A Classification of the Bird Species of
South America
South American Classification Committee
American Ornithologists' Union
(Part 5)
Part 5. Trogoniformes to Psittaciformes (below)
Part 1. Rheiformes to Cathartiformes
Part 2. Accipitriformes to Charadriiformes
Part 3. Columbiformes to Caprimulgiformes
Part 4. Apodiformes
Part 6. Suboscine Passeriformes, A (Sapayoidae to Formicariidae)
Part 7. Suboscine Passeriformes, B (Furnariidae)
Part 8. Suboscine Passeriformes, C (Tyrannidae to Tityridae)
Part 9. Oscine Passeriformes, A (Vireonidae to Sturnidae)
Part 10. Oscine Passeriformes, B (Motacillidae to Emberizidae)
Part 11. Oscine Passeriformes, C (Cardinalidae to end)
Hypothetical List
Hybrids and Dubious Taxa
Literature Cited
TROGONIFORMES 1
TROGONIDAE (TROGONS)
Pharomachrus pavoninus Pavonine Quetzal 16
Pharomachrus auriceps Golden-headed Quetzal 16, 16b
Pharomachrus fulgidus White-tipped Quetzal 17, 18
Pharomachrus antisianus Crested Quetzal 17, 19
Trogon massena Slaty-tailed Trogon 11, 12
Trogon comptus Blue-tailed Trogon 11, 14
Trogon mesurus Ecuadorian Trogon 11, 13
Trogon melanurus Black-tailed Trogon 11, 12
Trogon chionurus White-tailed Trogon 1a, 2, 3, 4
Trogon viridis Green-backed Trogon 1a, 2, 3, 4
Trogon caligatus Gartered Trogon 8, 8a
Trogon ramonianus Amazonian Trogon 8, 8a
Trogon violaceus Guianan Trogon 8, 8a
Trogon curucui Blue-crowned Trogon 6, 7, 7a, 7b
Trogon surrucura Surucua Trogon 5, 6
Trogon rufus Black-throated Trogon 6, 7
Trogon collaris Collared Trogon 6, 7, 9
Trogon personatus Masked Trogon 6, 10, 10a
1. The monophyly of the Trogoniformes has never been questioned; its
relationships to other birds, however, are uncertain. Traditional classifications
have considered the Trogonidae to be more closely related to the Coraciiformes
than to other orders, or to a group that includes Coraciiformes + Piciformes; see
reviews in Sibley & Ahlquist (1990), Espinosa de los Monteros (2000), and Mayr
(2003); some genetic data (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) are consistent with this view.
A recent analysis of morphological data (Mayr 2003b, Mayr & Clarke 2003)
suggest that the Steatornithidae and the Trogoniformes and might be sister taxa.
Some genetic (Espinosa de los Monteros 2000) data suggest a sister relationship
with the Coliiformes (mousebirds), whereas other genetic data (Fain & Houde
2004) support a sister relationship with the Old World Bucerotidae. The most
comprehensive genetic survey (Hackett et al. 2008) found strong support for their
traditional position: they are members of a group of orders that consists of the
Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Bucerotiformes, and Upupiformes. Recent genetic
data (Moyle 2005) suggest that the quetzals (Pharomachrus + Euptilotis) might be
basal to all other trogons, including Old World genera. SACC proposal passed to
invert linear sequence of genera.
1a. Within the genus Trogon, genetic data (Moyle 2005, DaCosta and Klicka 2008,
Ornelas et al. 2009) provide strong support for two major groups: (1) those with
brown-backed females (collaris, personatus, and rufus, along with Middle
American aurantiiventris, elegans, and mexicanus) and (2) those with graybacked females (the rest). Within the latter group, two additional groups are
strongly supported: (3) those with blue-headed males and strongly contrasting
black-and-white tail patterns (viridis, surrucura, violaceus, and curucui, along
with Middle American melanocephalus, citreolus, and bairdii) and (4) those with
green-headed males and mostly dark, unpatterned tails (massena, comptus,
melanurus, and Middle American clathratus). SACC proposal passed to change
linear sequence of species.
2. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered the subspecies chionurus of the Chocó
region to be a separate species from Trogon viridis; followed by Hilty (2003);
SACC proposal to recognize this split did not pass because of insufficient
published data. Genetic data (DaCosta & Klicka 2008) suggest that chionurus is
more closely related to T. bairdii than either are to Amazonian T. viridis. SACC
proposal passed to recognize chionurus as a species. Sibley & Monroe (1990)
considered Trogon viridis to form a superspecies with Central American T.
bairdii, and suggested that they might be conspecific.
3. Collar (2001) also included Middle American Trogon melanocephalus and T.
citreolus in a superspecies with T. viridis (including chionurus) and T. bairdii, and
genetic data (DaCosta & Klicka 2008) indicate that these two form a sister group
to T. viridis + T. bairdii.
4. Trogon viridis was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1937, Peters 1945) called Trogon
strigilatus, but see Zimmer (1948).
5. The subspecies aurantius was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) treated as
a separate species from Trogon surrucura; they were treated as conspecific by
Peters (1945), and this treatment has been followed in subsequent classifications.
6. Trogon collaris, T. personatus, T. rufus, T. surrucura, and T. curucui were
formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) placed in a separate genus, Trogonurus, but
this was merged into Trogon by Peters (1945). Genetic data (Moyle et al. 2005,
DaCosta & Klicka 2008, Ornelas et al. 2009) indicate that "Trogonurus" is not a
monophyletic group (see Note 1a).
7. Species names used in Cory (1919), Pinto (1937), and other literature before
Peters (1945) used incorrect names that were sorted out by Schneider (1938); the
name curucui was applied to T. collaris and to T. rufus, whereas T. curucui was
called T. variegatus.
7a. The western subspecies bolivianus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered
a separate species from Trogon curucui. Peters (1945) treated them as
conspecific, and this treatment has been followed in subsequent classifications.
7b. "Trogon variegatus," known from throughout much of range of T. curucui and
treated as a valid species by Cory (1919); it was considered by Peters (1945) <a
color variant?> and a synonym of nominate curucui. See Hybrids and Dubious
Taxa.
8. The subspecies ramonianus and caligatus were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto
1937) considered separate species from Trogon violaceus, but Peters (1945)
considered them all conspecific. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered caligatus
of Middle America and northwestern South America to be a separate species from
Trogon violaceus, and this was followed by Hilty (2003); SACC proposal to
recognize this split did not pass because of insufficient published data. Genetic
data (DaCosta & Klicka 2008) indicate that caligatus is basal to a group that
includes Amazonian T. violaceus, T. curucui, and T. surrucura (and that
Amazonian violaceus may be paraphyletic with respect to the latter two species).
SACC proposal passed to recognize caligatus as a species. SACC proposal
passed to recognize ramonianus as a separate species from T. violaceus.
8a. Trogon violaceus (including caligatus) was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto
1937) placed in a separate genus, Chrysotrogon, but this was merged into Trogon
by Peters (1945). Genetic data (Moyle 2005, DaCosta & Klicka 2008, Ornelas et al.
2009) provide no support for recognition of this monotypic genus.
9. The subspecies puella of Middle American was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Trogon collaris; they were considered
conspecific by Peters (1945), and this treatment has been followed in subsequent
classifications. Genetic data (DaCosta & Klicka 2008) indicate that puella is more
closely related to Middle American T. aurantiiventris than either is to Amazonian
T. collaris. Proposal needed.
10. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that the higher-elevation subspecies
temperatus deserves recognition as a separate species from lower elevation
Trogon personatus, as originally designated by Chapman (1923) and so treated
by Meyer de Schauensee (1964); their voices also differ; their apparent
elevational parapatry in Ecuador would be sufficient evidence for recognition as
separate species, and so the details of this situation need to be examined and
published. Zimmer (1948) agreed that the abrupt elevational replacement in
Colombia suggested species rank, but considered T. p. assimilis of northern
Ecuador and southern Colombia to show characters intermediate between the
two suggestive of intergradation.
10a. The subspecies assimilis of the W. Andes was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Trogon personatus; Peters (1945) treated
them as conspecific, and this treatment has been followed in subsequent
classifications.
11. Trogon massena, T. comptus, T. mesurus, and T. melanurus form a closely
related group, along with Central American T. clathratus (Collar 2001), but
geographic overlap prevents considering them as a superspecies (Meyer de
Schauensee 1966); see also Zimmer (1948) for discussion of overlap and
confusing character distribution of these three in western Colombia; they were
formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) placed in a separate genus, Curucujus, but
this was merged into Trogon by Peters (1945). Genetic data (Moyle 2005, DaCosta
& Klicka 2008, Ornelas et al. 2009) provide strong support for recognition of this
group as monophyletic, but to treat it as a separate genus would require
recognition of at least one additional genus with broadly defined Trogon.
12. <?Hellmayr 1929> considered the South American subspecies australis as a
separate species from Middle American Trogon massena; Zimmer (1948)
suspected that australis might actually be a subspecies of T. melanurus. The
subspecies macroura of northwestern Colombia and Panama was formerly (e.g.,
REF<?Hellmayr 1929>) considered a species separate from Trogon melanurus,
and it may deserve recognition as a separate species (Zimmer 1948).
13. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) considered mesurus of western Ecuador and
northwestern Peru to be a separate species from T. melanurus; SACC proposal to
recognize this split did not pass because of insufficient published data. Genetic
data (DaCosta & Klicka 2008) indicate that melanurus may be paraphyletic with
respect to T. massena and T. comptus. SACC proposal passed to recognize
mesurus as a species.
14. Called "White-eyed Trogon" in Sibley & Monroe (1990) and "Chocó Trogon" in
Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). SACC proposal to change English name did not
pass.
16. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (2001) considered Pharomachrus auriceps
and P. pavoninus to form a superspecies; they were formerly (e.g., Peters 1945,
Zimmer 1948) considered conspecific, but most classifications have followed
Meyer de Schauensee (1966) in treating them as separate species. The
subspecies hargitti of the Venezuelan Andes has been occasionally treated as a
subspecies of (e.g., REF), or synonym of (e.g., Peters 1945), P. pavoninus instead
of P. auriceps. The subspecies P. a. heliactin of western Ecuador has been
considered (e.g., Peters 1945) a subspecies of P. pavoninus when auriceps
treated as a subspecies of P. pavoninus; Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) stated that
heliactin may be a separate species; Zimmer (1948) and Collar (2001), however,
considered heliactin indistinguishable from P. a. auriceps.
16b. "Pharomachrus xanthogaster”, known only from the type specimen from
"Bogotá”, was treated as a valid species by Cory (1919), but he suspected that it
was a color variant of P. auriceps; Peters (1945) considered it a synonym of
auriceps. See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
17. Pharomachrus fulgidus and P. antisianus may form a superspecies (REF);
(REFS) considered them conspecific. Other authors suspect that P. fulgidus may
be part of the P. auriceps-P. pavoninus superspecies (Collar 2001). <incorp. Berlioz
1956>
18. The subspecies festatus of the Santa Marta Mountains was formerly (e.g.,
Cory 1918) considered a separate species from Pharomachrus fulgidus, but
Peters (1945) treated them as conspecific.
19. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (2001) considered Pharomachrus
antisianus to form a superspecies with Middle American P. mocinno, but did not
include fulgidus. Peters (1945), Zimmer (1948), and Phelps & Phelps (1958a)
considered antisianus to be conspecific with Middle American P. mocinno, but
most classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) in treating them
as separate species.
CORACIIFORMES 1
ALCEDINIDAE (KINGFISHERS)
Megaceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher 2, 3, 4, 5
Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher (NB) 2, 3
Chloroceryle amazona Amazon Kingfisher 6
Chloroceryle americana Green Kingfisher 6
Chloroceryle inda Green-and-rufous Kingfisher 6
Chloroceryle aenea American Pygmy Kingfisher 6, 7
1. The monophyly of the Coraciiformes is controversial (see reviews in Sibley &
Ahlquist 1990, Johansson et al. 2001). The most comprehensive genetic survey
(Hackett et al. 2008) found strong support for the monophyly of the traditional
Coraciiformes only if limited to the families Meropidae, Coraciidae,
Brachypteraciidae, Todidae, Momotidae, and Alcedinidae (and thus excluding
hornbills, hoopoes, and Leptosomus). Sibley-Ahlquist (1990) divided the
Alcedinidae into three families, which consist of the three traditional subfamilies
elevated to family rank (Alcedinidae, Dacelonidae, and Cerylidae) because of
DNA-DNA hybridization data indicated deep divergences among these three; New
World kingfishers were placed in the Cerylidae.
2. Megaceryle torquata and M. alcyon have been placed in the genus Ceryle in
many classifications (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, AOU 1983, 1998), but most
classifications have followed Fry (1980) in restricting Ceryle to Old World C. rudis
(e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fry & Fry 1992, Woodall 2001). Recent genetic data
(Moyle 2006) indicate that Old World Ceryle rudis is the sister to Chloroceryle,
and so Megaceryle must be recognized if Chloroceryle is maintained as a genus.
3. Megaceryle torquata and M. alcyon were considered sister species by Fry
(1980) in a superspecies complex that included Old World M. maxima and M.
lugubris. Moyle's (2006) data are consistent with their status as sister species.
4. The name Streptoceryle was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) used in
place of Megaceryle, but see (REF).
5. Ceryle is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is torquatus
(David & Gosselin 2002b) when that genus is used; Megaceryle, however, is
feminine, so the species name remains torquata when that genus is used (David
& Gosselin 2002b).
6. Fry (1980) and Fry & Fry (1992) proposed that plumage similarities indicate that
Chloroceryle amazona and C. americana are sister species, as are C. inda and C.
aenea. Genetic data (Moyle 2006), however, indicate that C. americana and C. inda
are sisters, that C. aenea is sister to this pair, and that C. amazona is basal in the
genus. Proposal needed to change linear sequence.
7. Chloroceryle aenea was formerly known as "Pygmy Kingfisher", but most
sources (e.g., AOU 1983, 1998, Stiles & Skutch 1989, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Fry et
al. 1992, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Woodall 2001, Hilty 2003) now call this
"American Pygmy Kingfisher" to avoid confusion with African taxa Ceyx pictus
("African Pygmy Kingfisher") and C. madagascariensis ("Madagascar Pygmy
Kingfisher").
MOMOTIDAE (MOTMOTS) 1
Hylomanes momotula Tody Motmot
Electron platyrhynchum Broad-billed Motmot 2
Baryphthengus martii Rufous Motmot 3
Baryphthengus ruficapillus Rufous-capped Motmot 3
Momotus subrufescens Whooping Motmot 4
Momotus bahamensis Trinidad Motmot 4
Momotus momota Amazonian Motmot 4
Momotus aequatorialis Andean Motmot 4
1. The monophyly of the Momotidae has never been seriously questioned.
Several data sets (e.g., Olson 1976, Mayr 1998, Espinosa de los Monteros 2000,
Johansson et al. 2001, Overton & Rhoads 2004) indicate that the Momotidae and
the West Indian Todidae are sister families, but Ericson et al. (2004) and Hackett
et al. (2008) supported a sister relationship between the Alcedinidae and
Momotidae. Although generic limits in the family have remained fairly constant
(see Snow 2001), the relationships of genera within the Momotidae have not been
subjected to any modern analyses. <incorp Maurer & Raikow 1981>
2. Because they lack racket tips on their tails, Meyer de Schauensee (1966)
suggested that the pyrrholaemum subspecies group east of the Andes might
deserve treatments as a separate species from Electron platyrhynchum.
3. Baryphthengus martii, formerly considered a subspecies of B. ruficapilla (e.g.,
Peters 1945, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), is now generally considered a separate
species, following Sick (1993); however, no formal analysis has ever been
published, although at one time (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1918) they were
considered not only separate species but martii was placed in a separate genus,
Urospatha; they form a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).
4. All Momotus were treated as a single species in most recent classifications
since Peters (1945), but see Stiles (2009) for rationale for recognizing five
species, four of which occur in South America. SACC proposal passed to revise
species limits. The subspecies aequatorialis, venezuelae, subrufescens,
microstephanus, and argenticinctus were all formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory
1919) considered separate species from M. momota, as were two Middle
American taxa. Chapman (1923) recognized four species in South America: M.
subrufescens (including "venezuelae") of the Caribbean rim of northern South
America, M. bahamensis of Trinidad, M. aequatorialis of the Andes, and M.
momota (including microstephanus) of the rest of South America, including
argenticinctus of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Peters (1945)
considered them all conspecific, and this was followed by Meyer de Schauensee
(1970) and AOU (1983, 1998). Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) proposed that the Andean
form aequatorialis was a separate species from M. momota, and this was followed
by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Dickinson (2003), and Schulenberg et al. (2007),
thus returning to the classification of Cory (1919) and Chapman (1923, 1926).
However, no formal analysis had ever been published, and the published
evidence in support of treating aequatorialis as a species-level taxon is weak.
SACC proposal passed for treating aequatorialis as conspecific with M. momota.
The latter decision was reversed, however, by the more recent proposal to revise
species limits based on new data.
GALBULIFORMES 1
GALBULIDAE (JACAMARS) 1a
Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis White-eared Jacamar 2
Galbalcyrhynchus purusianus Purus Jacamar 2
Brachygalba albogularis White-throated Jacamar 3
Brachygalba lugubris Brown Jacamar 3, 4, 4a
Brachygalba goeringi Pale-headed Jacamar 3
Brachygalba salmoni Dusky-backed Jacamar 3
Jacamaralcyon tridactyla Three-toed Jacamar 5
Galbula albirostris Yellow-billed Jacamar 6, 7
Galbula cyanicollis Blue-cheeked Jacamar 6, 8
Galbula ruficauda Rufous-tailed Jacamar 9, 10
Galbula galbula Green-tailed Jacamar 9
Galbula tombacea White-chinned Jacamar 9
Galbula cyanescens Bluish-fronted Jacamar 9
Galbula pastazae Coppery-chested Jacamar 9
Galbula chalcothorax Purplish Jacamar 11
Galbula leucogastra Bronzy Jacamar 11
Galbula dea Paradise Jacamar 11a
Jacamerops aureus Great Jacamar 12
1. Evidence from genetics (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Johansson et al. 2001,
Johansson & Ericson 2003, Cracraft et al. 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al.
