(3-ма мовами) на кожне практичне заняття, які мають містити

Методичні вказівки для студентів (3-ма мовами) на кожне практичне заняття, які мають містити повну найбільш важливу та додаткову інформацію.

SPECIALITY “ CLINICAL PHARMACY”

MODULE 1 "PLANT ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY "

Practical Lesson No 1

Theme: Plant cell anatomy and microscopy

Objective: To learn the technique of microscopy, methods of temporary plant cell specimens’ preparation. Identify the structural elements of cells and learn the rules of anatomical drawings.

CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:

1. Modern definition of the term "cell".

2. Structural features of the plant cells, the protoplast concept and the products of its activity.

3. Physical state and biological properties of the cytoplasm.

4. Plant, animal, bacterial and fungal cells distinction.

5. Methods of cells study: light and electron microscopy.

6. The structure of the light microscope and technique of microscopy.

7. Peculiarities of the specimens study, rules of anatomical sketching and protocols of lessons carrying out.

Practical lesson No 2

Theme . Types, structure, composition and function of plastids

Objective: To be able to identify types of plastids under the microscope and learn their complete characteristics for structure and functions.

CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:

1. General characteristics of the main types of plastids.

2. The structure and chemical composition of chloroplasts.

3. Features of the structure, types and functions of chlorophylls. The biological essence of photosynthesis.

4. Chromoplasts: formation, function, biological significance.

5. Leucoplasts: structure, localization in a cell, function.

6. Transformation of some types of plastids into others.

7. Chromatophores as algal chloroplasts: features of the structure and pigments composition.


Theme: Constitutional and stored substances of plant cells. Their definition, formation and structure

Objectives: Learn the microscopy technique for starch grains and crystalline inclusions that have diagnostic meaning in plant cells.


1. Constitutional matters of cytoplasm: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, etc., and their importance for certain cell and for plant in general.

2. Stored substances: the place of origin and accumulation in the cell, form of storing and significance.

3. Liquid carbohydrates: mono-di-and polysaccharides – their formation and localization in the cell.

4. Solid polysaccharides: molecular structure, chemical composition and properties of starch.

The primary and secondary starch formation.

5. Starch grains: formation, structure, types of grains and their diagnostic value, qualitative reaction for starch.

6. Stored proteins: types of protein inclusions. Formation, structure and chemical composition of aleuronic grains; qualitative reactions for them.

7. Fatty oil: synthesis and accumulation in cells, chemical nature, properties, energy value, qualitative reaction.


Theme: The composition of the cell juice. Definition of excretory substances of plant cells.

Objective.

Learn the microscopy technique for determination of crystalline inclusions in plant cells.


1. The cell juice of vacuole: chemical composition, physical and chemical properties.

2. Substances that compose the cell juice: a) nitrogenous organic substances; b) anitrogenous organic substances; c) inorganic substances.

3. Excretory substances of the cell, their formation, localization.

4. The final metabolism products: calcium oxalate crystals – their formation, variety, diagnostic value.

5. Calcium carbonate crystals – origin and localisation

5. Reactions using for calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate crystals identification in the cell.


Theme : The cell wall structure. Pit types.

Objective: To learn the peculiarities of the plan cell wall structure, and study ways of a qualitative analysis for the substances of the cell membrane.


1. Primary cell wall origin, its composition and function.

2. Secondary cell wall: formation, structure, composition, function.

3. Characteristics of cell wall substances, their practical use.

4. The pores of the cell wall: their formation, structure, classification, purpose.

5. Plasmodesmata: formation, structure, functions.

6. Secondary chemical and structural changes of the cell wall, their practical use.

7. Qualitative reaction of substances that compose the cell wall.


Independent educational and research work: “Specimens’ preparation a and research, definition and description of diagnostic cell features"


1. The modern cell definition.

2. Structural features of plant cells, the concept of protoplast and its life products.

3. Physical state and biological properties of the cytoplasm.

4. Distinctions of plant, animal, bacterial and fungal cells.

5. Methods of cell research: light and electron microscopy techniques.

6. General characteristics of the main types of plastids.

7. The structure and chemical composition of chloroplasts.

8. Features of the structure, types and functions of chlorophylls. The biological nature of photosynthesis.

9. Chromoplasts: formation, function, biological significance.

10. Leucoplasts: structure, localization in cell, function.

11. Conversation of some plastids types to others.

12. Chloroplasts of algae - chromatophores: structural features and composition of the pigments.

13. Constitutional cytoplasm components - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, etc., and their importance for particular cells and plants in general.

14. Stored substance: the site of formation and accumulation in the cell, storing form and importance.

15. Liquid carbohydrates: mono-di-and polysaccharides: formation and localization in the cell.

16. Solid polysaccharides: molecular structure and chemical composition of starch, properties, primary and secondary starch formation.

