March 7, 2011
Niles Lawrence
Peroxides
o Contains the R-O-O-R’ functional group
o Breaks down spontaneously to form the ether and oxygen gas
Naming
o List the “yl” forms of the hydrocarbon chains in alpha order, followed by the
word peroxide
H3C
CH3
O
O
O
CH3
CH3
O
CH3
Ethylphenyl peroxide
diisopropyl peroixde
Aldehydes and Ketones
o Both contain carbonyl group (C=O)
o Aldehydes- carbonyl is attached to end carbon
O
H3C
butanal
o Ketones carbonyl is attached to carbon not on the end
O
H3C
CH3
butanone
Physical Properties
o Carbonyl group is polar and contains dipole-dipole forces
o Increased intermolecular forces lead to higher melting and boiling points of
aldehydes and keytones than the corresponding hydrocarbon
Naming Aldehyde
1. Take the longest chain containing the carbonyl group, remove the “e” and add
“al” as ending
2. Any substituents are numbered using the lowest sum
CH3
O
O
CH2
Iupac: methanal
Common: formaldehyde
CH3
3-chloro-2-ethylpent-trans-2-enal
Naming Ketones
1. Take the longest chain containing the carbonyl group, remove the “e” and add
“one” as the ending
2. If necessary indicate the position of the carbonyl using the lowest numerical
coefficient
3. Any substituents are numbered so the sum is the lowest
H3C
F
CH3
OH
H3C
O
O
H3C
CH3
I: propanone
C: acetone
H3C
CH3
H3C
O
I: butanedione
C: butadione
cis-2-fluoro-4-isopropyloct-4-ene-5-ol-3-one
Common Names
O
O
O
H
CH2
Iupac: methanal
Common: formaldehyde
CH3
I: ethanal
C: acetaldehyde
H3C
CH3
I: propanone
C: acetone
O
H
I: phenyl methanal
C: benzaldehyde
Carboxylic Acids
o Contains the carboxyl functional group
o Since it is polar it contains dipole-dipole forces and are able to hydrogen bond
o Will have higher melting and boiling points and will be soluble in water
o Weak acids that ionize slightly in water
o The acidic hydrogen on the hydroxide leaves when the acid is ionized
Naming Carboxylic Acids
1. Identify the longest chain containing the carboxyl group, remove the “e” and add
“oic” acid.
O
O
O
H
H3C
OH
I: methanoic acid
C: formic acid
OH
OH
I: ethanoic acid
C: acetic acid
I: phenylmethanoic acid
C: benzoic acid
CH3
O
H3C
H3C
CHO
3
OH
Cl
Trans-4-chloro-3-t-butylhex-2-ene-5-onoic acid
Homework
pg 48 #1-5
pg 51 #1-3
pg52 #4, 5
pg60# 1, 2