2008) and morphology (e.g., Sibley 1956, Simpson and Cracraft 1981,
Swierczewski and Raikow 1981, Mayr et al. 2003, Manegold 2005) strongly
indicate that the Galbulidae and the Bucconidae are sister taxa, a relationship
identified over 250 years ago. The monophyly of each has never been seriously
questioned (see reviews in Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Rasmussen & Collar 2002,
Tobias 2002). They are usually considered to be a suborder, Galbulae, of the
Piciformes, but some evidence (Sibley and Ahlquist 1972, 1985, 1986, Olson 1983,
1985, Burton 1984, Mayr 1998, Höfling & Alvarenga 2001) suggested that they
might be more closely related to the Coraciiformes. The original the genetic
evidence for this relationship (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990) is actually ambiguous
(Harshman 1994). The Galbulae are here treated as a separate order, following
AOU (1998), until their relationships are resolved. Almost all recent genetic
evidence (Johansson & Ericson 2003, Mayr et al. 2003, Cracraft et al. 2004,
Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008; cf. Fain & Houde 2004) supports the
traditional placement of the Galbuliformes as sister to the Piciformes, so
maintaining them as a separate order is arbitrary. Proposal needed to merge into
Piciformes.
1a. Within-family relationships in the Galbulidae have not been subjected to any
modern analyses; see Tobias et al. (2002) for a summary of literature that
supports the traditional linear sequence of genera used here.
2. Galbalcyrhynchus leucotis and G. purusianus were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) treated as separate species, but Peters (1948) and Meyer de
Schauensee (1970) considered them conspecific ("Chestnut Jacamar"). Haffer
(1974) noted that they are parapatric in the Río Ucayali area with no sign of
interbreeding and that they differ in plumage to the same degree as other
jacamars currently ranked as species; they constitute a superspecies (Haffer
1974, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Tobias et al. 2002).
3. The four Brachygalba species form a superspecies (Haffer 1967, 1974, Sibley &
Monroe 1990, Tobias et al. 2002).
4. The subspecies fulviventris (with caquetae) and melanosterna were formerly
(e.g., Cory 1919) each considered separate species from B. lugubris, but they
were all treated as conspecific by Peters (1948). The subspecies phaeonota was
also formerly (e.g., Todd 1943, Peters 1948) considered a separate species from
Brachygalba lugubris, but was treated as conspecific by Meyer de Schauensee
(1966) and subsequent classifications.
5. Jacamaralcyon and Brachygalba are presumably sister genera (Haffer 1974).
6. Galbula albirostris and G. cyanicollis were formerly considered conspecific
(e.g., Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), but Haffer (1974) noted that they
are parapatric in eastern Peru area with no sign of interbreeding; they constitute
a superspecies (Haffer 1974, Tobias et al. 2002); they had formerly (e.g., Cory
1919, Pinto 1937) been considered separate species, and in fact, albirostris was
formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) placed in a separate, monotypic genus, Psilopornis
(which was merged into Galbula by Pinto 1937 and Peters 1948).
7. The subspecies chalcocephala may represent separate species from Galbula
albirostris (Tobias et al. 2002); it shows no signs of intergradation with nominate
albirostris where their ranges approach (Haffer 1974).
8. Called "Blue-necked Jacamar" by Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Tobias et al.
(2002).
9. Galbula ruficauda, G. galbula, G. tombacea, G. cyanescens, and G. pastazae
are considered to form a superspecies (Haffer 1974, Sibley & Monroe 1990,
Tobias et al. 2002); evidence for ranking them at species level rather weak (except
perhaps for pastazae), but there is no sign of hybridization among them where
their ranges are in contact.
10. The subspecies rufoviridis (with heterogyna) is geographically separated from
northern subspecies by Galbula galbula and other members of the superspecies;
thus, whether G. ruficauda, as presently constituted, is monophyletic warrants
study; rufoviridis was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) considered a
separate species. Trans-Andean melanogenia was also formerly (e.g., Ridgway
1914, Cory 1919, Haffer 1967) considered a separate species, but apparent
intergradation with nominate ruficauda (Wetmore 1968) has led to them being
considered conspecific (e.g., Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Tobias et
al. 2002).
10a. Galbula cyanescens has been considered a subspecies of G. tombacea by
some authors (e.g., REFS?, Pinto 1937), but <>.
11. Galbula chalcothorax and G. leucogastra were formerly considered
conspecific (e.g., Cory 1919, Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Haffer
1974), but there is no indication of hybridization between the two, and they differ
as much or more in plumage than most parapatric jacamars ranked at the species
level (Parker & Remsen 1987); they constitute a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe
1990, Tobias et al. 2002).
11a. Galbula dea was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) placed in the
monotypic genus Urogalba.
12. Jacamerops is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is
aureus (David & Gosselin 2002b).
BUCCONIDAE (PUFFBIRDS) 1
Notharchus hyperrhynchus White-necked Puffbird 1a, 1b, 1c
Notharchus macrorhynchos Guianan Puffbird 1b
Notharchus swainsoni Buff-bellied Puffbird 1b
Notharchus pectoralis Black-breasted Puffbird 2
Notharchus ordii Brown-banded Puffbird 2
Notharchus tectus Pied Puffbird 3
Bucco macrodactylus Chestnut-capped Puffbird 4
Bucco tamatia Spotted Puffbird 5, 5a
Bucco noanamae Sooty-capped Puffbird 5, 5a
Bucco capensis Collared Puffbird
Nystalus radiatus Barred Puffbird 6, 6a
Nystalus striolatus Striolated Puffbird 6, 6a, 6b
Nystalus chacuru White-eared Puffbird 6a
Nystalus maculatus Spot-backed Puffbird 7, 7a
Hypnelus ruficollis Russet-throated Puffbird 8, 9
Malacoptila fusca White-chested Puffbird 10
Malacoptila semicincta Semicollared Puffbird 10
Malacoptila striata Crescent-chested Puffbird 10, 10a
Malacoptila rufa Rufous-necked Puffbird
Malacoptila panamensis White-whiskered Puffbird 11
Malacoptila fulvogularis Black-streaked Puffbird 11, 11a
Malacoptila mystacalis Moustached Puffbird 11
Micromonacha lanceolata Lanceolated Monklet
Nonnula rubecula Rusty-breasted Nunlet 12
Nonnula sclateri Fulvous-chinned Nunlet 13
Nonnula brunnea Brown Nunlet 13
Nonnula frontalis Gray-cheeked Nunlet 14
Nonnula ruficapilla Rufous-capped Nunlet 14
Nonnula amaurocephala Chestnut-headed Nunlet 15
Hapaloptila castanea White-faced Nunbird 15a
Monasa atra Black Nunbird 16
Monasa nigrifrons Black-fronted Nunbird 16
Monasa morphoeus White-fronted Nunbird 16, 16a
Monasa flavirostris Yellow-billed Nunbird
Chelidoptera tenebrosa Swallow-winged Puffbird 17
1. The monophyly of the Bucconidae has never been seriously questioned.
Within-family relationships in the Bucconidae have not been subjected to any
modern analyses; see Rasmussen & Collar (2002) for a summary of literature that
supports the traditional linear sequence of genera used here.
1a. Notharchus was merged into Bucco by Cottrell (1968), and this was followed
by the AOU (1983), but not by other classifications; see Monroe et al. (1993).
1b. The taxon swainsoni of the Atlantic forest region was formerly (e.g., Cory
1919, Pinto 1937) considered a separate species from Notharchus
macrorhynchos, but Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific; this was followed
by most subsequent classifications. Rasmussen & Collar (2002) elevated
swainsoni to species rank, and Alvarenga et al. (2002) provided rationale in
support of that treatment. SACC proposal passed to elevate swainsoni to species
rank. The hyperrhynchus subspecies group was also formerly (e.g., Ridgway
1914, Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) considered a separate species, but it was also
treated as conspecific with N. macrorhynchos by Peters (1948). Rasmussen &
Collar (2002) also suggested that the hyperrhynchus group might also warrant
species rank. SACC proposal passed to elevate hyperrhynchus to species rank;
SACC proposal passed to apply English name "Guianan Puffbird" to narrowly
distributed macrorhynchos; SACC proposal passed to retain "White-necked" for
widely distributed hyperrhynchus.
1c. The correct spelling of the species name is hyperrhynchus, not hyperrynchus,
as in several publications (e.g. Peters 1948, Dickinson 2003); see Eisenmann
(1958).
2. Some authors (e.g., REFS, Rasmussen & Collar 2002) consider Notharchus
pectoralis and N. ordii to form a superspecies.
3. Trans-Andean subspecies subtectus was formerly (e.g., REFS) considered a
separate species from Notharchus tectus. <delete if REF can't be found>
4. Bucco macrodactylus was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Pinto 1937)
placed in the monotypic genus Argicus, but this was merged into Bucco by
Peters (1948); this has been followed by most subsequent classifications, except
for Rasmussen & Collar (2002), who resurrected Argicus. Penhallurick (2008)
noted that Cyphos has priority over Argicus.
5. Bucco tamatia and B. noanamae were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) placed in the genus Nystactes, but this was merged into Bucco by
Peters (1948), and this has been followed by most subsequent classifications,
except for Rasmussen & Collar (2002), who resurrected Nystactes.
5a. Bucco tamatia and B. noanamae form a superspecies (REFS, Rasmussen &
Collar (2002).
6. Nystalus radiatus and N. striolatus may form superspecies (Rasmussen &
Collar (2002).
6a. Nystalus radiatus, N. striolatus, and N. chacuru were formerly (e.g., Ridgway
1914, Cory 1919) treated in a separate genus, Ecchaunornis, but Peters (1948)
merged this into Nystalus.
6b. Whitney et al. (2013) described the population of western Amazonia as a new
species, Nystalus obamai and also recommended treating the subspecies
torridus of SE Amazonia as a separate species. SACC proposal pending.
7. Silva (1991) considered striatipectus a separate species from Nystalus
maculatus; this not followed by Rasmussen & Collar (2002).
7a. Called "Spot-bellied Puffbird" in Rasmussen & Collar (2002).
8. Although Cory (1919) and Peters (1948) considered the subspecies bicinctus to
be a separate species from Hypnelus ruficollis, Meyer de Schauensee (1966,
1970) considered them conspecific, evidently <check> on the basis that the
subspecies described by Phelps & Phelps (1958) was intermediate between the
two, and because another population was also considered intermediate.
Rasmussen & Collar (2002) considered bicinctus (with stoicus) as a separate
species from H. ruficollis; they reported that hybridization in area of contact was
infrequent and certainly not indicative of free interbreeding, as is often stated or
implied (e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990). Proposal needed.
9. Hypnelus was merged into Bucco by Cottrell (1968), but this has not been
followed by most subsequent authors.
10. Malacoptila fusca and M. semicincta form a superspecies (Haffer 1987,
Rasmussen & Collar 2002); they were once considered conspecific (e.g., Peters
1948), but see Traylor (1951, 1956<?>). Sibley & Monroe (1990) also included M.
striata in the superspecies.
10a. Malacoptila striata was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) known as M. torquata, but
see Peters (1948).
11. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Malacoptila panamensis and M. mystacalis
to form a superspecies; Rasmussen & Collar (2002) also included M. fulvogularis.
11a. The Colombian subspecies substriata was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Malacoptila fulvogularis, but Peters (1948)
treated them as conspecific; Rasmussen & Collar (2002) treated substriata as a
synonym of fulvogularis, regarded by them as a monotypic species.
12. Nonnula rubecula may consist of more than one species (Rasmussen & Collar
2002).
13. Nonnula sclateri and N. brunnea form a superspecies (REFS); they have been
considered conspecific by some authors (e.g., REFS). Also, N. rubecula is
sometimes (e.g., (REFs, Rasmussen & Collar 2002) included in this superspecies,
but it may be sympatric with N. brunnea w. Amazonia.
14. Many authors (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) have treated Nonnula
frontalis as subspecies of N. ruficapilla, following Meyer de Schauensee (1946b);
published evidence for considering them separate species is weak; Sibley &
Monroe (1990) and Rasmussen & Collar (2002) considered them to form a
superspecies.
15. Nonnula amaurocephala was considered to form a superspecies with N.
frontalis and N. ruficapilla by REFS, Rasmussen & Collar (2002).
15a. Called "White-faced Puffbird" in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990).
16. Rasmussen & Collar (2002) considered Monasa morphoeus and M. nigrifrons
to form a superspecies with M. atra, but the first two are broadly sympatric and
cannot be considered allospecies.
16a. The subspecies grandior, fidelis, similis, pallescens (with sclateri and minor),
and rikeri were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) each considered
separate species from Monasa morphoeus, but Peters (1948) treated them all as
conspecific (and similis as a synonym of fidelis, and rikeri as a synonym of
nominate morphoeus).
17. Called "Swallow-wing" by Meyer de Schauensee (1970), Snyder (1966),
Haverschmidt (1968), Meyer de Schauensee & Phelps (1978), Sibley & Monroe
(1990), Haverschmidt & Mees (1994), and elsewhere; Hilty & Brown (1986)
evidently were the first to use "Swallow-winged Puffbird," and this has been
followed by Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Rasmussen & Collar (2002), Hilty (2003).
PICIFORMES 1
CAPITONIDAE (NEW WORLD BARBETS) 2
Capito aurovirens Scarlet-crowned Barbet
Capito dayi Black-girdled Barbet 3
Capito maculicoronatus Spot-crowned Barbet 4
Capito squamatus Orange-fronted Barbet 4
Capito hypoleucus White-mantled Barbet 4a
Capito wallacei Scarlet-banded Barbet 5
Capito quinticolor Five-colored Barbet 4a
Capito brunneipectus Brown-chested Barbet 6, 7
Capito niger Black-spotted Barbet 6
Capito auratus Gilded Barbet 6, 6b
Eubucco richardsoni Lemon-throated Barbet 8, 8a
Eubucco tucinkae Scarlet-hooded Barbet 9
Eubucco bourcierii Red-headed Barbet 10
Eubucco versicolor Versicolored Barbet 8a, 10, 11
SEMNORNITHIDAE (TOUCAN-BARBETS) 2
Semnornis ramphastinus Toucan Barbet
1. Genetic data (Sibley and Ahlquist 1985, 1986, 1990, Johansson et al. 2001,
Prychitko & Moore 2003, Fain & Houde 2004, Hackett et al. 2008) support
traditional morphological data (e.g., Simpson and Cracraft 1981, Swierczewski
and Raikow 1981) that the Piciformes, as constituted here, are a monophyletic
group. Most classifications also include jacamars and puffbirds in this order (e.g.,
Ridgway 1914, Wetmore 1960), but see notes under Galbuliformes.
2. The families Capitonidae, Semnornithidae, and Ramphastidae are each other's
closest relatives with respect to Old World barbets (Burton 1984, Prum 1988,
Sibley and Ahlquist 1990, Lanyon & Hall 1994, Barker & Lanyon 2000, Johansson
et al. 2001, Johannson & Ericson 2003, Moyle 2004). [Old Word barbets are here
tangentially but implicitly treated as separate families, Asian Megalaimidae and
African Lybiidae; recent genetic data (Moyle 2004) support the monophyly of the
barbet radiations within each region.] To emphasize the close relationships
among New World taxa, these three families were treated as subfamilies of a
single family, Ramphastidae, by AOU (1998) and Cracraft (2013). SACC proposal
passed to treat these taxa at family rank. Semnornis is treated as separate family
until affinities resolved. Swierczewski and Raikow's (1981) analysis of characters
of the hindlimb musculature supported the traditional inclusion (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) of Semnornis in the barbets, but Prum's (1988a) analysis of
morphological data indicated that Semnornis is the sister taxon to the
Ramphastidae, not the Capitonidae. Genetic data indicate that Semnornis may be
basal to both families (Barker and Lanyon 2000); Moyle (2004) found weak
support for that relationship, but also weak support for a sister relationship to
Ramphastidae.
3. Capito dayi was considered conspecific with a broadly defined C. niger by
Ripley (1945), but see Ripley (1946) and Haffer (1997). Genetic data (Armenta et al.
2005) indicate that C. dayi is definitely not part of the C. niger group, but more
closely related to other species of Capito, especially C. quinticolor.
4. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Capito maculicoronatus and C. squamatus
to form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by Ripley (1945).
Genetic data (Armenta et al. 2005) indicate that they are sister taxa.
4a. Capito hypoleucos was considered conspecific with C. quinticolor by Ripley
(1945).
5. Recently described: O'Neill et al. (2000). A new species, Capito fitzpatricki, was
described by Seeholzer et al. (2012); it is the sister taxon to C. wallacei. SACC
proposal to rank at species level did not pass.
6. Capito brunneipectus and C. auratus were formerly (e.g., Peters 1948, Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) considered conspecific with C. niger. Haffer (1997) split
brunneipectus and auratus from niger because: (1) no good evidence was ever
presented for the treatment of the three as conspecific; (2) no evidence exists for
gene flow between niger and auratus where they are in contact; and (3)
brunneipectus differs dramatically in coloration from auratus and niger. Genetic
data (Armenta et al. 2005) support this treatment. Sibley & Monroe (1990), Short &
Horne (2001), and Short & Horne (2002a) treated brunneipectus as separate
species but not auratus. Capito niger, C. auratus, and C. brunneipectus
presumably form a superspecies (Haffer 1997), but Short & Horne (2001) were not
confident that brunneipectus belongs in that group; C. niger and C.
brunneipectus are monotypic, with all subspecies-level taxa in the group included
under C. auratus. Ridgway (1914), Cory (1919), Pinto (1937), and Chapman (1928)
treated auratus as a separate species, but Bond & Meyer de Schauensee (1943),
Ripley (1945), and Peters (1948) considered them conspecific.
6b. "Capito aurantiiventris," known from the "Upper Amazon Valley" and formerly
(e.g., Cory 1919) treated as a species, was subsequently (e.g., Peters 1948)
treated as a synonym of C. auratus amazonicus. "Capito peruvianus," known
from eastern Peru and Ecuador, and formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated as a
species, was subsequently treated as a synonym of C. auratus auratus (<>
Chapman 1928).