17. Starch grains: formation, structure, types of grains and their diagnostic significance, qualitative reaction for starch.

18. Accumulated proteins: types of protein inclusions. Aleurone grains’ formation, structure and chemical composition, qualitative reaction.

19. Fatty oil: synthesis and accumulation in the cells, chemical nature, properties, energy value, qualitative reaction.

20. Vacuolar cell juice: chemical composition, physical and chemical properties.

21. Substances that are the cell juice components: a) nitrogenous organic matter; b) nitrogen-free organic matter; c) inorganic substances

22. Excretory substance of cells, their formation, localization.

23. The final metabolism products: calcium oxalate crystals - formation, a variety of forms, diagnostic significance.

24. Qualitative reactions for calcium oxalate and calcium carbonate identification.

25. Primary cell wall formation, composition and function.

26. Secondary cell wall: formation, structure, composition, function.

27. Cell wall substances characteristics, their practical use.

28. The pores of the cell wall: their formation, structure, classification, functions.

29. Plasmodesmata: formation, structure, functions.

30. Secondary chemical and structural changes of the cell wall, their practical usage.

31. Qualitative reaction for substances that compose the cell wall.


Theme . Plant tissues concept. Dermal tissues.

Objective . Study general characteristics and classification of tissues. Learn the histological analysis essentials to determine the diagnostic features of different types of dermal tissues.


1. Plant tissue: definition, classification in accordance with the ways of origin, morphology, function, location in the organs.

2. Dermal tissue: function and classification.

3. Primary dermal tissue - epidermis, its formation. Main structural features and function of the histological elements of dermal tissues.

4. Basic epidermal cells: structure, function, diagnostic features.

5. Stomata: formation, position in relation to subsidiary epidermal cells, function, operation.

6. Major types of stomatal complexes, their taxonomic and diagnostic value.

7. Epidermal trichomes: formation, diversity, classification, morphological features, diagnostic value, practical use.

8. Protective epidermal facilities - cuticle wax, mucus and others, the impact of environmental factors to the epidermis composition.

9. Epiblema or rhizoderm - primary integumentary and adsorbing tissue of the root: formation, features of the structure and functioning.

10. Secondary dermal tissues: periderm: formation, composition and characteristics of the components, their significance and use.

12. Lenticels: formation, structure, functional and diagnostic value.

13. Cork - coating tissue of woody plants: formation, composition, cortex types, their diagnostic features, practical use.


Theme.

Secretory and ground tissues.

Objective: To be able to identify the secretory and ground tissues types, in accordance with their main microscopic features and location in the plant body.


1. Secretory tissue: function and classification.

2. Exogenous secretory tissues and structures: functional peculiarities, localization, classification.

2.1. Glandular trichomes - capitate hairs, glandules, scales, nectaries: peculiarities of structure and function, taxonomic and diagnostic value.

2.2. Hidatodes or water stomata: formation, location, value, way of operation.

3. Endogenous excretory tissues and structures: the peculiarities of formation, structure, operation, location in the plant body, classification.

3.1. Cells-idioblasts: distinctive features, their location in the plant body, the composition of secretions.

3.2. Secretory receptacles, passages and ducts: classification by the mean of origin and structure, location in the plant organs, secretion composition, taxonomic and diagnostic value.

3.3. Lacticifers: classification by the ways of origin and structure, taxonomic and diagnostic value, composition of milky juice, it usage.

4. Ground tissue - assimilative, storing, water and gas skipping: function, structural features, location in the plant organs and their parts.


Theme.

Mechanical Tissues.

Objective: Study the classification, structural features and location of mechanical tissues. On the basis of the knowledge learned to be able to carry out the histological analysis and description of plant objects. To be able to determine the diagnostic features of tissues learned.


1Mehanichni tissue: classification, function, location in plant organs and their parts.

1.1. Collenchyma and its types: the place of origin, structural features;

1.2 Sclerenchyma fibers: in the bast, wood, pericycle, cortex;

1.3. Sclereides: structural features of the different types, localization in plant organs;

Pracrical Lesson No 10

Theme: Vascular (Conductive) Tissues

Objective: Study the classification, structural features and location of vascular tissues. On the basis of the knowledge learned to be able to carry out the histological analysis and description of plant objects. To be able to determine the diagnostic features of tissues learned.


1. Vascular tissues, their function and classification.

2. Characteristics of the vascular tissues that provide an upward flow of substances in the plant body:

2.1. Vessels: origin, principles of operation, the variety of types and diagnostic value.

2.2. Traheides: structural features, principles of operation, the variety of types and diagnostic value.

3. Vascular tissue that provides a downward flow of organic matters – sieve cells, sieve tubes with companion cells: formation, structural features, principles of operation.


Theme . Xylem and phloem as a complex tissues. Vascular bundles.

