imaging spectrometer based on a nonscanning Fourier transform spectrometer designed by Glenn Sellar. This experiment will be the first spaceborne proof-of-concept of a new technique for imaging spectrometry that does not require a narrow slit aperture. The absence of this requirement for a narrow slit can provide a factor of 10 – 1000 improvement in radiometric sensitivity over current techniques for imaging spectrometry. With $ 3000 in funding from FSGC’s AYUP program, and $ 3000 in matching cash from FSI, students Patrick Bertiaux and James Richards are nearing completion on the design of the experiment. Funding of $ 3200 from FSGC’s USRP program (if awarded), would support one student full-time for 10 weeks to construct, test, and calibrate the experiment, and present a paper at the FSGC conference. A cash match of $800 from FSI would be used for travel to present a paper at the Shuttle Small Payloads Symposium, or a similar conference. The students’ design for the project consists of a Sagnac interferometer, an imaging lens, and a low-power, high resolution CMOS camera. The interferometer will be constructed of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) optical components on a custom Invar structure. The Sagnac will produce an interference pattern projected at infinity, and a commercial 85 mm focal length camera lens will image this onto the camera, superimposed on the image of the earth’s surface. The motion of the Space Shuttle will scan the image across the interference pattern, and a Fourier transform will be applied post-flight to produce a spatial-spectral data set. The selected camera is Future Image Technology’s ZBROS DC-1024 CMOS camera. This camera can provide selectable resolution up to 1024 x 1024 pixels at 23 frames/s. Windowing capability allows the camera to run at faster frame rates using a sub-window of the array. For this experiment the camera will nominally be run at 184 frames/s using a 1024 x 128 window, though other modes may also be tested. The camera requires only 1.5 W of power, and has an operational temperature range of 0 to 60°C. Control and data recording will be provided by the Epson Card-PC/486D4, with a solid-state hard drive. This commercial single-boardcomputer has been tested for thermal, vibration, shock, and radiation exposure by Boeing, and approved by NASA for use on the international space station. The Card-PC was qualified in space as a payload experiment on STS?93. This computer will also be made available to control and record data from the other TAMSE experiments, and may be reused on future space experiments. The instrument will be constructed and calibrated at FSI laboratories at CCAFS. An existing agreement with KSC will allow the student to test the experiment in KSC’s thermal and vibration test facilities, with support from KSC technicians. Project No. : USRP/2000/11 Mentor: Dr. Bhavani V. Sankar, University of Florida Title: Finite Element Simulation of Buckling of Sandwich Beams Project Abstract: Sandwich construction consists of a light-weight core material sandwiched between two thin but stiff face sheets. Currently aerospace companies and NASA are exploring the possibility of using sandwich plates made of foam or honeycomb cores and graphite/epoxy composite face sheets. These materials are ultra-lightweight with sufficient stiffness and strength for their intended application. However, a small area of improper bonding etween the face sheet and core drastically reduces their properties, and due to the high stress concentration at the debonded area, the debonding spreads quickly leading to catastrophic failure of the structure. In the proposed project finite element analysis will be used to simulate the compression behavior of debonded sandwich plates. The sandwich plate will be modeled using plate elements for the face sheets and solid elements for the core. The debonding will be simulated by releasing certain nodes at the face sheet/core interface. A buckling analysis will be performed to determine the buckling loads and mode shapes. The effects of face sheet and core properties and the extent of debonding on the buckling load will be studied. The results from this research will help engineers to design lighter and safer aerospace structures. Project No. : USRP/2000/12 Mentor: Dr. Bhavani V. Sankar, University of Florida Title: Prediction of Disbonds in Sandwich Composites Using Embedded Sensors Project Abstract: Currently light weight sandwich panels consisting of graphite/epoxy face sheets and ultralight weight core materials such as honeycomb core, are being proposed to be used in future aerospace structures such as the new reusable launch vehicles. Sandwich materials are very efficient because they have very high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratios. However their performance very much depends on the integrity of the bonding between the face sheets and core. A disbond can occur during manufacturing due to inadvertent introduction of a foreign material or during service due to severe loads such as foreign object impact. In either case it is crucial to be able to detect the damage in advance to avoid catastrophic failure. Manual inspection is not often possible because this type of damage is internal and may escape visual inspection. Further, once in service manual inspection of large space structure is impossible. In this project we propose to use an active sensor material to detect the damage. A piezoelectric layer will be embedded in the sandwich beam during curing. A Teflon layer will be introduced between the face sheet and the core to simulate a disbond. The presence of damage will be predicted by measuring