7. Called "Cinnamon-breasted Barbet" in Sibley & Monroe (1990), Short & Horne
(2001), and Short & Horne (2002a).
8. The subspecies aurantiicollis was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) considered a separate species from Eubucco richardsoni, but Berlioz
(1938), Ripley (1945), and Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific.
8a. Eubucco richardsoni and E. versicolor were considered conspecific by Ripley
(1945), but see, for example, Traylor (1951b).
9. Eubucco tucinkae was formerly considered to form superspecies with (Sibley &
Monroe 1990), the sister taxon of (Haffer 1987), or even conspecific with (e.g.,
Peters 1948), E. bourcierii, but lowland distribution and habitat makes it unlikely
that they are even sister species; Short & Horne (2001) also made this point, but
based it on morphology; see also Traylor (1951b).
10. Eubucco bourcierii and E. versicolor were considered to form a probable
superspecies by Parker et al. (1985); cf. Short & Horne (2002a).
11. The subspecies steerii and glaucogularis were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914,
Cory 1919) each considered a separate species from Eubucco versicolor, but
Berlioz (1938), Ripley (1945), and Peters (1948) treated them all as conspecific.
RAMPHASTIDAE (TOUCANS) 1
Ramphastos toco Toco Toucan
Ramphastos ambiguus Black-mandibled Toucan 23, 24, 25
Ramphastos tucanus White-throated Toucan 22, 22a, 22b, 23, 23b
Ramphastos sulfuratus Keel-billed Toucan 18, 21
Ramphastos brevis Choco Toucan 18, 20
Ramphastos vitellinus Channel-billed Toucan 18, 19, 19a
Ramphastos dicolorus Red-breasted Toucan 18, 18a, 18b
Aulacorhynchus prasinus Emerald Toucanet 1a
Aulacorhynchus sulcatus Groove-billed Toucanet 2, 3
Aulacorhynchus derbianus Chestnut-tipped Toucanet 3, 3a
Aulacorhynchus whitelianus Tepui Toucanet 3, 3a
Aulacorhynchus haematopygus Crimson-rumped Toucanet 4
Aulacorhynchus huallagae Yellow-browed Toucanet 4
Aulacorhynchus coeruleicinctis Blue-banded Toucanet 4, 5
Andigena hypoglauca Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan 17
Andigena laminirostris Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan 17
Andigena cucullata Hooded Mountain-Toucan 17
Andigena nigrirostris Black-billed Mountain-Toucan
Selenidera spectabilis Yellow-eared Toucanet 14
Selenidera piperivora Guianan Toucanet 14, 14a
Selenidera reinwardtii Golden-collared Toucanet 14, 15
Selenidera nattereri Tawny-tufted Toucanet 14
Selenidera gouldii Gould's Toucanet 14, 16
Selenidera maculirostris Spot-billed Toucanet 14
Pteroglossus bailloni Saffron Toucanet 13
Pteroglossus viridis Green Aracari 6
Pteroglossus inscriptus Lettered Aracari 6, 7a, 7b, 10b
Pteroglossus torquatus Collared Aracari 10a, 11, 11a
Pteroglossus aracari Black-necked Aracari 10, 10c
Pteroglossus castanotis Chestnut-eared Aracari 10
Pteroglossus pluricinctus Many-banded Aracari 10a
Pteroglossus azara Ivory-billed Aracari 8, 9, 9a, 10, 10b
Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Curl-crested Aracari 12
Pteroglossus bitorquatus Red-necked Aracari 8
1. Multiple independent data sets identify the Capitonidae/Semnornithidae as the
sister to the Ramphastidae (see notes under those families above). The
Ramphastidae have a number of unusual characters that distinguish them from
all barbets, New World and Old World, including a unique arrangement of the
caudal vertebrae and sleeping posture (see Short & Horne 2001) and a unique
cranial morphology (Höfling 1991, 1998); the genus Aulacorhynchus shares these
characters and is firmly embedded in the Ramphastidae, despite Sibley &
Ahlquist's (1990) suggestion that it was intermediate in some respects between
toucans and Capitonidae. Genetic data are consistent with the monophyly of the
Ramphastidae (Moyle 2004). Genetic data (Barker & Lanyon 2000, Moyle 2004)
indicate that Ramphastos is basal to all other toucan genera, and other genetic
data sets are consistent with this (Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, Nahum et al. 2003).
Moyle (2004), Weckstein (2004), and Pereira & Wajntal (2008) found that Andigena
and Selenidera were sister genera, and Moyle (2004) and Weckstein (2004) found
that Aulacorhynchus was the sister of Andigena + Selenidera. SACC proposal
passed to change linear sequence of genera to the one used in this classification.
1a. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that Aulacorhynchus prasinus may
consist of more than one species-level taxon, but see Short & Horne (2001), who
pointed out that the allopatric taxa are no more distinctive than those known to
intergrade. The subspecies lautus, albivitta, cyanolaemus, dimidiatus, and
atrogularis, as well as Middle American wagleri and caeruleogularis, were
formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) each considered separate species from
(and in some cases not particularly closely related to) Aulacorhynchus prasinus,
but Peters (1948) and Haffer (1974) treated them all as conspecific. <add synopsis of
Navarro et al. (2001)>. Puebla-Olivares et al. (2008) identified three clades in South
America based on mtDNA and proposed species rank for each. Proposal badly
needed.
2. The taxon calorhynchus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Peters 1948, Phelps &
Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) treated as a separate species ("Yellowbilled Toucanet") from Aulacorhynchus sulcatus, but in their area of contact in
Venezuela, only individuals with intermediate bill characters are found (Schwartz
1972b); still treated as separate species by Hilty (2003).
3. Aulacorhynchus sulcatus and A. derbianus form a superspecies (Haffer 1974,
Short & Horne 2001, Short & Horne 2002b), and their sister relationship has been
confirmed by genetic data (Bonaccorso et al. 2011, Bonaccorso & Guayasamin
2013); they are treated as separate species because of differences in voice and
bill shape.
3a. The whitelianus subspecies group of the Tepui region was formerly (e.g., Cory
1919) considered a separate species (“Whitely’s Toucanet”) from
Aulacorhynchus derbianus, but they were treated as conspecific by Peters (1948).
Genetic data (Bonaccorso et al. 2011, Bonaccorso & Guayasamin 2013), however,
indicate that Andean derbianus is more closely related to A. sulcatus than either
is to the whitelianus group. SACC proposal passed to elevate whitelianus group
to species rank.
4. Aulacorhynchus haematopygus, A. huallagae, and A. coeruleicinctis were
considered to form a superspecies by Haffer (1974), Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990),
Short & Horne (2001), and Short & Horne (2002b). Genetic data (Bonaccorso et al.
2011) confirm the sister relationship of the latter two but indicate that A.
haematopygus is the sister to those two plus also A. whitelianus, A. sulcatus, and
A. derbianus, or (Bonaccorso & Guayasamin 2013) to just A. whitelianus, A.
sulcatus, and A. derbianus.
5. Species name often given incorrectly as "coeruleicinctus.
6. Pteroglossus viridis and P. inscriptus form a superspecies (Haffer 1974, Sibley
& Monroe 1990, Short & Horne 2001); their sister relationship has been confirmed
by genetic data (Patel et al. 2010). <incorp. Cracraft & Prum 1988>
7a. Cory (1919) treated the subspecies humboldti as a separate species from P.
viridis and P. inscriptus. Peters (1948) treated humboldti as a subspecies of
Pteroglossus viridis, but Haffer (1974) included it in P. inscriptus; intermediate
specimens from their area of contact led Haffer (1974) to treat humboldti as
conspecific with and a subspecies of P. inscriptus. Genetic data (Pereira &
Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010) support the close relationship of the three taxa
and indicate that humboldti and inscriptus are sister taxa.
7b. "Pteroglossus didymus," known from eastern Peru and treated as a valid
species by Cory (1919), is now considered a synonym of Pteroglossus inscriptus
humboldti (Traylor 1958, Friedmann 1958, Borrero 1959, Haffer 1974, Short &
Horne 2002b). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
8. Pteroglossus bitorquatus and P. azara were considered to form a superspecies
by Haffer (1974), but Short & Horne (2002b) considered P. bitorquatus to be
probably more closely related to P. viridis/P. inscriptus. Genetic data (Pereira &
Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010) indicate that P. pluricinctus, P. castanotis, and P.
aracari form a monophyletic group. <incorp. Cracraft & Prum 1988>
9. Haffer (1974) showed that Pteroglossus mariae, formerly (e.g., Peters 1948,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species ("Brown-mandibled
Aracari"), forms hybrid zones with subspecies flavirostris wherever they are in
contact and is thus best treated as a subspecies, as suspected by Peters (1948)
and treated by Cory (1919) and Pinto (1937); this treatment has been followed by
most subsequent authors except Ridgely & Greenfield (2001); previous reports of
sympatry (Todd 1943, Meyer de Schauensee 1966) are now considered erroneous
(Haffer 1974). Analysis of plumage characters (REF) supports and genetic data
(Pereira & Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010; cf. Hackett & Lehn 1997) confirm their
treatment as sister taxa.
9a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) pointed out that Pteroglossus azara is the correct
name used for this species, not P. flavirostris, the latter used since Peters (1948).
10. Pteroglossus torquatus (including sanguineus, erythropygius, and Middle
American P. frantzii), P. pluricinctus, P. aracari, and P. castanotis were
considered to form a superspecies by Haffer (1974); however, P. pluricinctus is
widely sympatric with P. castanotis in western Amazonia. Sibley & Monroe (1990)
considered Pteroglossus torquatus and P. pluricinctus to form a superspecies,
but genetic data (Hackett & Lehn 199, Pereira & Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010)
provide no support for that relationship. Pteroglossus aracari and P. castanotis
are generally considered to be sister species based on plumage similarities (e.g.,
Prum 1988b); Sibley & Monroe (1990), Short & Horne (2001), and Short & Horne
(2002b) considered P. aracari and P. castanotis to form a superspecies, but
genetic data (Pereira & Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010) indicate that P. azara is
more closely related to P. castanotis + pluricinctus than to P. aracari.
10b. "Pteroglossus olallae," known only from the type specimen from the Rio
Jurua, Brazil, was treated as a species by Peters (1948) and Meyer de Schauensee
(1966) but is generally considered a hybrid or aberrant individual (e.g. see Zimmer
& Mayr 1943). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
10c. "Pteroglossus formosus," known from an uncertain locality and treated as a
valid species by Cory (1919), is considered a synonym of Pteroglossus a. aracari
by Short & Horne (2002b). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
11. Subspecies sanguineus ("Stripe-billed Aracari") and erythropygius ("Palemandibled Aracari") were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Peters 1948,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Dickinson 2003) considered separate species from
Pteroglossus torquatus, but hybridization in areas of contact with each other and
with nominate torquatus (e.g., Haffer 1967) has led some subsequent authors
(e.g., Haffer 1974, Short and Horne 2002b) to consider them as subspecies of P.
torquatus. Haffer (1967) interpreted specimen data as indicating free
interbreeding between torquatus and sanguineus in northwestern Colombia;
these two differ no more from each other than do sanguineus and erythropygius
from each other, and so Haffer (1974) considered the latter also as a subspecies
of torquatus. Short & Horne (2001) also reported signs of extensive intergradation
between sanguineus and erythropygius and between torquatus and sanguineus.
Genetic data (Hackett & Lehn 1997, Pereira & Wajntal 2008, Patel et al. 2010) are
consistent with a close relationship among these taxa, as well as Middle
American frantzii, as is the traditional treatment based on plumage characters
(e.g., Prum 1988b). Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001)
continued to rank them all as species. SACC proposal to recognize sanguineus
and erythropygius as separate species did not pass.
11a. Called "Spot-breasted Aracari" in Haffer (1974) and Short & Horne (2001).
12. Unusual crown feathers and face pattern led to former placement of
Pteroglossus beauharnaesii in monotypic genus Bauharnaisius by some authors
(e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Pinto 1937). Genetic data (Hackett & Lehn 1997,
Pereira & Wajntal 2008) indicate that beauharnaesii is not only nested within
Pteroglossus, but also the sister species to P. bitorquatus. SACC proposal
passed to change linear sequence.
13. Pteroglossus bailloni has previously been placed nearly universally in a
monotypic genus, Baillonius. Peters (1948) placed Baillonius bailloni in Andigena,
but genetic data (Hackett & Lehn 1997, Barker & Lanyon 2000, Nahum et al. Moyle
2004, Weckstein 2004) support the widespread view (e.g., Haffer 1974, Short &
Horne 2001) that Baillonius and Pteroglossus are sister genera. Recent genetic
data (Kimura et al. 2004, Eberhard and Bermingham 2005, Pereira and Wajntal
2008, Patel et al. 2010) further indicate that Baillonius is embedded within
Pteroglossus and thus should be merged into that genus. Morphological and
vocal data (Haffer 1974, Sick 1997, Short and Horne 2001, Höfling 2004) are also
consistent with this merger. SACC proposal passed to merge Baillonius into
Pteroglossus. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.
14. The species in the genus Selenidera are considered to form a superspecies
(Haffer 1974; cf. Short & Horne 2001, 2002b); however, Lutz et al. (2013) found that
Selenidera spectabilis grouped with Andigena rather than with other Selenidera
but cautioned that additional data be obtained before making any taxonomic
changes. Lutz et al. (2013)
14b. The species name for Selenidera culik was formerly (e.g., <check Cory 1919>
Pinto 1937) piperivora, but see Peters (1930, 1948). Pacheco & Whitney (2006)
proposed that piperivora is indeed the valid name for this taxon, but this remains
controversial (Walters 2007, Piacentini et al. 2010). SACC proposal passed to use
piperivora.
15. The subspecies langsdorffii was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Peters 1948)
treated as separate species from Selenidera reinwardtii, but they were considered
conspecific by Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and subsequent authors.
16. Selenidera gouldii was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937, Peters 1948,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered a subspecies of S. maculirostris, but they
were treated as separate species by Haffer (1974); they are presumably sister
species.
17. Andigena hypoglauca, A. laminirostris, and A. cucullata were considered to
form a superspecies by Haffer (1974), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Short & Horne
2001, 2002b). However, Lutz et al. (2013) found that A. nigrirostris was the sister
to A. hypoglauca + A. cucullata.
18. Haffer (1974) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Ramphastos sulfuratus,
R. brevis, R. vitellinus, and R. dicolorus to form a superspecies. Genetic data
(Patané et al. 2009) indicate that R. dicolurus is the sister to R. brevis + R.
vitellinus.
18a. Genetic data (Weckstein 2004, Patané et al. 2009) indicate that Ramphastos
toco is the basal species in the genus, and that Haffer's (1974) "croaker" group
(R. vitellinus, R. brevis, R. sulfuratus) and "yelper" group (R. tucanus, R.
ambiguus/swainsonii) were monophyletic; support for the placement of R.
sulfuratus, however, in the "croaker" group was weak. SACC proposal passed to
change linear sequence of species.
18b. Called "Green-billed Toucan" in Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001).
19. Cory (1919) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966, 1970) treated R. culminatus
("Yellow-ridged Toucan") and R. citrolaemus ("Citron-throated Toucan") as
separate species from Ramphastos vitellinus. Haffer (1974) treated these as a
subspecies of R. vitellinus, and this treatment, actually a partial return to the
classification of Pinto (1937) and Peters (1948), has been followed by most
subsequent authors (but not Sibley & Monroe 1990, Hilty 2003). Haffer identified
broad hybrid zones between vitellinus and culminatus wherever they meet; see
Short & Horne (2001) for additional information; genetic data (Patané et al. 2009)
confirm that they form a monophyletic group). "Ramphastos osculans," known
from northern Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana, and treated as a valid species by
Cory (1918), is a population of intergrades between R. culminatus and R.
vitellinus (Hellmayr 1933, Haffer 1974). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
19a. The subspecies ariel of eastern and southeastern Brazil was formerly (e.g.,
Cory 1919) considered a separate species from Ramphastos vitellinus, but Pinto
(1937) and Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific. Weckstein (2004) and
Patané et al. (2009) found that Amazonian ariel was more closely related to
culminatus than either was to nominate vitellinus (opposite the relationship
suggested by plumage characters; Prum 1988b); also, Weckstein (2004) and
Patané et al. (2009) also found that ariel from the Atlantic forest region was not
the sister taxon to Amazonian ariel.
20. Ramphastos brevis was formerly (e.g., Peters 1948) considered a subspecies
of R. ambiguus, but the two differ in vocalizations [REF], and genetic data (Patané
et al. 2009) indicate that R. brevis is the sister to R. vitellinus. Plumage
characters suggest that R. brevis and R. sulfuratus are sister species (Prum
1988b), but this is not supported by genetic data (Weckstein 2004, Patané et al.
2009).
21. Called "Rainbow-billed Toucan" by Short & Horne (2001) and Short & Horne
(2002b).
22. Haffer (1974) showed that R. cuvieri ("Cuvier's Toucan") and R. tucanus form
a broad hybrid zone in northern and eastern Amazonia, and, therefore, treated
cuvieri (with inca, also considered a separate species by Peters 1948) as a
subspecies of Ramphastos tucanus; see also Short & Horne (2001); this
treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors, but Sibley & Monroe
(1990) continued to treat cuvieri as a species, following earlier classifications
(e.g., Cory 1919, Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1970). Genetic data (Patané
et al. 2009) are consistent with their treatment as conspecific.
22b. Also known as "White-breasted Toucan" (Haffer 1974, Hilty 2003) and "Redbilled Toucan" (Meyer de Schauensee 1970).
23. Haffer (1974) considered Ramphastos tucanus and R. ambiguus (including
swainsonii) to form a superspecies; genetic data (Patané et al. 2009) indicate that
they are sister taxa.
23b. "Ramphastos aurantiirostris," formerly (e.g., Peters 1948, Phelps & Phelps
1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) treated as a species, is only a color
variant of nominate R. tucanus (Pinto 1938, Haffer 1974). See Hybrids and
Dubious Taxa.
24. Haffer (1974) considered the taxon swainsonii to be a subspecies of R.
ambiguus, and this treatment has been followed by Short & Horne (2001, 2002b);
they have very similar if not identical voices and differ only in color of facial skin
and mandible (e.g., Prum 1988b). Others continue to treat them as component
species in a superspecies (e.g., AOU 1998, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001). Stiles et al.
(1999) noted vocal and biometric differences between abbreviatus and ambiguus
and noted that abbreviatus of the Magdalena valley should be treated as
conspecific with swainsonii (not ambiguus as treated by some authors) if the
species is split. The R. a. swainsonii group and R. a. ambiguus apparently replace
one another on opposite slopes of the Eastern Andes and show a 1.4% difference
in mtDNA sequences (Donegan et al. 2007). Treatment of swainsonii as a species
(e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) may
have persisted because of the sympatry between it and R. brevis, which was
described as, and long thought to be, a subspecies of ambiguus (e.g., Peters
1948, Meyer de Schauensee 1966; see Short & Horne 2001, Short & Horne 2002b).
SACC proposal to treat swainsonii as a separate species did not pass.
25. Called "Yellow-throated Toucan" by Haffer (1974), Short & Horne (2001), and
Short & Horne (2002b). Proposal needed?
PICIDAE (WOODPECKERS) 1
Picumninae
Picumnus aurifrons Bar-breasted Piculet 2, 3, 4
Picumnus pumilus Orinoco Piculet 5, 5a
Picumnus lafresnayi Lafresnaye's Piculet 4, 5
Picumnus exilis Golden-spangled Piculet 5b, 6, 7
Picumnus sclateri Ecuadorian Piculet
Picumnus squamulatus Scaled Piculet
Picumnus spilogaster White-bellied Piculet 8, 9
Picumnus minutissimus Arrowhead Piculet 8, 9, 10, 16
Picumnus pygmaeus Spotted Piculet 11, 17b
Picumnus steindachneri Speckle-chested Piculet
Picumnus varzeae Varzea Piculet 11, 12
Picumnus cirratus White-barred Piculet 12, 13, 14, 16
Picumnus dorbignyanus Ocellated Piculet 13, 15, 16
Picumnus temminckii Ochre-collared Piculet 13, 16
Picumnus albosquamatus White-wedged Piculet 16, 17, 17b
Picumnus fuscus Rusty-necked Piculet 18
Picumnus rufiventris Rufous-breasted Piculet
Picumnus fulvescens Tawny Piculet 19, 20
Picumnus limae Ochraceous Piculet 19, 20
Picumnus nebulosus Mottled Piculet 20, 20a
Picumnus castelnau Plain-breasted Piculet 21
Picumnus subtilis Fine-barred Piculet 21
Picumnus olivaceus Olivaceous Piculet 22
Picumnus granadensis Grayish Piculet 22
Picumnus cinnamomeus Chestnut Piculet
Picinae
Melanerpes candidus White Woodpecker 23
Melanerpes formicivorus Acorn Woodpecker 24, 25
Melanerpes cruentatus Yellow-tufted Woodpecker 26, 27, 28, 29
Melanerpes flavifrons Yellow-fronted Woodpecker 26, 27
Melanerpes pulcher Beautiful Woodpecker 26, 30, 31
Melanerpes pucherani Black-cheeked Woodpecker 26, 30
Melanerpes cactorum White-fronted Woodpecker 32
Melanerpes rubricapillus Red-crowned Woodpecker 33, 34, 35
Sphyrapicus varius. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (V) 35a
Picoides fumigatus Smoky-brown Woodpecker 41, 41a
Veniliornis kirkii Red-rumped Woodpecker 44
Veniliornis cassini Golden-collared Woodpecker 45
Veniliornis spilogaster White-spotted Woodpecker 42
Veniliornis mixtus Checkered Woodpecker 36, 37, 38
Veniliornis lignarius Striped Woodpecker 36, 37
Veniliornis sanguineus Blood-colored Woodpecker
Veniliornis passerinus Little Woodpecker 42, 43
Veniliornis frontalis Dot-fronted Woodpecker 42
Veniliornis callonotus Scarlet-backed Woodpecker
Veniliornis dignus Yellow-vented Woodpecker 39, 40
Veniliornis nigriceps Bar-bellied Woodpecker 40
Veniliornis affinis Red-stained Woodpecker 44, 45, 46
Veniliornis chocoensis Choco Woodpecker 45
Veniliornis maculifrons Yellow-eared Woodpecker
Piculus leucolaemus White-throated Woodpecker 47, 47a, 48, 49, 35
Piculus litae Lita Woodpecker 48
Piculus flavigula Yellow-throated Woodpecker 50
Piculus chrysochloros Golden-green Woodpecker 51, 52
Piculus aurulentus White-browed Woodpecker 51
Colaptes rubiginosus Golden-olive Woodpecker 47, 53, 54, 55
Colaptes rivolii Crimson-mantled Woodpecker 47, 55, 56, 57
Colaptes atricollis Black-necked Woodpecker 58, 59, 35
Colaptes punctigula Spot-breasted Woodpecker 58, 59, 61
Colaptes melanochloros Green-barred Woodpecker 58, 59, 60, 61
Colaptes pitius Chilean Flicker 62, 63
Colaptes rupicola Andean Flicker 62, 63, 64
Colaptes campestris Campo Flicker 62, 65, 66
Celeus loricatus Cinnamon Woodpecker 66
Celeus undatus Waved Woodpecker 66
Celeus grammicus Scale-breasted Woodpecker 66, 68
Celeus elegans Chestnut Woodpecker 69, 70, 70a
Celeus lugubris Pale-crested Woodpecker 69, 70a, 71
Celeus flavescens Blond-crested Woodpecker 69, 69a
Celeus flavus Cream-colored Woodpecker 72
Celeus spectabilis Rufous-headed Woodpecker 73
Celeus obrieni Kaempfer's Woodpecker 73, 73a
Celeus torquatus Ringed Woodpecker 74, 75
Dryocopus galeatus Helmeted Woodpecker 76
Dryocopus lineatus Lineated Woodpecker 76, 77, 78, 79
Dryocopus schulzi Black-bodied Woodpecker 77, 80, 80a
Campephilus pollens Powerful Woodpecker 81, 82
Campephilus haematogaster Crimson-bellied Woodpecker 82, 83, 84
Campephilus rubricollis Red-necked Woodpecker 81, 85, 85a
Campephilus robustus Robust Woodpecker
Campephilus melanoleucos Crimson-crested Woodpecker 81, 86, 87
Campephilus gayaquilensis Guayaquil Woodpecker 81, 87
Campephilus leucopogon Cream-backed Woodpecker 81
Campephilus magellanicus Magellanic Woodpecker 88
1. The monophyly of the Picidae has never been seriously questioned. Within the
Piciformes, evidence supports a sister relationship to the Old World Indicatoridae
(<REFS>, Prychitko & Moore 2003, Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain & Houde 2004, Webb
& Moore 2005, Benz et al. 2006, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008). The linear
arrangement and composition of genera below in general follows that of Short
(1982), who placed the piculets in a separate subfamily, Picumninae, and divided
the typical woodpeckers, Picinae, into six tribes, four of which have
representatives in South America: Melanerpini for a broadly defined Melanerpes
and Sphyrapicus; Campetherini for a broadly defined Picoides and Veniliornis;
Colaptini for Piculus, Colaptes, and Celeus; and Campephilini for Dryocopus and
Campephilus. In general, Short's classification, culminating in a monographic
treatment of the family (Short 1982), merged many previously recognized genera
into many fewer, broadly defined genera. <incorp. Goodge 1972>. Genetic data (Webb
& Moore 2005, Benz et al. 2006) that most of these groups are not monophyletic.
Webb and Moore (2005), generally supported by Benz et al. (2006), recommended
a classification with three tribes for the three major groups in the Picinae: (1)
Malarpicini for Colaptes, Piculus, Celeus, Dryocopus, and several Old World
genera; (2) Dendropicini for Picoides, Veniliornis, Melanerpes, Sphyrapicus, and
several Old World genera; and (3) Campephilus, Chrysocolaptes, and two Old
World genera. Proposal needed for change in linear sequence. Genetic data (Benz
et al. 2006) support the monophyly and distinctiveness of the Picumninae
(Picumnus and Old World Sasia, but not Caribbean Nesoctites) as the sister taxon
to all other woodpeckers.
2. Species-level taxonomy in the genus Picumnus is in need of major reevaluation; interbreeding, to varying degrees, between various pairs of parapatric
and partially sympatric species is inordinately high; see Short (1982).
3. Following Short (1982), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Winkler & Christie (2002),
Picumnus aurifrons here includes P. borbae (with juruanus), treated as a separate
species (as "Bar-breasted Piculet," with aurifrons called "Gold-fronted Piculet")
by Peters (1948), Meyer de Schauensee (1970), and others. The subspecies
wallacii was also formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a separate species from
Picumnus aurifrons, but Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific. The
subspecies pusillus was described and treated as a separate species (Pinto
1937), but Peters (1948) treated it as conspecific with P. aurifrons.
4. Picumnus lafresnayi was formerly (e.g., Peters 1948, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) considered a subspecies of P. aurifrons, but see Short (1982) for rationale
for treating as a separate species, representing a return to the classification of
Cory (1919). The subspecies punctifrons was also formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species, but Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific.
Short (1982) proposed that the sister species of P. lafresnayi could be either P.
aurifrons or P. exilis.
5. Picumnus pumilus was formerly (e.g., Short 1982) treated as a subspecies of P.
lafresnayi, and they are presumed sister species that form a superspecies (Sibley
& Monroe 1990); they overlap slightly in se. Colombia with no sign of
interbreeding (Hilty & Brown 1986, Winkler & Christie 2002).
5a. "Picumnus stellae," known from the Río Orinoco, Venezuela, and treated as a
valid species by Cory (1919), is now considered a synonym of P. pumilus (Peters
1948). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
5b. Picumnus exilis was considered by Short (1982) to be most closely related to
the P. aurifrons group (of Note 3 above). Rêgo et al. (2014) presented evidence
that P. exilis actually consists of five PSC species.
6. The taxon nigropunctatus was formerly (e.g., Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species ("Black-spotted Piculet") from
Picumnus exilis, but Short (1982) stated that it was a synonym of P. exilis, and
this treatment was followed by Sibley & Monroe (1990). It continues to be ranked
as a species by Rodner et al. (2000) and Winkler & Christie (2002), based in part
on unpublished data of M. Lentino, which is summarized in Winkler & Christie
(2002). Rêgo et al. (2014) provided evidence that it is a junior synonym of
Picumnus squamulatus obsoletus.
7. The subspecies undulatus, buffoni, and salvini were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
each considered a separate species from Picumnus exilis, but Peters (1948)
treated them all as conspecific.
8. The subspecies pallidus was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1937, Peters 1948)
considered a separate species from Picumnus spilogaster, or was considered as
a subspecies of Picumnus minutissimus (Meyer de Schauensee 1966); plumage
pattern, however, favors treatment as a subspecies of P. spilogaster (Short 1982,
Winkler & Christie 2002).
9. Picumnus spilogaster was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937, Peters 1948)
known as P. leucogaster, but see Zimmer & Phelps (1950) and Meyer de
Schauensee (1966); Peters (1948) considered it a synonym of P. minutissimus,
but see <REF>.
10. Called "Guianan Piculet" in Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Dickinson (2003).
proposal needed?
11. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) suggested that Picumnus varzeae might be a
subspecies of P. pygmaeus, but see Short (1982).
12. Picumnus varzeae and P. cirratus hybridize to an uncertain extent along the
Amazon River (Short 1982).
13. Picumnus cirratus, P. dorbignyanus, and P. temminckii are considered to form
a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winkler & Christie 2002); they interbreed
to varying and uncertain degrees where parapatric (Short 1982, Winkler & Christie
2002), and thus have all been considered conspecific by some (e.g., Short 1982).
Relationships among these three and also P. albosquamatus (see Note 16) are
badly in need of detailed study; see also Hayes (1995).
14. The Peruvian subspecies jelskii was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a
separate species from Picumnus cirratus, but Peters (1948) treated them as
conspecific, and this has been followed by Short (1982) and most subsequent
classifications.
15. Winkler & Christie (2002) pointed out that an error has been perpetuated in the
spelling of the species name, usually given incorrectly as "dorbygnianus" (e.g.,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970).
16. Picumnus albosquamatus interbreeds to varying uncertain degrees with P.
dorbignyanus, P. temminckii, and P. cirratus (Short 1982, Winkler & Christie
2002), and may be part of that superspecies (Short 1982); it was considered
conspecific with P. minutissimus by Meyer de Schauensee (1966), following
Gyldenstolpe (1945), but see Short (1982).
17. The southern Brazilian subspecies guttifer was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937, Peters 1948) considered a separate species from Picumnus
albosquamatus/minutissimus, but Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Short (1982)
treated them as conspecific, following Bond and Meyer de Schauensee (1943).
17b. "Picumnus asterias," known only from the type specimen from "Brazil" and
treated as a valid species by Cory (1919), Pinto (1937), and Peters (1948), and as
tentatively valid by Meyer de Schauensee (1966), is possibly a variant of P.
pygmaeus (Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) or P. albosquamatus guttifer (Short
1982, Sibley & Monroe 1990). "Picumnus arileucus," described from Mato Grosso
and treated as a valid species by Pinto (1937), is now considered a synonym of P.
albosquamatus corumbanus (Peters 1948). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
18. Picumnus fuscus was considered a doubtful species by Peters (1948) and
Meyer de Schauensee (1966), and was not recognized as a species by Meyer de
Schauensee (1970); Short (1982) recognized it as a valid species, and this has
been followed by subsequent authors.
19. Picumnus fulvescens was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) treated
as a subspecies of P. limae; they are presumably sister species (Winkler &
Christie 2002); see Short (1982) for rationale for treating fulvescens as a species,
Picumnus limae saturatus is a synonym of P. fulvescens; see Pinto (1978).
20. Short (1982) suspected that Picumnus nebulosus might be closely related to
P. fulvescens and P. limae.
20a. "Picumnus iheringi," known from southeastern Brazil; and treated as a valid
species by Pinto (1937), is now considered a synonym of P. nebulosus
(Gyldenstolpe 1945, Peters 1948).
21. Picumnus castelnau and P. subtilis were considered to be sister species by
Short (1982) and Winkler & Christie (2002); they may occasionally hybridize
(Short 1982).
22. Picumnus olivaceus and P. granadensis were considered to form a
superspecies by Short (1982), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Winkler & Christie
(2002), and evidence for treatment as separate species is weak; they were
formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914) considered conspecific.
23. Melanerpes candidus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937, Peters 1948,
Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in the monotypic genus Leuconerpes, but
most authors have followed Short (1982) in merging this into Melanerpes.
24. Melanerpes formicivorus was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) placed
in a separate genus Balanosphyra, but most authors have followed Peters (1948)
in merging this into Melanerpes.
25. The Colombian subspecies flavigula was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Middle American Melanerpes formicivorus,
but Peters (1948) and Short (1982) treated them as conspecific.
26. Melanerpes cruentatus, M. flavifrons, M. chrysauchen, and M. pucherani were
formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) treated in a separate genus,
Tripsurus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Melanerpes; these four species
were considered by Short (1982) to form a superspecies.
27. Melanerpes cruentatus and M. flavifrons form a superspecies (Short 1982,
Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winkler & Christie 2002).
28. Called "Red-fronted Woodpecker" by Short (1982).
29. The form "rubrifrons" was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1937, Phelps & Phelps 1958a,
Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970) considered a separate species, but most recent
authors have followed Griscom & Greenway (1941) and Short (1982) in treating it
as a regional color morph of M. cruentatus.
30. Melanerpes chrysauchen and M. pucherani form a superspecies (Sibley &
Monroe 1990, Winkler & Christie 2002). Short (1982) also included M. cruentatus
and M. flavifrons in this superspecies; in head and back pattern, M. flavifrons is
more similar to distant M. chrysauchen and M. pucherani than it is to nearby M.
cruentatus.
31. The Colombian taxon pulcher was considered a separate species from Central
American Melanerpes chrysauchen by Cory (1919), Eisenmann (1955), and Stiles
& Skutch (1989); however, Peters (1948) treated them as conspecific, and that
treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1979, Short 1982, Hilty & Brown 1986, Winkler et al. 1995, AOU 1998,
Winkler & Christie 2002, Dickinson 2003). Wetmore (1968) provided rationale for
treating pulcher as a separate species, as noted by Meyer de Schauensee (1966),
but this has not been followed by most subsequent authors. SACC proposal
passed to recognize pulcher as separate species.
32. Melanerpes cactorum was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Peters 1948, Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) placed in a separate monotypic genus Trichopicus, but recent
authors have followed Short (1982) in merging this into Melanerpes, as suggested
long ago by Wetmore (1926).
33. Melanerpes rubricapillus was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Phelps
& Phelps 1958a) placed in the genus Centurus, along with many North and Middle
American species; Peters (1948) merged Centurus into Melanerpes, and this has
been followed by most recent authors.
34. Melanerpes rubricapillus was considered conspecific with Middle American M.
pygmaeus by Peters (1948) and Short (1982); they were treated as members of a
superspecies by Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Winkler & Christie (2002).
35. Melanerpes rubricapillus was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) known
as M. subelegans, but see Peters (1948).
35a. Published photograph report from n. Colombia in the Santa Marta Mountains
(Luna et al. 2011). SACC proposal passed to move to main list.
36. Veniliornis lignarius and V. mixtus form a superspecies (Short 1982, Fjeldså &
Krabbe 1990, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winkler & Christie 2002); justification is weak
for their treatment as separate species (Short 1970, 1971, 1982); genetic data
(Weibel & Moore 2002a, b) confirm their relationship as sister species.