the electro-mechanical impedance of the sensor layer over a range of frequencies. The change in the electro-mechanical impedance will be correlated to the extent and position of the disbond. Results from this study will be useful in designing safer and lighter aerospace structures in the future. Project No. : USRP/2000/13 Mentor: Dr. L. Vu-Quoc, University of Florida Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics & Engineering Science Title: Continued development of a new object-oriented finite-element code Project Abstract : This ambitious, multi-year project consists of the development of a completely new finite element (FE) code in C++ for use in research in the Computational Laboratory for Electromagnetics and Solid Mechanics (CLESM). We propose to continue our development effort, which involves the contribution of several students. Even though C may offer certain advantages over Fortran 77, such as dynamic allocation, it is a lower-level language compared to Fortran 77, which is in general easier to code for scientific computation. In fact, there are several code written in Fortran 77, with the dynamic allocation portion written in C. It does not make sense to rewrite in C what already developed and proved to work in Fortran 77. The best scenario would be a combination of the best of both worlds. With the advent of the object-oriented language C++, it is now worthwhile to consider the development of a completely new FE code in C++, but not totally from scratch. The data management portion and the overall architecture of the code will be in C++, which is known not to be as efficient as C or Fortran 77. Thus, the computational modules can be in either C or Fortran 77. Another advantage is that most of these computational modules already exist, and debugged. It is not a wise use of time to develop or to recode these modules in C++. Another advantage is the availability of public domain C++ compiler. We have made progress in mastering the C++ object-oriented language, and will continue to do so. We have developed several C++ classes for vector operations. Despite this progress, we are still a long way from having a workable C++ FE code. Continued effort in this development is crucial. We will consider using C++ libraries for numerical linear algebra that are developed by experts in computer science in our development of a C++ FE code, when possible, to avoid losing time in reinventing the wheel. We will not lose sight of our goal of developing a C++ FE code. The student will be trained to acquire various technical skills that are important for scientific computation: (i) Use of the Unix system, (ii) Use of web browsers to search for and to download public domain software, (iii) Computer languages (Fortran 77, C, C++, Java), (iv) the FE code FEAP (written in Fortran 77). Some working knowledge of the Unix system, of Fortran and C languages is required. The student will have the rare opportunity to be exposed to the finite element method at an early stage of her study. This ambitious research program will gradually lead the student well beyond the BS level with a highest-honor thesis, toward graduate study. Project No. : USRP/2000/14 Mentor: Dr. M C Wang, University of Central Florida Dept. of Statistics Title: A Data Mining System for Solid Rocket Boosters Project Abstract : Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) structures used in space shuttle are aging and accumulating defects due to use and corrosion. This proposal outlines an innovative data mining system to enable more detailed mission risk assessment, reduce maintenance costs, ensure full utilization of all structures in inventory, and identify potential design deficiencies for proactive improvement actions. This project enable an undergraduate student the opportunity to joint the research team for the project supported by Unite Space Alliance entitled "A Data mining System for Support of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster Program". Corrosion also causes serious problems for any aging devices that depend on metallic framework such as the space orbiter or commercial and military aircraft. Successful development of this project may be expected to find application in those programs as well. System Description : The proposed data mining system for corrosion inspection, detection, analysis, and prevention for Rocket Booster of Space Shuttle Program includes the following components: 1. Data Acquisition - The completed data acquisition system shall allow for the direct input of data by the inspectors of the hardware to a computer data base along with presenting information from previous inspections for verification and identification of new corrosion. 2. Data Storage - Data collected from corrosion inspections takes several forms, descriptive, numerical, and graphical. An electronic data format would be developed to relate all of the data collected and hold it for efficient query. 3. Data Mining - Capability shall be developed to perform what is commonly called data mining on the corrosion data that has been gathered and stored. This will include the ability to study the distribution and chronological accumulation of corrosion damage on individual structures and the hardware fleet. The undergraduate student selected will work on data storage component. This storage would be able to exchange data with USA-SRB existing systems such as the Nonconformance Information System (NIS). This would include output, supplying data to NIS files, and input, providing links from stored data to related NIS documents. Security of the stored data shall also be addressed in the software to limit editing privileges for stored data.