37. Veniliornis lignarius and V. mixtus were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937)
treated in a separate genus, Dyctiopicus, but Peters (1948) merged this into
Dendrocopos, which was then merged into Picoides by Short (1970, 1971, 1982);
see Goodwin (1968) and Ouellet (1978) for differing view. Recent genetic data
(Weibel & Moore 2002a, 2002b, Webb & Moore 2005), however, indicate that the
widespread genus Picoides is polyphyletic unless Veniliornis and Dendropicos
are included. In particular, the two South American species formerly treated in
Picoides are more closely related to Veniliornis (as represented by V. nigriceps
and V. callonotus) than they are to Northern Hemisphere Picoides; see also
Moore et al. (2006). This result is exceptionally robust with respect to analytical
techniques, and it includes both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. However, it
might be best to wait for additional taxon-sampling before proposing a merger
(and to wait for broader rearrangement of Picoides, which consists of at least five
lineages worthy of generic recognition, including restoration of Dendrocopos and
Dryobates). Data from Moore et al. (2006), however, require removal of lignarius
and mixtus from Picoides. SACC proposal passed to transfer to Veniliornis.
SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence within Veniliornis.
38. The northeastern subspecies cancellatus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto
1937) considered a separate species from Veniliornis mixtus, but Peters (1948)
treated them as conspecific; they intergrade where their ranges meet in
northeastern Paraguay (Short 1982).
39. The Peruvian subspecies valdizani was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered
a separate species from Veniliornis dignus, but Peters (1948) and Short (1982)
treated them as conspecific.
40. Short (1982) noted that plumage similarities suggest that Veniliornis dignus
and V. nigriceps are sister species, but see Moore et al. (2006).
41. Veniliornis fumigatus was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) known as
V. oleaginus, but see Peters (1948).
41a. Genetic data (Moore et al. 2006) indicate that Veniliornis fumigatus is
embedded within Picoides and is not closely related to Veniliornis sense stricto.
SACC proposal passed to transfer to Picoides. Peters (1948) stated Gray (1855)
designated fumigatus as the type species of Veniliornis, but this is incorrect:
Gray designated sanguineus as the type species (as noted by Cory 1919).
42. Veniliornis passerinus and V. frontalis are sister taxa (Zimmer 1942a, Moore et
al. 2006) that form a superspecies (Short 1982); they may hybridize to a limited
extent (Short 1982, Winkler & Christie 2002). Short (1982) also noted that plumage
similarities suggest that V. spilogaster might be the sister species to V. dignus +
V. nigriceps, but see Moore et al. (2006).
43. The subspecies taenionotus (with "cearae") of eastern Brazil was formerly
(e.g., Cory 1919) considered a separate species from Veniliornis passerinus, but
Zimmer (1942a), Peters (1948), and Short (1982) treated them as conspecific. The
subspecies fidelis, agilis, and olvinus were also formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) each
considered separate species from V. passerinus, but Zimmer (1942a), Peters
(1948), and Short (1982) also treated them all as conspecific.
44. Veniliornis kirkii, V. affinis, V. cassini, and V. maculifrons were considered to
form a superspecies (Short 1982, Haffer 1987, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winkler &
Christie 2002); however, the apparent broad geographic overlap between V. kirkii
and V. a. chocoensis would invalidate the superspecies designation, as does the
phylogeny of the genus (Moore et al. 2006).
45. The taxon chocoensis was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
regarded as a subspecies of Veniliornis cassini, but it was transferred to V. affinis
by Short (1974, 1982). It was treated as a separate species ("Choco Woodpecker")
by Sibley & Monroe (1990), Winkler et al. (1995), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and
Winkler & Christie (2002), but little evidence is published to support this;
chocoensis differs from V. affinis and V. cassini only in minor plumage details.
SACC proposal passed to elevate chocoensis to species rank.
46. The subspecies ruficeps (with "haematostygma" = hilaris; see Zimmer 1942a)
and orenocensis were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) both considered separate
species from Veniliornis affinis, but they were all treated as conspecific by
Zimmer (1942a), Peters (1948), and Short (1982).
47. Genetic data (Webb & Moore 2005, Benz et al. 2006. Moore et al. 2011) indicate
that the genus Piculus is paraphyletic with respect to Colaptes: P. rubiginosus
and P. rivolii are embedded within Colaptes. SACC proposal passed to transfer
the latter two to Colaptes.
47a. The name formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919) used for the genus
Piculus was Chloronerpes, but see Peters (1948).
48. The subspecies litae of the Chocó was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a
separate species from Piculus leucolaemus; Peters (1948) treated them as
conspecific, and this was followed by many subsequent authors (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1970, Short 1982). Recently, litae was treated as a species ("Lita
Woodpecker") by Sibley & Monroe (1990), Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and
Winkler & Christie (2002) and [REFS], but published evidence to support this is
weak. On the other hand, litae resembles P. flavigula in some aspects of its
plumage as much as it does P. leucolaemus; in fact, specimens of litae from
southwestern Colombia have been misidentified as P. flavigula (REF, Winker &
Christie 2002). SACC proposal passed to elevate litae to species rank.
49. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Piculus leucolaemus to form a
superspecies with Middle American P. simplex and P. callopterus; some authors
(e.g., Short 1982, AOU 1983) have considered them all as conspecific, and Peters
(1948) considered P. callopterus to be a subspecies of P. leucolaemus. See
Wetmore (1968) and Stiles & Skutch (1989) for rationale for treating them as
separate species.
50. The subspecies erythropis of eastern and southeastern Brazil was formerly
(e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) considered a separate species from Piculus
flavigula, but Peters (1948) and Short (1982) treated them as conspecific; Winkler
& Christie (2002) suggested that it might deserve recognition as a separate
species.
51. Piculus chrysochloros and P. aurulentus form a superspecies (Short 1982,
Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winkler & Christie 2002).
52. The subspecies xanthophyllous was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a
separate species from Piculus chrysochloros, but Peters (1948) and Short (1982)
treated them as conspecific.
53. Piculus rubiginosus and Middle American P. auricularis form a superspecies
(Short 1982, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Winker & Christie 2002).
54. The Peruvian subspecies chrysogaster was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Piculus rubiginosus, but Peters (1948) and
Short (1982) treated them as conspecific.
55. Short (1982) considered Colaptes rivolii to be the sister species to C.
rubiginosus/auricularis based on plumage similarities, but see Moore et al. (2011).
56. Colaptes rivolii was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated in a separate genus,
Hypoxanthus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Piculus.
57. The southern subspecies atriceps was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a
separate species from Colaptes rivolii, but Peters (1948) and Short (1982) treated
them as conspecific.
58. Colaptes atricollis, C. punctigula, and C. melanochloros were formerly (e.g.,
Cory 1919, Pinto 1937, Peters 1948, Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) treated in a separate genus, Chrysopterus, but Short (1965, 1972a, 1982)
merged this into Colaptes. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) and Hilty (2003) retained
Chrysoptilus for punctigula only. Plumage similarities of these three species to
Piculus suggested that further study may reveal a closer relationship to that
genus; in fact, recent genetic data with limited taxon-sampling suggest that
Piculus and South American Colaptes are more closely related to each other than
either is to North American Colaptes (Prychitko & Moore 2000, Weibel & Moore
2002a, b; see also Webb & Moore 2005).
59. Colaptes atricollis, C. punctigula, and C. melanochloros were called "Flickers"
by Short (1982).
60. The subspecies melanolaimus (with nigroviridis and leucofrenatus) was
formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Traylor 1951c, Meyer de Schauensee 1970; but not
Laubmann 1934, Peters 1948) considered a separate species ("Golden-breasted
Woodpecker") from Colaptes melanochloros, but they intergrade where in contact
(Short 1972a, Hayes 1995, Winkler & Christie 2002). The subspecies nigroviridis
and "mariae" were also formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) each considered separate
species from Colaptes melanochloros, but Peters (1948) treated them all as
conspecific; "mariae" is not currently recognized as a valid taxon at any level
(Short 1972a, 1982, Winkler & Christie 2002).
61. Short (1972a, 1982) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Colaptes
punctigula and C. melanochloros to form a superspecies.
62. Colaptes campestris and C. rupicola were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated in
a separate genus, Soroplex, but Peters (1948) merged this into Colaptes. Colaptes
pitius was also formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated in a separate monotypic genus,
Pituipicus, but Peters (1948) also merged this into Colaptes. Short (1982)
considered Colaptes campestris to be the sister species to Colaptes pitius + C.
rupicola, but see Moore et al. (2011). Although these South American flickers
have been considered congeneric with North American Colaptes since Peters
(1948), their distribution and plumage similarities to Piculus and "Chrysoptilus"
suggest that their morphological similarities to North American flickers may be
due to convergence, as verified by Moore et al. (2011). Short (1972a) proposed
that the broadly defined Colaptes was the sister genus to Piculus, and he
suspected that they could be merged into a single genus, as partially confirmed
by Moore et al. (2011).
63. Plumage similarities and somewhat complementary distributions suggested
that Colaptes pitius and C. rupicola are sister species (Short 1982), and this was
confirmed by Moore et al. (2011).
64. The northern subspecies cinereicapillus and puna were formerly (e.g., Cory
1919) both considered separate species from Colaptes rupicola, but Peters (1948)
and Short (1982) treated them all as conspecific; Short (1972a) interpreted
patterns of geographic variation in cinereicapillus, puna, and nominate rupicola
to suggest intergradation among the three forms. Short (1982) reported
differences in vocalizations between cinereicapillus and the other taxa, but it
hybridizes to some extent with C. r. puna where in contact in central Peru.
65. The subspecies campestroides was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Meyer de
Schauensee 1970; but not Pinto 1937 or Peters 1948) considered a separate
species ("Field Flicker") from Colaptes campestris, but they evidently freely
interbreed where in contact (Short 1972a, 1982, Winkler & Christie 2002).
66. Haffer (1974) considered Celeus loricatus, C. grammicus, and C. undatus to
form a superspecies; however, Short (1982), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Winkler
& Christie (2002) excluded loricatus from the superspecies. Genetic data (Benz &
Robbins 2011), however, indicate that loricatus and torquatus are sisters and that
together they are sister to all other Celeus. SACC proposal needed to change
linear sequence in Celeus. Benz & Robbins (2011) also found that C. undatus and
C. grammicus are sisters, but that they might be best treated as conspecific.
SACC proposal needed.
67. [deleted]
68. Called "Scaly-breasted Woodpecker" by Winkler & Christie (2002).
69. Short (1972b, 1982) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Celeus elegans, C.
lugubris, C. flavescens, and Middle American C. castaneus to form a
superspecies; Peters (1948) considered lugubris to be conspecific with C.
flavescens. Celeus elegans and C. lugubris occasionally hybridize where in
contact in Brazil (Short 1972b). Benz & Robbins (2011) found that C. castaneus is
not a member of this group, but is sister to C. undatus + C. grammicus; the other
three formed a monophyletic group (see also Note 69a).
69a. Genetic data (Benz & Robbins 2011) revealed that the subspecies ochraceus
of eastern Brazil is actually the sister to C. flavescens + C. elegans + C. lugubris,
and treated it as a separate species. SACC proposal badly needed to elevate
ochraceus to species rank.
70. The subspecies citreopygius and jumana were formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto
1937) both considered separate species from Celeus elegans; Peters (1948)
treated citreopygius and jumana as conspecific, but still considered jumana to be
a separate species from C. elegans. Meyer de Schauensee (1966) and Short
(1972b, 1982) considered the jumana group to be conspecific with C. elegans, and
this has been followed by subsequent authors; they evidently intergrade in
eastern Venezuela (Short 1972b). However, Benz & Robbins (2011) found that the
jumana group was the sister to C. flavescens, not the elegans group, but
recommended additional analyses.
70a. "Celeus roosevelti," described from southwestern Brazil and treated as a
valid species by Cory (1919), is now considered a probable hybrid or backcross
between C. elegans jumanus and C. lugubris (Short 1972b). See Hybrids and
Dubious Taxa.
71. The subspecies kerri was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a separate
species from Celeus lugubris, but Peters (1948) and Short (1972b, 1982) treated
them as conspecific.
72. Celeus flavus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) treated in a separate
monotypic genus, Crocomorphus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Celeus.
73. Celeus obrieni, known from one specimen from Piauí, Brazil, is traditionally
(e.g., Short 1973, 1982) considered a subspecies of C. spectabilis, but it differs so
dramatically in plumage from C. spectabilis that this seems unlikely (Whittaker &
Oren 1999, Winkler & Christie 2002). SACC proposal passed to elevate obrieni to
species rank. Genetic data (Benz & Robbins 2011) are also support treatment as
a separate species, sister to C. spectabilis.
73a. Formerly known as "Caatinga Woodpecker”. SACC proposal passed to
change English name.
74. Celeus torquatus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) treated in a
separate genus, Cerchneipicus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Celeus.
75. The subspecies tinnunculus (with occidentalis) was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) considered a separate species from Celeus torquatus, but Peters
(1948) and Short (1982) treated them as conspecific.
76. Dryocopus lineatus and D. galeatus were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory
1919, Pinto 1937) treated in a separate genus, Ceophloeus, but Peters (1948)
merged this into Dryocopus. Short (1982) noted that D. galeatus shares some
plumage and structural features with Celeus, especially C. spectabilis.
77. Dryocopus lineatus and D. schulzi, along with North American D. pileatus, are
considered to form a superspecies by Mayr and Short (1970), Short (1982), Sibley
& Monroe (1990), and Winkler & Christie (2002); D. lineatus and D. schulzi
hybridize to a limited extent where their ranges meet (Short 1982, Hayes 1995).
78. The subspecies fuscipennis of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru was
formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) considered a separate species from Dryocopus
lineatus, but Peters (1948) and Short (1982) treated them as conspecific.
79. The subspecies erythrops was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937, Peters
1948) considered a separate species from Dryocopus lineatus; it has been
considered a color morph of D. lineatus (Pinto 1947, Pergolani de Costa 1962),
but see Short (1975, 1982) for treatment as a subspecies of D. lineatus.
80. Dryocopus schulzi was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated in a separate genus,
Neophloeotomus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Dryocopus.
80a. "Dryocopus shiptoni," known from Tucumán, Argentina, and treated as a
valid species by Cory (1918), is considered a variant of D. schulzi (Peters 1948,
Pergolani de Costa 1962, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Short 1982). See Hybrids
and Dubious Taxa.
81. Campephilus pollens, C. rubricollis, C. melanoleucos, C. leucopogon, and C.
gayaquilensis were formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) treated in
a separate genus, Scapaneus, but Peters (1948) merged this into Phloeoceastes,
and this was followed by Phelps & Phelps (1958a) and Meyer de Schauensee
(1970). Most recent authors have followed REFS, Short (1982) in merging
Phloeoceastes into Campephilus. <check robustus>
82. Short (1982) considered Campephilus pollens and C. haematogaster to be
sister species based on plumage and morphology.
83. Campephilus haematogaster was formerly (e.g., Ridgway 1914, Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) treated in a separate monotypic genus, Cniparchus, but Peters (1948)
merged this into Phloeoceastes, which was then merged into Campephilus by
REFS?, Short (1982).
84. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that the subspecies splendens of the
Western Andes might deserve recognition as a separate species from
Campephilus haematogaster, as it had been previously by (REF).
85. The southwestern subspecies trachelopyrus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919,
Pinto 1937) considered a separate species from Campephilus rubricollis, but they
intergrade in western Amazonia (Peters 1948, Short 1982).
85a. Called "Red-headed Woodpecker" in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), presumably a
lapsus.
86. The northwestern subspecies malherbii was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919)
considered a separate species from Campephilus melanoleucos, but Peters
(1948) treated them as conspecific; they intergrade in eastern Colombia (Short
1982).
87. Campephilus melanoleucos and C. gayaquilensis, along with Middle American
C. guatemalensis, are considered to form a superspecies by Short (1982), Fjeldså
& Krabbe (1990), Sibley & Monroe (1990), and Winkler & Christie (2002);
Campephilus melanoleucos and C. gayaquilensis were considered conspecific by
Peters (1948), but see Meyer de Schauensee (1966).
88. Campephilus magellanicus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919) treated in a
separate monotypic genus, Ipocranter, but Peters (1948) merged this into
Campephilus.
______________________________________________________________________
CARIAMIFORMES 1
1. The Cariamidae has been traditionally included in the Gruiformes, but recent
genetic and morphological data do not support their inclusion in that order or
any existing orders. SACC proposal passed to move in linear sequence or
orders to precede Falconiformes. See Note 1 under Gruiformes.
CARIAMIDAE (SERIEMAS)
Cariama cristata Red-legged Seriema
Chunga burmeisteri Black-legged Seriema
FALCONIFORMES 1
FALCONIDAE (FALCONS) 1a
Herpetotherinae
Herpetotheres cachinnans Laughing Falcon
Micrastur ruficollis Barred Forest-Falcon 8
Micrastur plumbeus Plumbeous Forest-Falcon 8a
Micrastur gilvicollis Lined Forest-Falcon 8a, 9, 10a
Micrastur mintoni Cryptic Forest-Falcon 10, 10a
Micrastur mirandollei Slaty-backed Forest-Falcon
Micrastur semitorquatus Collared Forest-Falcon
Micrastur buckleyi Buckley's Forest-Falcon 10b
Falconinae
Spiziapteryx circumcincta Spot-winged Falconet 11, 11a
Caracara cheriway Crested Caracara 2, 3b, 6, 7
Caracara plancus Southern Caracara 6, 7
Ibycter americanus Red-throated Caracara 2
Phalcoboenus carunculatus Carunculated Caracara 2, 3, 3a 3b
Phalcoboenus megalopterus Mountain Caracara 3, 3a
Phalcoboenus albogularis White-throated Caracara 3, 4
Phalcoboenus australis Striated Caracara 3, 5
Daptrius ater Black Caracara 2
Milvago chimachima Yellow-headed Caracara 2, 7b
Milvago chimango Chimango Caracara
Falco tinnunculus Eurasian Kestrel (V) 10c
Falco sparverius American Kestrel 11b
Falco columbarius Merlin (NB)
Falco rufigularis Bat Falcon 11c, 12
Falco deiroleucus Orange-breasted Falcon 12
Falco femoralis Aplomado Falcon 12a
Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 12, 12b
1. SACC proposal passed to separate Accipitriformes from Falconiformes. See
Note 1 under Accipitriformes. Ericson et al. (2006) and Hackett et al. (2008)
found that the Falconiformes are actually more closely related to the
Psittaciformes and Passeriformes than to any other orders. SACC proposal
passed to change linear sequence of orders.
1a. The monophyly of the Falconidae is well supported (REFS, Griffiths 1999,
Griffiths et al. 2004). Genetic and morphological data (Griffiths 1999, Griffiths
et al. 2004, Fuchs et al. 2011) indicate that there are three major, deep
divisions in the Falconidae: (1) the caracaras and Spiziapteryx, (2) the falcons
(Falco plus extralimital Polihierax and Microhierax), and (3) the forest-falcons
(Micrastur and Herpetotheres), with the latter group basal to the other two.
SACC proposal passed to add subfamily ranks and change in linear sequence.
2. Ibycter americanus was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1949, Friedmann
1950, Phelps & Phelps 1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Stresemann &
Amadon 1979. Haverschmidt & Mees 1994) placed in genus Daptrius, but
Griffiths (1994, 1999) and Griffiths et al. (2004) showed that americanus was
more closely related to Milvago and Phalcoboenus than to D. ater, therefore
requiring the resurrection of Ibycter, as proposed by Brown & Amadon (1968).
Griffiths et al. (2004) also found that Caracara was basal in the caracara group.
SACC proposal passed to change in linear sequence of genera.
3. Amadon & Bull (1988), ?Vuilleumier REF) considered the four species of
Phalcoboenus to form a superspecies; Sibley & Monroe (1990) excluded P.
australis from the superspecies. Some authors (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover
1949, Stresemann & Amadon 1979) have considered P. carunculatus and P.
megalopterus conspecific with P. albogularis, but most authors have followed
Amadon (1964) in treating all four as separate species.
3a. Poulsen (1993) showed that there is no evidence, contrary to earlier claims,
for hybridization between Phalcoboenus megalopterus and P. carunculatus.
3b. Vuilleumier (1970) proposed that Phalcoboenus be merged into Polyborus (=
Caracara), but subsequent authors have not followed this. Genetic (Griffiths et
al. 2004) and morphological (Griffiths 1994)<check> data indicate that
Phalcoboenus and Caracara are not sister genera.
4. Called "Darwin's Caracara" in Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001).
5. Called "Forster's Caracara" in Ferguson-Lees & Christie (2001).
6. The name formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Stresemann & Amadon
1979) used for Caracara was Polyborus, following Amadon (1954), but see
Wetmore (1965) and Banks & Dove (1992) for the use of Caracara instead of
Polyborus, as in Hellmayr & Conover (1949).<check Peters 1931>
7. Caracara cheriway and C. plancus were formerly considered conspecific (e.g.,
Hellmayr & Conover 1949, Phelps & Phelps 1958a), sometimes also including
C. lutosus of Guadalupe Island (e.g., Vuilleumier 1970, Meyer de Schauensee
1970, Stresemann and Amadon 1979), but the ranges of cheriway and plancus
are nearly parapatric with no sign of intergradation, contrary to earlier
interpretations (see Dove & Banks 1999); they constitute a superspecies. The
three forms had previously been considered separate species by Pinto (1938)
and Friedmann (1950).
7a. Caracara cheriway and C. plancus were called "Northern Crested-Caracara"
and "Southern Crested-Caracara" respectively in Mazar Barnett & Pearman
(2001) and Ridgely & Greenfield (2001). Proposal needed?
7b. Vuilleumier (1970) proposed that Milvago be merged into Polyborus (=
Caracara), but genetic data (e.g., Griffiths et al. 2004) indicate that they are not
particularly closed related. Fuchs et al. (2012) found that Milvago itself is not
monophyletic, with chimachima sister to Daptrius and chimango sister to
Phalcoboenus; they recommended transfer of chimango to Phalcoboenus.
SACC proposal did not pass to transfer Milvago chimango to Phalcoboenus.
8. Fuchs et al. (2011) found strong support for the monophyly of Micrastur and
for its division into two groups consistent with traditional linear sequences:
(1) M. buckleyi, M. mirandollei, M. semitorquatus, and (2) the other four
species.
8a. Micrastur plumbeus has been treated as a subspecies of M. gilvicollis (e.g.,
Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Stresemann & Amadon 1979); Sibley & Monroe
(1990) considered them to form a superspecies; see Amadon (1964) for
rationale treating them as sister taxa. Genetic data (Fuchs et al. 2011),
however, are unable to resolve sister relationships among this, M. mintoni, M.
ruficollis, and M. gilvicollis.
9. Schwartz (1972a) confirmed that Micrastur gilvicollis is a valid species,
separate from M. ruficollis; although treated as separate species by Pinto
(1938, 1947), Hellmayr & Conover (1949), Friedmann (1950), and Phelps &
Phelps (1958a), they were treated as conspecific by Amadon (1964), Meyer de
Schauensee (1970), and Blake (1977).
10. Recently described: Whittaker (2002). SACC proposal passed to recognize
newly described Micrastur mintoni as a species. Genetic data (Fuchs et al.
2011) are consistent with treatment as a species.
10a. Micrastur gilvicollis and M. mintoni were considered to form a superspecies
by Whittaker (2002).
10b. Micrastur buckleyi was formerly (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1949, Friedmann
1950) considered a variant or subspecies of M. semitorquatus, but see Traylor
(1948) and Amadon (1964). Fuchs et al. (2011) further showed that it is the
sister to M. mirandollei + M. semitorquatus. [incorp. Peters 1931]
10c. Recent record from São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago off Brazil with
published photographs (Bencke et al. 2005). SACC proposal passed to add to
main list. Photographed in Trinidad in 2003 (Kenefick & Hayes 2006). Previous
sight record from French Guiana (Tostain et al. 1992); now also photograph
published from there (Renaudier et al. 2010).
11. [relationships to other falcons]. Although morphological data (Griffiths 1994)
suggested that Spiziapteryx was most closely related to falcons (Falco etc.),
genetic data (Griffiths 1999, Griffiths et al. 2004) indicate that it is closest to
the caracaras.
11a. Spiziapteryx is feminine, so the correct spelling of the species name is
circumcincta (David & Gosselin 2002b).
11b. Falco sparverius was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938) placed in the monotypic
genus Cerchneis, but see <REF>.
11c. The species name formerly (e.g., Chapman 1926, Peters 1931, Friedmann
1950) used for Falco rufigularis was albigularis, but see Eisenmann (1966) for
use of rufigularis.
12. Stresemann & Amadon (1979) proposed that Falco deiroleucus and F.
peregrinus might form a superspecies; plumage and vocal similarities,
however, suggest that F. rufigularis and F. deiroleucus are sister species
(Thiollay 1994).
12a. Falco femoralis was formerly (e.g., Pinto 1938, Hellmayr & Conover 1949)
known as F. fuscocaerulescens, but see Peters & Griswold (1943) and Blake
(1977).
12b. Falco peregrinus includes "Falco kreyenborgi", formerly considered a
distinct species (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970, Blake 1977, Stresemann &
Amadon 1979); here treated as a color phase of F. peregrinus, following Ellis &
Grant (1983); it was considered to be a color phase of F. peregrinus cassini by
Peters <?1931> and Hellmayr & Conover (1949). <incorp. Amadon &
Stresemann 1963> See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
PSITTACIFORMES 1, 1a
PSITTACULIDAE (OLD WORLD PARROTS)
Psittaculinae
Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet (IN) 1aa
PSITTACIDAE (NEW WORLD AND AFRICAN PARROTS)
Arinae
Touit batavicus Lilac-tailed Parrotlet 21e, 25b, 25c
Touit huetii Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet
Touit dilectissimus Blue-fronted Parrotlet 25b, 26, 26a
Touit purpuratus Sapphire-rumped Parrotlet 25b
Touit melanonotus Brown-backed Parrotlet 25b, 25d
Touit surdus Golden-tailed Parrotlet 25b
Touit stictopterus Spot-winged Parrotlet 25b 25dd
Psilopsiagon aymara Gray-hooded Parakeet 21c
Psilopsiagon aurifrons Mountain Parakeet 22, 22a
Bolborhynchus lineola Barred Parakeet 21e
Bolborhynchus ferrugineifrons Rufous-fronted Parakeet 22b
Bolborhynchus orbygnesius Andean Parakeet 22b, 22c, 22cc
Nannopsittaca panychlora Tepui Parrotlet 21e, 24g
Nannopsittaca dachilleae Amazonian Parrotlet 24g, 25
Myiopsitta monachus Monk Parakeet 21b, 21d
Brotogeris sanctithomae Tui Parakeet 21d
Brotogeris tirica Plain Parakeet 21d, 23c
Brotogeris versicolurus Canary-winged Parakeet 23c, 24, 24a, 24aa
Brotogeris chiriri Yellow-chevroned Parakeet 23c, 24
Brotogeris pyrrhoptera Gray-cheeked Parakeet 24d
Brotogeris jugularis Orange-chinned Parakeet 24b
Brotogeris cyanoptera Cobalt-winged Parakeet 24b, 24c, 24d
Brotogeris chrysoptera Golden-winged Parakeet 24b, 24e, 24f
Pionopsitta pileata Pileated Parrot 28, 28aa
Triclaria malachitacea Blue-bellied Parrot
Hapalopsittaca amazonina Rusty-faced Parrot 32
Hapalopsittaca fuertesi Indigo-winged Parrot 32
Hapalopsittaca pyrrhops Red-faced Parrot 32
Hapalopsittaca melanotis Black-winged Parrot 31a, 31b
Pyrilia haematotis Brown-hooded Parrot 28,
Pyrilia pulchra Rose-faced Parrot 28, 31
Pyrilia pyrilia Saffron-headed Parrot 28
Pyrilia barrabandi Orange-cheeked Parrot 28
Pyrilia caica Caica Parrot 28
Pyrilia aurantiocephala Bald Parrot 28, 30
Pyrilia vulturina Vulturine Parrot 28, 29, 30
Pionus fuscus Dusky Parrot
Pionus sordidus Red-billed Parrot 32b
Pionus maximiliani Scaly-headed Parrot 32f
Pionus tumultuosus Speckle-faced Parrot 33
Pionus menstruus Blue-headed Parrot 32a, 32c, 32d, 32e
Pionus chalcopterus Bronze-winged Parrot
Graydidascalus brachyurus Short-tailed Parrot 32d
Alipiopsitta xanthops Yellow-faced Parrot 36b
Amazona festiva Festive Parrot 36
Amazona vinacea Vinaceous-breasted Parrot 34a, 39
Amazona tucumana Tucuman Parrot 32d, 34, 34a, 34b
Amazona pretrei Red-spectacled Parrot 34a
Amazona autumnalis Red-lored Parrot 34c
Amazona dufresniana Blue-cheeked Parrot 35
Amazona rhodocorytha Red-browed Parrot 35
Amazona ochrocephala Yellow-crowned Parrot 37a, 37b
Amazona barbadensis Yellow-shouldered Parrot
Amazona aestiva Turquoise-fronted Parrot 36c, 37, 37a
Amazona farinosa Mealy Parrot 38b
Amazona kawalli Kawall's Parrot 38, 38a
Amazona brasiliensis Red-tailed Parrot 35
Amazona amazonica Orange-winged Parrot 35
Amazona mercenarius Scaly-naped Parrot 35a
Forpus passerinus Green-rumped Parrotlet 22d, 22f, 22h
Forpus xanthopterygius Blue-winged Parrotlet 22d, 22g, 23,
Forpus conspicillatus Spectacled Parrotlet
Forpus modestus Dusky-billed Parrotlet 23a
Forpus coelestis Pacific Parrotlet 23b
Forpus xanthops Yellow-faced Parrotlet 23b
Pionites melanocephalus Black-headed Parrot 27, 27b, 41
Pionites leucogaster White-bellied Parrot 27, 27b, 27c
Deroptyus accipitrinus Red-fan Parrot 32c, 40
Pyrrhura cruentata Ochre-marked Parakeet 5b, 10a
Pyrrhura devillei Blaze-winged Parakeet 11
Pyrrhura frontalis Maroon-bellied Parakeet 11, 11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e
Pyrrhura lepida Pearly Parakeet 12a, 12b
Pyrrhura perlata Crimson-bellied Parakeet 12a, 12b
Pyrrhura molinae Green-cheeked Parakeet 12c, 12d
Pyrrhura pfrimeri Pfrimer's Parakeet 14, 14a
Pyrrhura griseipectus Gray-breasted Parakeet 14, 14a, 14b
Pyrrhura leucotis Maroon-faced Parakeet 14, 14a
Pyrrhura picta Painted Parakeet 14a, 15
Pyrrhura amazonum Santarem Parakeet 15
Pyrrhura lucianii Bonaparte's Parakeet 15
Pyrrhura roseifrons Rose-fronted Parakeet 15
Pyrrhura viridicata Santa Marta Parakeet
Pyrrhura egregia Fiery-shouldered Parakeet
Pyrrhura melanura Maroon-tailed Parakeet 14a, 16, 16a, 17
Pyrrhura orcesi El Oro Parakeet 17, 18
Pyrrhura rupicola Black-capped Parakeet 19
Pyrrhura albipectus White-necked Parakeet 20
Pyrrhura calliptera Brown-breasted Parakeet 21
Pyrrhura hoematotis Red-eared Parakeet
Pyrrhura rhodocephala Rose-headed Parakeet
Enicognathus ferrugineus Austral Parakeet 5b, 21a
Enicognathus leptorhynchus Slender-billed Parakeet 21aa
Cyanoliseus patagonus Burrowing Parakeet 21aa, 21aaa
Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Hyacinth Macaw
Anodorhynchus glaucus Glaucous Macaw 1b, 1c
Anodorhynchus leari Indigo Macaw 1b
Eupsittula aurea Peach-fronted Parakeet 9c, 6c
Eupsittula pertinax Brown-throated Parakeet 9e, 6c
Eupsittula cactorum Cactus Parakeet 9e
Aratinga weddellii Dusky-headed Parakeet 6c
Aratinga nenday Nanday Parakeet 5b, 9f, 9ff
Aratinga solstitialis Sun Parakeet 9a, 10, 6c
Aratinga maculata Sulphur-breasted Parakeet 10
Aratinga jandaya Jandaya Parakeet 9a, 6c
Aratinga auricapillus Golden-capped Parakeet 9a, 9b, 6c
Cyanopsitta spixii Spix's Macaw 1d
Orthopsittaca manilatus Red-bellied Macaw 3, 3a
Primolius maracana Blue-winged Macaw 4, 4a, 4b
Primolius couloni Blue-headed Macaw 4, 4a, 4b
Primolius auricollis Yellow-collared Macaw 4, 4a, 4b
Ara ararauna Blue-and-yellow Macaw
Ara glaucogularis Blue-throated Macaw 2
Ara militaris Military Macaw 2b
Ara ambiguus Great Green Macaw 2a, 2b
Ara macao Scarlet Macaw
Ara chloropterus Red-and-green Macaw 2a, 2c
Ara rubrogenys Red-fronted Macaw
Ara severus Chestnut-fronted Macaw 2a
Leptosittaca branickii Golden-plumed Parakeet 5b, 9g
Ognorhynchus icterotis Yellow-eared Parrot
Guaruba guarouba Golden Parakeet 5b, 6, 6c, 6cc
Thectocercus acuticaudatus Blue-crowned Parakeet 5b, 5bb, 6a, 6b, 6d
Diopsittaca nobilis Red-shouldered Macaw 5
Psittacara wagleri Scarlet-fronted Parakeet 7, 7a, 7b
Psittacara mitratus Mitred Parakeet 7a, 7b, 8, 8a
Psittacara erythrogenys Red-masked Parakeet 8b
Psittacara leucophthalmus White-eyed Parakeet 8c, 9b, 6d
1. The monophyly of the Psittaciformes has never been seriously questioned
and has been supported by genetic data (e.g., de Kloet & de Kloet 2005,
Wright et al. 2008) and recent morphological data (Livezey & Zusi 2007). The
relationship of the Psittaciformes to other orders, however, is uncertain (e.g.,
Cracraft et al. 2004, Fain & Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006). Recent
comprehensive genetic analyses (Hackett et al. 2008) indicate that the
closest relative is most likely the Passeriformes or the Falconiformes, as
also recently found by Suh (2011). SACC proposal passed to change linear
sequence of orders. <incorp. Smith 1975, Forshaw>. Within the order,
different authors rank various groups as families, subfamilies, or tribes (e.g.,
see Collar 1998); so far, all data point towards the New World parrots as
forming a monophyletic group (e.g., de Kloet & de Kloet 2005, Wright et al.
2008). Joseph et al. (2012) and Cracraft (2013) recognized several families
within the Psittaciformes and subfamilies within those families; they placed
the New World parrots in the Psittacidae and subfamily Arinae (and the Old
World group containing the introduced Psittacula krameri in the
Psittaculidae and subfamily Psittaculinae. SACC proposal passed to revise
higher-level classification with the parrots.
1a. Within the New World parrots, Tavares et al. (2006) and Wright et al. (2008)
found very strong support for the monophyly of a group that includes the
genera in the linear sequence below from Anodorhynchus through
Enicognathus but also including Pionites and Deroptyus (Ognorhynchus not
sampled). Tavares et al. (2006) also found moderately strong support for
inclusion of Forpus in this group, but Wright et al. (2008) did not. Tavares et
al. (2006) also found very strong support for the monophyly of a group that
includes the genera in the linear sequence below from Pionopsitta through
Triclaria, excluding Pionites and Deroptyus; Hapalopsittaca was not
sampled, but see Ribas et al. (2005) and Wright et al. (2008) for its inclusion
in this group. Kirchman et al. (2012) and Schirtzinger et al. (2012) found that
a group consisting of Touit, Bolborhynchus, and Psilopsiagon was sister to
all other New World parrots, as well as many other differences that would
affect the traditional linear sequence of genera. SACC proposal passed to
modify linear sequence of genera.
1aa. Established as a breeding bird locally in Caracas, Venezuela, since the
early 1980s (Nebot 1999, Hilty 2003, R. Restall, pers. comm.). Also reported to
be established on Curaçao (Voous 1985).
1b. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Anodorhynchus leari and A. glaucus to
form a superspecies. Alvarenga (2007) proposed that they be treated as
conspecific.
1c. Anodorhynchus glaucus may be extinct (BirdLife International 2000).
1d. Cyanopsitta spixii was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937) included in the genus
Ara, but see [REF]. The genetic data of Tavares et al. (2006) indicate that
Cyanopsitta requires recognition as a separate genus from Ara if Primolius
and Orthopsittaca are also recognized as genera, and that it is sister to these
three genera (Kirchman et al. 2012, Schirtzinger et al. 2012).
2. Ara glaucogularis was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered
an invalid taxon of some sort, e.g., as a color variant of A. ararauna (REF).
For recognition of A. glaucogularis as a valid species, see Ingels et al. (1981).
This species was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Peters 1937) known as "Ara
caninde", but that name probably referable to A. ararauna.
2a. Ara is masculine, so the correct spellings of the species names are
ambiguus, chloropterus, and severus; ararauna, however, is invariable
(David & Gosselin 2002b).
2b. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Ara militaris and A. ambigua to form a
superspecies; Fjeldså et al. (1987) suggested that they might be considered
conspecific.
2c. Called "Green-winged Macaw" in <REFS> and Haverschmidt & Mees (1994).
3. Orthopsittaca was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
included in Ara, but see Sick (1990) for a return (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937)
to the recognition of this monotypic genus; followed by Collar (1997),
Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), and Dickinson (2003). Genetic data (Kirchman
et al. 2012, Schirtzinger et al. 2012) indicate that Orthopsittaca is the sister to
Primolius + Ara. SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence of
genera.
3a. Orthopsittaca is masculine (Dickinson & Remsen 2013, N. David pers.
comm.), and thus a change in the variable ending of the species name is
required.
4. Primolius/Propyrrhura was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee
1970) included in Ara, but see Sick (1990) for a return (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto
1937) to the recognition of this genus; this was followed by Collar (1997) and
Dickinson (2003). Recent genetic data (Tavares et al. 2004) strongly support
recognition of Primolius/Propyrrhura to avoid making Ara polyphyletic.
4a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered the three species of
Primolius to form a superspecies. Primolius couloni and P. maracana have
been considered conspecific by some authors (REF).
4b. Penhallurick (2001) proposed that the name Primolius has priority over
Propyrrhura. SACC proposal passed to use Primolius.
5. Diopsittaca was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
included in Ara, but see Sick (1990) for a return (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937)
to the recognition of this genus; followed by Collar (1997) and Dickinson
(2003). Recent genetic data (Tavares et al. 2004) strongly support recognition
of Diopsittaca to avoid making Ara paraphyletic, and that the sister genus to
Diopsittaca was Guaruba (see also Tavares et al. 2006, Wright et al. 2008,
Kirchman et al. 2012).
5a. The eastern subspecies cumanensis (= "hahni") was formerly (e.g., Cory
1918) considered a separate species from Diopsittaca nobilis.
5b. Species in the genera Guaruba, Thectocercus, Psittacara, Aratinga,
Eupsittula, Leptosittaca, Ognorhynchus, , Pyrrhura, and Enicognathus are
often called "conures" (e.g., Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, REFS).
5bb. The genus Aratinga as broadly defined by Peters (1937) consists of four
independent lineages (Ribas et al. (2004), Tavares et al. 2006, Kirchman et al.
(2012), Schirtzinger et al. (2012), Urantówka et al. 2012) that correspond
closely to the generic limits outlined by Ridgway (1916); see Remsen et al.
(2013). SACC proposal passed to separating Aratinga into four genera.
SACC proposal passed to modify linear sequence of genera.
6. Guaruba was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
included in Aratinga, but see Sick (1990), and also Tavares et al. (2004, 2006),
Wright et al. (2008), and Kirchman et al. (2012), whose genetic data indicated
that the sister genus to Guaruba is Diopsittaca, thus forcing a return to
earlier classifications (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) that treated it in a
monotypic genus.
6a. Thectocercus acuticaudatus was originally (e.g., Ridgway & Friedmann 1916,
Cory 1918) treated in a separate genus, Thectocercus, but Peters (1937)
merged this into Aratinga. Urantówka et al. (2012) and Remsen et al. (2013)
presented evidence that Thectocercus should be resurrected for
acuticaudatus. SACC proposal passed to recognize Thectocercus.
6b. The northern haemorrhous subspecies group was formerly (e.g., Ridgway &
Friedmann 1916, Cory 1918) considered a separate species from
Thectocercus acuticaudatus, but they were treated as conspecific by Peters
(1937).
6c. Guaruba guarouba, Aratinga auricapillus, A. jandaya, A. solstitialis, A.
weddellii, A. aurea, and A. pertinax, along with Middle American A.
canicularis and A. astec and West Indian A. nana, were formerly (e.g., Cory
1918) placed in a separate genus, Eupsittula Bonaparte, 1853 (type species =
A. canicularis), but these were merged into Aratinga by Peters (1937). See
also Note 9c.
6cc. Frequently spelled Guarouba because of dual original spellings. See
David et al. (2009) for use of Guaruba over Guarouba.
6d. Thectocercus acuticaudata and “Aratinga” leucophthalmus were treated in a
separate genus, Psittacara Vigors, 1825 (type = leucophthalma), by Pinto
(1937), but were included in Aratinga by Peters (1937). Silveira et al. (2005)
suspected that Aratinga was not monophyletic and that Peters’ merger of
several genera into Aratinga was not correct. Kirchman et al. (2012) found
that “A.” leucophthalmus was sister to a group of “Aratinga” (wagleri,
mitrata, and several extralimital species) that were not closely related to true
Aratinga (type species = solstitialis; see Note 9a); this corresponds to one of
the groups outlined by Silveira et al. (2005). This species group is sister to
Leptosittaca + (Guaruba + Diopsittaca); see Remsen et al. (2013). SACC
proposal passed to resurrect Psittacara.
7. The southern subspecies frontata was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) considered a
separate species from Psittacara wagleri, but they were treated as
conspecific by Peters (1937). Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) noted that frontata
(with minor) of Ecuador and Peru might deserve recognition as a separate
species.
7a. Collar (1997) suggested that Psittacara wagleri and P. mitratus might be
conspecific, but see Kirchman et al. (2012).
7b. Arndt (2006) described a new species, Aratinga (=Psittacara) hockingi;
specimens in museums of this taxon had been identified as A. mitrata (=
Psittacara mitratus), but the new species may be more closely related to A.
wagleri. SACC proposal to recognize hockingi did not pass. Not recognized
by Schulenberg et al. (2007) or Remsen et al. (2013).
8. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Sibley & Monroe (1990) suggested that the
subspecies alticola of Peru might deserve species rank from Psittacara
mitratus. Arndt (2006) provided further rationale for treatment of alticola as a
separate species. SACC proposal to recognize alticola as a separate species
did not pass. Not recognized by Schulenberg et al. (2007) or Remsen et al.
(2013).
8a. Doug Pratt (pers. comm.) pointed out that in North American English, "mitre"
is normally "miter”, which would make the name of this species "Mitered
Parakeet”, which would also reduce chronic mispronunciation. Proposal?
8b. Psittacara erythrogenys was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) known as P.
rubrolarvata, but see Peters (1937).
8c. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Psittacara leucophthalmus to form a
superspecies with Central American P. finschi; they have been considered
conspecific by many authors (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970). Proposal?
<trace>
9a. Aratinga jandaya and A. auricapillus have been treated (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1966, 1970, Joseph 1992, Sick 1997) as subspecies of A.
solstitialis, but see Silveira et al. (2005); they form a superspecies (Sibley &
Monroe 1990, Collar 1997) and are sister taxa (Ribas & Miyaki 2004).
Kirchman et al. (2012) found that “Nandayus” nenday was sister to A.
auricapillus + A. solstitialis; see also Schirtzinger et al. (2012). SACC
proposal passed to redefine limits of genera and species sequence.
9b. When Psittacara leucophthalmus is placed in Aratinga, which is feminine,
the correct spelling of the species name is leucophthalma, not
leucophthalmus as was often given; auricapillus, however, is invariable
(David & Gosselin 2002a, b).
9c. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Eupsittula aurea to
form a superspecies with Middle American E. canicularis. Kirchman et al.
(2012) found that E. pertinax was sister to E. aurea + E. nana. See also Notes
6c and 9f. SACC proposal passed to resurrect of Eupsittula Bonaparte, 1853
(type species = canicularis), as used by Ridgway & Friedmann (1916) for
canicularis, nana, aurea, and pertinax; see also Silveira et al. (2005).
9e. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Eupsittula pertinax and
E. cactorum to form a superspecies; Collar (1997) suggested that they might
be conspecific.
9f. Aratinga nenday has traditionally been placed in the monotypic genus
Nandayus, although it was typically considered very closely related to
Aratinga (e.g., Collar 1997). Nandayus was included in Aratinga by Peters
(1937). Genetic data (Ribas & Miyaki 2004) indicate that Nandayus is
embedded in Aratinga, as predicted by Silveira et al. (2005), and is sister to
the group solstitialis + (jandaya + auricapilla). SACC proposal passed for
merger of Nandayus into Aratinga. See also Note 9a.
9ff. Aratinga nenday was formerly known as “Black-hooded Parakeet” (Meyer
de Schauensee 1966, 1970). SACC proposal to restore “Black-hooded” did
not pass.
9g. Leptosittaca was included in Aratinga by (REF), but genetic data (Wright et
al. 2008) indicate that it is part of a group that includes Guaruba and
Diopsittaca. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.
10. Recently described: Silveira et al. (2005). SACC proposal passed to
recognize Aratinga pintoi as a separate species from A. solstitialis.
However, Nemésio and Rasmussen (2009) presented evidence that this taxon
had been previously described as A. maculata. SACC proposal passed to
recognize maculata as the valid name.
10a. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Ochre-marked Parakeet"
but now widely listed as “Blue-throated” (e.g., Sibley & Monroe 1990, Collar
1997, Juniper & Parr 1998, Clements 2000, Forshaw 2010), which is a
misleading, inaccurate name. SACC proposal passed to restore “Ochremarked.”
11. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Pyrrhura devillei and P.
frontalis to form a superspecies; Hayes (1995) and Collar (1997) suggested
they may be conspecific.
11b. Pyrrhura frontalis was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) known as P. vittata.
11c. "Pyrrhura borellii”, formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) treated as a species,
considered by Peters (1937) to be a synonym of P. f. chiripepe. See Hybrids
and Dubious Taxa.
11d. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Reddish-bellied
Parakeet", and this was also used by Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001). trace
change. proposal?
12a. Pyrrhura perlata and P. lepida form a superspecies (Haffer 1987, Collar
1997).
12b. Nomenclature of Pyrrhura perlata and P. lepida is confusing and complex.
Arndt (1983) showed that the original types of perlata were actually referable
to the name rhodogaster; thus, rhodogaster, long used as a species name
(e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), becomes a junior synonym of
perlata; the transfer of rhodogaster to the synonymy of perlata thus left the
former in need of a name, the next oldest of which is lepida. Adding further
confusion, Collar (1997) retained the English name "Pearly Parakeet" for
lepida. proposal needed?
12c. "Pyrrhura hypoxantha," formerly considered a valid (e.g., Cory 1918, Meyer
de Schauensee 1970) or questionable (Peters 1937) species, is now
considered to represent xanthistic individuals of P. molinae (Arndt 1991,
Collar 1997). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
13. [Pyrrhura superspecies note 1] [Note -- Stotz will rewrite Notes 14-14a now
that complex Proposal 306 has reached quorum]:
14. [note needed on possible splits]. Olmos et al. (1997). The subspecies emma
and griseipectus were formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) considered separate species
from Pyrrhura leucotis, but they were treated as conspecific by Peters (1937)
and Pinto (1937). The subspecies pfrimeri was also formerly (e.g., Pinto 1937)
treated as a separate species, but was considered conspecific with P.
leucotis by Peters (1937). <inc. Joseph 2002, followed by Dickinson 2003.>
SACC proposal passed to treat pfrimeri and griseipectus as separate species
from P. leucotis. Subsequently, SACC proposal to lump griseipectus into P.
leucotis passed. SACC proposal passed to transfer emma from P. leucotis to
P. picta. SACC proposal passed to re-elevate P. griseipectus to species
rank. <incorp. Olmos et al. 2005>
14a. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Pyrrhura leucotis [including pfrimeri
and griseipectus] and P. picta to form a superspecies; Haffer (1987) also
included P. melanura in that superspecies. <incorp. Ribas et al. 2006>
14b. The name for this species should be Pyrrhura anaca (Gmelin, 1788); see
Teixeira (1991). SACC proposal badly needed.
15. [note needed, and probably a proposal, on possible splits in picta; Joseph
REF]. The Colombian subspecies subandina was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Pyrrhura picta, but Peters (1937)
considered them conspecific. Arndt (2008) treated the forms subandina,
eisenmanni, caeruleiceps, and peruviana as a species, and described a new
species, Pyrrhura parvifrons, from eastern Peru. SACC proposal to recognize
parvifrons did not pass. <summarize. Ribas et al. 2006> SACC proposal
passed to separate amazonum (with snethlageae as a subspecies of
amazonum) from picta. SACC proposal passed to separate roseifrons
(including peruviana as a subspecies of roseifrons) from picta. SACC
proposal passed to separate lucianii (including peruviana as a subspecies of
roseifrons) from picta. SACC proposals to rank the subspecies eisenmanni,
caeruleiceps, and subandina as separate species did not pass.
15b. Proposals needed on English names, here given tentatively, of P.
amazonum, P. lucianii, and P. roseifrons. The names for the first two are
those used by Cory (1918) and need evaluation. "Santarem" derives from the
type locality of amazonum and thus seems appropriate. "Bonaparte's"
evidently derives from lucianii, presumably named for Jules Laurent Lucien,
aka Prince Bonaparte; Bonaparte was also the author of the genus name
Pyrrhura. "Rose-fronted" is merely the translation of the species epithet.
16. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001) suggested that the subspecies pacifica of
northwestern South America may deserve recognition as a separate species
from Pyrrhura melanura. SACC proposal to elevate pacifica to species rank
did not pass.
16a. The subspecies berlepschi was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
considered a separate species ("Berlepsch's Parakeet") from Pyrrhura
melanura, but most recent classifications have considered them conspecific
following <REF>). The Colombian subspecies souancei was formerly (e.g.,
Cory 1918) considered a separate species from Pyrrhura melanura, but
Peters (1937) considered them conspecific. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990)
suggested that the montane subspecies chapmani might deserve
recognition as a separate species.
17. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Pyrrhura melanura and
P. orcesi to form a superspecies, based on Ridgely & Robbins (1988).
<incorp. Ribas et al. 2006>
18. Recently described: Ridgely & Robbins (1988).
19. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Rock Parakeet", but see
[REFS].
20. Pyrrhura albipectus might be conspecific with P. melanura (Robbins et al.
(1987). Proposal needed to change linear sequence.
20a. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "White-breasted
Parakeet" . <trace change - S&M 1990 used White-necked>. proposal?
21. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Flame-winged Parakeet" .
<trace change -S&M 1990 used Brown-breasted>. proposal?
21a. Enicognathus ferrugineus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Peters 1937)
placed in the monotypic genus Microsittace, but see <?> Peters & Blake
(1948).
21aa. "Cyanoliseus byroni”, treated as a species by Cory (1918) and as a
subspecies of Cyanoliseus patagonus by Peters (1937), is now considered a
synonym of Enicognathus leptorhynchus (Olson 1995b, Collar 1997). See
Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
21aaa. Also known (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970, Johnson & Goodall
1967, Fjeldså & Krabbe 1990, Jaramillo 2003 etc.) as “Burrowing Parrot”.
Cory (1918) referred to it as a Parakeet (“Paroquet”), which is consistent with
its relatives as well as pointed-tailed parrots of similar size in general (versus
“parrot” for square-tailed parrots of roughly the same size). However, Meyer
de Schauensee (1966) used “Parrot”, and this was followed in much
subsequent literature. Sibley & Monroe (1990) restored “Parakeet”, and this
was followed by Collar (1997) and Dickinson (2003). In aviculture, often
called “Patagonian Conure”.
21b. Collar (1997) treated Andean luchsi as a separate species from Myiopsitta
monachus based on differences in plumage and nest site; this taxon was
formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) treated as a separate species, but Peters (1937)
considered them conspecific. SACC proposal to treat luchsi as a separate
species did not pass because of insufficient published data. Russello et al.
(2008) found that luchsi was genetically isolated from lowland populations.
SACC proposal to treat luchsi as a separate species did not pass.
21c. Psilopsiagon aymara was formerly placed in the monotypic genus
Amoropsittaca (e.g., Cory 1918, Peters 1937), but was then (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) placed in Bolborhynchus; more recently, it has been
placed in Psilopsiagon (Collar 1997, Dickinson 2003).
21d. Tavares et al. (2006) and Wright et al. (2008) found strong support for a
sister relationship between Myiopsitta and Brotogeris. SACC proposal
passed to change linear sequence. Kirchman et al. (2012) and Schirtzinger et
al. (2012) also found support for this relationship. Genetic data support the
monophyly of Brotogeris (Ribas et al. 2009). Within Brotogeris, genetic data
(Ribas et al. 2009) found strong support for two major groups, one
consisting of B. tirica, B. versicolurus, B. chiriri, and B. sanctithomae, and
the other consisting of B. pyrrhoptera, B. jugularis, B. cyanoptera, and B.
chrysoptera. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence in the
genus.
21e. Tavares et al. (2006) and Kirchman et al. (2012) found strong support for a
sister relationship between Bolborhynchus lineola and Nannopsittaca,
whereas Wright et al. (2008) found strong support for a sister relationship
between Touit and Nannopsittaca (Bolborhynchus not sampled). SACC
proposal passed to change linear sequence. Schirtzinger et al. (2012) found
that Psilopsiagon was a member in this group, sister to Bolborhynchus +
Nannopsittaca.
22. Psilopsiagon aurifrons was formerly treated as the only species in the genus
(e.g., Peters 1937), but was then (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) placed in
Bolborhynchus; more recently, it has been returned to Psilopsiagon (Collar
1997, Dickinson 2003).
22a. The southern subspecies rubrirostris was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Psilopsiagon aurifrons, but Peters (1937)
considered them conspecific.
22b. Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Bolborhynchus
orbygnesius and B. ferrugineifrons to form a superspecies.
22c. Bolborhynchus orbygnesius was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937) considered a
subspecies of Psilopsiagon aurifrons.
22cc. "Bolborhynchus andicolus”, described from Peru, was treated as a valid
species by Cory (1918) and Peters (1937); it was later found to be a synonym
of B. orbygnesius (Berlioz & Dorst 1956, Collar 1997). See Hybrids and
Dubious Taxa.
22d. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Forpus passerinus
and F. xanthopterygius to form a superspecies; once considered conspecific
(e.g., Peters 1937), Gyldenstolpe (1945) provided rationale for treating them
as separate species based on near-sympatry and plumage color differences,
and this treatment has been followed by most subsequent authors. Genetic
data (Smith et al. 2013) confirms that they are sister taxa.
22f. The genus Forpus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) placed in the genus
Psittacula, but see Peters (1937). Forpus represents a distinct lineage within
the New World parrots that is not particularly closely related to any other
genus (Schirtzinger et al. 2012). Smith et al. (2013) found that F. modestus is
sister to all other species in the genus. Proposal needed to change linear
sequence of species.
22g. The northern subspecies spengeli was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Forpus xanthopterygius, but they were
treated as conspecific by Peters (1937). Smith et al. (2013) showed that
spengeli belongs in Forpus passerinus.
22h. Bertgagnolio & Racheli (2010) described a new species of Forpus (as
“Forpus flavicollis”) based on an internet photo of a flock of caged
parrotlets; although no type specimen was declared, the description is
evidently meets ICZN criteria for availability but not necessarily for validity
(Notton 2011). SACC proposal to recognize Forpus flavicollis did not pass.
Donegan et al. (2011) considered it to be a synonym of F. conspicillatus.
23. Whitney & Pacheco (1999) proposed that the valid name for this taxon is
Forpus xanthopterygius, as in Gyldenstolpe (1945)<which one?>, and not
Forpus crassirostris as in Pinto (1945), Collar (1997), and elsewhere, or
Psittacula vivida (= Forpus vividus) as in Cory (1919). SACC proposal passed
to retain xanthopterygius. Smith et al. (2013) found evidence that the
subspecies crassirostris is best treated as a separate species. Proposal
needed.
23a. The species name formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) used for Forpus
sclateri was modestus. Pacheco & Whitney (2006) proposed that modestus
is indeed the valid name for this taxon. SACC proposal passed to change to
modestus.
23b. Sibley & Monroe (1990) considered Forpus coelestis and F. xanthops to
form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by Peters (1937), but
most classifications have followed Meyer de Schauensee (1966) <check> in
treating them as separate species. Genetic data (Smith et al. 2013) confirms
that they are sister taxa.
23c. Brotogeris tirica, B. versicolurus, and B. chiriri were formerly (e.g., Cory
1918, Pinto 1937) treated in a separate genus, Tirica, but Peters (1937)
merged this into Brotogeris. Genetic data (Ribas et al. 2009) indicate that
they are closely related, but B. sanctithomae also likely falls in this group.
24. Brotogeris chiriri was formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) considered
a subspecies of B. versicolurus, but see Pinto & Camargo (1957), REFS; they
constitute a superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990). Genetic data (Ribas et al.
2009) confirm that they are sister taxa.
24a. The species name formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) used for Brotogeris
versicolurus was virescens, but see Peters (1937).
24aa. AOU (1998) used the English name "White-winged Parakeet" for
Brotogeris versicolurus after B. chiriri was treated as a separate species, but
Dickinson (2003), following Collar (1997) and Sibley & Monroe (1990), did not
and retained "Canary-winged Parakeet" for B. versicolurus. SACC proposal
to change to "White-winged Parakeet" did not pass. New SACC proposal to
change to "White-winged Parakeet" did not pass.
24b. Haffer (1987) considered Brotogeris cyanoptera, and B. chrysoptera to form
a superspecies; Sibley & Monroe (1990) also included B. jugularis in that
superspecies. Collar (1997) was hesitant about the inclusion of B. jugularis,
although Peters (1937) wondered whether cyanoptera should be treated as a
subspecies of jugularis. Genetic data (Ribas et al. 2009) indicate that
cyanoptera and chrysoptera are sister taxa, which in turn are sister to
jugularis + pyrrhoptera.
24c. The subspecies gustavi was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Peters 1937)
considered a separate species from Brotogeris cyanoptera, but Traylor
(1958) indicated that they probably intergrade in the Huallaga valley.
24d. The species name formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) used for
Brotogeris cyanoptera was devillei, but see Peters (1937).
24e. Brotogeris is feminine, so the correct spellings of the species names are
chrysoptera and pyrrhoptera; versicolurus, however, is invariable (David &
Gosselin 2002b).
24f. The eastern subspecies tuipara and the western subspecies chrysosema
were formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) considered a separate species
from Brotogeris chrysoptera, but Peters (1937) treated them as conspecific.
24g. Collar (1997) considered Nannopsittaca panychlora and N. dachilleae to
form a superspecies.
25. Recently described: O'Neill et al. (1991).
25b. Touit is masculine, so the correct spellings of the species names are
batavicus, dilectissimus, purpuratus, melanonotus, surdus, and stictopterus
(David & Gosselin 2002b).
25c. The genus Touit was formerly (e.g., Cory 1919, Pinto 1937) known as
Urochroma, but see Peters (1937).
25d. The species name formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) used for Touit
melanonotus was wiedi, but see Peters (1937).
25dd. "Touit emmae”, known from "Bogotá”, treated as a valid species by Cory
(1918) and Peters (1937), represents the female plumage of T. stictopterus
(Dugand 1945, Meyer de Schauensee 1966, Collar 1997). See Hybrids and
Dubious Taxa.
26. Touit dilectissimus forms a superspecies with Central American T.
costaricensis (AOU 1983, Sibley & Monroe 1990); they were treated as
conspecific by Peters (1937) and Meyer de Schauensee (1966), but see
Wetmore (1968).
26a. Called "Red-winged Parakeet" in Meyer de Schauensee (1970), but that
name typically applied only when dilectissimus and costaricensis are
considered conspecific (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966).
27. Pionites melanocephalus and P. leucogaster form a superspecies (Haffer
1974, 1977, 1987, Sibley & Monroe 1990, Collar 1997).
27b. Pionites is masculine, so the correct spelling of the species name is
melanocephalus; leucogaster, however, is invariable (David & Gosselin
2002b).
27c. The western subspecies xanthomerius was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Pionites leucogaster, but Peters (1937)
treated them as conspecific.
28. All species of Pionopsitta/Pyrilia except Pionopsitta pileata were considered
to form a superspecies by Haffer (1970, 1974); Sibley & Monroe (1990)
considered only P. haematotis and P. pulchra to form a superspecies. Pyrilia
haematotis, P. pulchra, P. barrabandi, P. pyrilia, and P. caica were formerly
(e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) placed in a separate genus, Eucinetus, and P.
pyrilia was placed in the monotypic genus Pyrilia. Cracraft & Prum's (1988)
analysis of plumage characters suggested that pileata was basal to all other
Pionopsitta (then considered to include Gypopsitta), and the following sister
relationships: (a) haematotis + pulchra, (b) vulturina + barrabandi, (c) pyrilia
+ [vulturina + barrabandi], and (d) caica basal to (pyrilia + [vulturina +
barrabandi]). Ribas et al. (2005) found that Pionopsitta+Gypopsitta (=Pyrilia)
is not monophyletic, with pileata sister to the others, and they placed all but
pileata in Gypopsitta, the sister genus of which is Hapalopsittaca (Kirchman
et al. 2012, Schirtzinger et al. 2012; see also Note 31a). Tavares et al. (2006)
also found that traditional Pionopsitta was paraphyletic, and that P. pileata
was sister to a group that included Triclaria, Pyrilia, and others. SACC
proposal passed to split Gypopsitta from Pionopsitta. SACC proposal
passed on use of Pyrilia over Gypopsitta; also followed by Banks et al.
(2008). Ribas et al. (2005) also found a different set of relationships within the
Pyrilia group than those proposed by Cracraft & Prum (1988). SACC proposal
passed to change linear sequence within Pyrilia.
28a. Cracraft & Prum (1988) and Ribas et al. (2005) treated the subspecies
coccinicollaris of Panama and nw. Colombia as a separate species from
nominate Pyrilia haematotis of Middle America. SACC proposal to elevate
coccinicollaris to species rank did not pass.
28aa. Formerly known as “Red-capped Parrot”, but that is the long-standing
name for Australian Purpureicephalus spurius.
29. Pyrilia vulturina was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Pinto 1937, Phelps & Phelps
1958a, Meyer de Schauensee 1970) treated as the only member of a
monotypic genus Gypopsitta because of featherless head, but see Haffer
(1974), REFS, and Collar (1997), and subsequent phylogenetic analyses of
Cracraft & Prum (1988) and Ribas et al. (2005).
30. Newly described: Gaban-Lima et al. (2002). This taxon was previously
considered an immature plumage of P. vulturina, but see Gaban-Lima et al.
(2002). SACC proposal passed to recognize aurantiocephala as a valid new
species. "Bald Parrot" temporarily adopted for English name; SACC
proposal passed to formalize this name.
31. Pyrilia pulchra was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970)
considered a subspecies of P. haematotis, but see [REFS?] Collar (1997).
Proposal needed.
31a. Hapalopsittaca melanotis was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) placed in the
genus Pionopsitta, which at that time contained only P. pileata.
31b. Called "Black-eared Parrot" in Meyer de Schauensee (1966,1970) and
elsewhere. Proposal needed.
32. Hapalopsittaca fuertesi and H. pyrrhops were formerly (e.g., Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) considered subspecies of H. amazonina, but see Graves &
Restrepo (1989) for a return to the species limits used by Cory (1918) and
Peters (1937), as suggested by Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990); they constitute a
superspecies (Sibley & Monroe 1990).
32a. The eastern subspecies reichenowi was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Pionus menstruus, but Peters (1937)
treated them as conspecific.
32aa. Genetic data (Ribas et al. 2007) indicate that P. menstruus and P. sordidus
are not sister species as is implied in traditional linear sequences, but rather
that P. menstruus groups with P. chalcopterus, extralimital P. senilis, and P.
tumultuosus, and that P. maximiliani and P. sordidus are sisters, with P.
fuscus sister to that pair. SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.
32b. The southern subspecies corallinus was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Pionus sordidus, but Peters (1937)
treated them as conspecific.
32c. Tavares et al. (2006) found very strong support for inclusion of Pionites and
Deroptyus in a monophyletic group that consists of the genera in the linear
sequence above from Anodorhynchus through Enicognathus; they also
found very strong support for a sister relationship between Pionites and
Deroptyus, as did Wright et al. (2008) and Schirtzinger et al. (2012). SACC
proposal passed to change linear sequence.
32d. Tavares et al. (2006) and Schirtzinger et al. (2012) also found very strong
support for the monophyly of a group that consists of Pionus,
Graydidascalus, and Amazona, and Kirchman et al. (2012) confirmed
Alipiopsitta as a member of this group.
32e. "Pionus cobaltinus," described from "Colombia" and treated as a valid
species by Cory (1918), is now considered a synonym of Pionus menstruus
(Peters 1937). See Hybrids and Dubious Taxa.
32f. "Pionus bridgesi," treated as a valid species by Cory (1918), is now known
to be a synonym of Pionus maximiliani siy (Peters 1937). See Hybrids and
Dubious Taxa.
33. The subspecies seniloides was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de
Schauensee 1970) considered a separate species ("White-capped Parrot")
from Pionus tumultuosus, but see O'Neill & Parker (1977), who noted that the
only differences between the two are the degree of saturation of rosy
pigment; this treatment was followed by Collar (1997) and Dickinson (2003),
but not by Forshaw (1989), Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), or Ridgely et al. (2001).
There is no evidence of intergradation between the two. SACC proposal to
treat seniloides as a species did not pass. Recent genetic data (Ribas et al.
2007) indicate that the genetic distance between them is about the same as
other taxa ranked as species in Pionus. Proposal needed? English name
"Speckle-faced Parrot" for composite species follows suggestion by Fjeldså
& Krabbe (1990).
34. Haverschmidt & Mees (1994), Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001), and Ridgely
& Greenfield (2001) used the avicultural name "Amazon" for the English
names of the species in the genus Amazona (but did not use, for example,
"Conure" for species of Aratinga).
34a. Genetic data (Ottens-Wainwright et al. 2004, Russello & Amato 2004)
indicate that the traditional linear sequence of species in Amazona does not
reflect phylogenetic relationships. SACC proposal passed to change linear
sequence.
34aa. Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997) considered Amazona tucumana
and A. pretrei to form a superspecies; they were considered conspecific by
Peters (1937). Reports of sympatry in northeastern Argentina (Hornero 6:
535, 1936, as cited by Meyer de Schauensee 1966) are erroneous. Genetic
data (Russello & Amato 2004) support their status as sister species and also
suggest that A. vinacea is the sister to that group.
34b. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Alder Parrot”, but
"Tucuman Parrot" dates back to Cory (1919).
34c. The Ecuadorian subspecies lilacina and the Brazilian subspecies diadema
were formerly (e.g., Cory 1918, Pinto 1937) considered separate species from
Amazona autumnalis, but Peters (1937) treated them as conspecific. Ridgely
& Greenfield (2001) treated diadema as a separate species but did not
provide justification.
35. Amazona dufresniana was formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee
1966, 1970) considered a subspecies of A. brasiliensis, then called "Bluecheeked Parrot”, but see (REF). Sibley & Monroe (1990) and Collar (1997)
considered these two and A. rhodocorytha to form a superspecies. Amazona
rhodocorytha was also formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1966, 1970)
considered a subspecies of A. brasiliensis, but see Collar (1997), followed by
Dickinson (2003). Genetic data (Russello & Amato 2004) support this
treatment: Amazona rhodocorytha and A. dufresniana are sister species.
However, they are not closely related to A. brasiliensis, which is more
closely related to A. amazonica than to any other South American Amazona.
SACC proposal passed to change linear sequence.
35a. David & Gosselin (2011) showed that the correct spelling of the species
name is mercenarius. SACC proposal passed to change name.
36. The northern subspecies bodini was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918) considered a
separate species from, and only distantly related to, Amazona festiva, but
Peters (1937) treated them as conspecific.
36b. Placement of Amazona xanthops in Amazona has been questioned in
virtually every study of the genus (e.g., Ribeiro 1920, Sick 1984, Birt et al.
1992, Duarte and Caparroz 1995, Miyaki et al. 1998, Caparroz and Duarte
2004). Miranda-Ribeiro (1920) named a new genus for it: Salvatoria. Recent
genetic data (Russello & Amato 2004, Tavares et al. 2006, Kirchman et al.
2012) indicate that its inclusion in Amazona makes that genus paraphyletic
with respect to Pionus and Graydidascalus, and found strong support for a
sister relationship between xanthops and Graydidascalus. SACC proposal
passed to remove from Amazona and revive monotypic genus Salvatoria.
Caparroz & Pacheco (2006) noted that Salvatoria is preoccupied by an
annelid genus, and they proposed a new name, Alipiopsitta, for Salvatoria
Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920. SACC proposal passed to change to Alipiopsitta.
36c. The subspecies xanthopteryx was considered a separate species from
Amazona aestiva by (REF).
37. Formerly (e.g., Meyer de Schauensee 1970) called "Turquoise-fronted
Parrot" but changed for no apparent reason to “Blue-fronted” in many recent
treatments (e.g. Sibley & Monroe 1990, Collar 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998,
Clements 2000, Forshaw 2010). SACC proposal passed to restore
“Turquoise-fronted.”
37a. Formerly (e.g., Peters 1937, Meyer de Schauensee 1970), Amazona
ochrocephala was generally treated as including taxa north to Mexico.
Following Monroe & Howell (1966), most authors treated Middle American A.
oratrix and A. auropalliata as separate species; however, Forshaw (1989),
Losada & Howell (1996), and Collar (1997) have raised doubts about ranking
these taxa as species. Recent genetic data (Eberhard & Bermingham 2004,
Russello & Amato 2004, Urantówka et al. 2014) indicate that ranking of
oratrix or auropalliata as species makes A. ochrocephala paraphyletic, and
that A. ochrocephala is also paraphyletic with respect to A. aestiva and A.
barbadensis, at least at mtDNA loci. SACC proposal badly needed.
37b. The southern subspecies nattereri was formerly (e.g., Cory 1918)
considered a separate species from Amazona ochrocephala, but Peters
(1937) treated them as conspecific.
38. Recently described: Grantsau & Camargo (1989), Collar (1996). Genetic data
(Russello & Amato 2004) are consistent with treatment of Amazona kawalli
as a separate species from, but sister species to, A. farinosa, which is
sympatric with A. kawalli in southwestern Brazil. See also Martuscelli &
Yamashita (1997).
38a. Called "White-faced Amazon" in Collar (1997).
38b. Wenner et al. (2012) proposed that the Middle American subspecies
(virenticeps and guatemalae) be treated as a separate species from the
farinosa group (central Panama to South America) based on genetic data.
Proposal needed <wait NACC>.
39. Called "Vinaceous-breasted Parrot" in Meyer de Schauensee (1970), but
many recent treatments switched with no explanation a less accurate
“Vinaceous Parrot/Amazon” (e.g. Sibley & Monroe 1990, Collar 1997, Juniper
and Parr 1998, Clements 2000, Forshaw 2010). SACC proposal passed to
restore “Vinaceous-breasted.”
40. Collar (1997) suggested that the subspecies fuscifrons from south of the
Amazon River might deserve recognition as a separate species from
Deroptyus accipitrinus.
______________________________________________________________________________
Part 6. Suboscine Passeriformes, A (Sapayoidae to
Formicariidae)