Objective: To study the structural patterns of xylem and phloem, to be able to identify the vascular bundles types, find out their diagnostic features and taxonomic characteristics.


1. Phloem as a compound tissue (bast): histological composition, location in the plant body, importance.

2. Xylem as a compound tissue (wood): histological composition, location in the plant body, importance.

3. Phloem and xylem structure in monocots, dicots, gymnosperms and seed vascular plants.

4. Vascular bundles: formation, structure, types, arrangement patterns in plant organs, diagnostic value.


Theme:

Independent educational and research work: “Identification and description of the diagnostic features of plant cells and tissues”. Test control for Content Module 1.

The program of self students’ study

1. The modern cells definitions. Differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The structure of the eukaryotic plant cell.

2. Protoplast and its components:

2.1. Cytoplasm: structure, chemical composition, biological, physical and chemical properties and their importance. Organelles and endomembranous structures of cytoplasm.

2.2. Plastids: formation, types and variety, their structure, chemical composition and function.

The value and practical usage of plastid’ pigments. Biological relationship and the ability of certain plastid type convert into another one.

3. Vital products of protoplasts:

3.1. Cell wall: formation, structure, chemical composition, cell wall pores, their types and structural features, secondary changes of the cell wall, their importance, qualitative microreactions for the substance of the cell wall, its practical usage.

3.2. Vacuoles with the cell juice: formation, location in the cell, importance; the cell juice composition, practical usage of vacuole inclusions.

3.3. Cell inclusions: formation, classification in accordance with their value, physical and chemical properties, and accumulation sites in the cell.

3.4. The final metabolism products or excreted substances: crystalline inclusions, their chemical nature, formation and accumulation inside cells, tissues and organs; variety of forms and diagnostic value, qualitative reactions.

4. Stored or reserve nutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, fatty oils:

4.1. Liquid, soluble carbohydrates - mono-and disaccharides, polysaccharides (inulin and glycogen): site of synthesis, storage form, significance for plant and practical usage.

4.2. Solid, insoluble polysaccharides - starch: starch types, physical and chemical properties, reaction for starch types’ detection, mode of accumulation. Starch grains: formation, structure, types, diagnostic value, practical usage.

4.3. Storage proteins, or aleirone grains: their distinctions from the constitutional proteins, localization in the cell, forms of accumulation. Aleirone grains formation, structure, types, locations, accumulation, qualitative microreactions, value and practical usage.

4.4. Fatty oil: chemical nature and properties of formation and ways of accumulation in the cell, it distinctions from the essential oil, reaction for detection, significance and practical usage.

5. Ergastic substances of different nature and their significance for the cells and plants: essential oils, resins and balsams, tannins, mucus and gums, alkaloids, flavonoids and others, their biological importance and practical usage.

6. Plant tissues: definition, classification by ways of origin, morphology, function, arrangement in the organs; distinctive diagnostic features of major groups of tissues.

7. Forming tissues or meristems: function, structural features of meristematic cells, classification and significance of meristems for plant body.

8. Dermal tissue: functions and classification.

8.1. Primary integumentary tissue - epidermis: formation, features, functions, basic histological elements, their structure and function.

8.1.1. Main epidermal cells: structural features, functions, diagnostic traits.

8.1.2. Stomatal complexes: function, structure, mechanism of operation, main types, diagnostic and taxonomic significance; types of stomatal complexes of matured epidermis.

8.1.3. Epidermal trichomes: diversity and classification, structure, physiology and diagnostic value, practical use.

8.2. Secondary dermal tissues - periderm and cork: their formation, structure, significance, usage. Structure and function of letnticels, their diagnostic features.

8.3. Epiblema or rhizoderma as a covering and absorptive tissue of the root: peculiarities of structure and function.

9. Ground tissue - assimilating, storing, water and gas soaking – function of it, structural features, location in the plant body and its parts.

10. Excretory or secretory tissues and formations: function, classification, diagnostic value.

10.1. Endogenous secretory tissues and formations: functional peculiarities, location in the plant body, classification:

10.1.1. Cells-idioblasts: their signs (features), location in the plant body, chemical nature and composition of the secretions.

10.1.2. Secretory receptacles, passages and ducts: classification in accordance with the way of origin, location in the plant body and it parts, composition of secretions, taxonomic and diagnostic importance.

10.1.3. Lacticifers: classification in accordance with the way of formation and structure; composition, importance and usage of milky juice; its taxonomic and diagnostic meaning.

10.2. Exogenous excretory tissue and formations: specific function, location, classification.

10.2.1. Glandular trichomes - capitate hairs, glands, scales, nectaries: structural peculiarities and function; composition, significance and usage of secrets; taxonomic importance.

10.2.2. Hidatodes or water stomata: formation, location, operation.

11. Mechanical tissue - collenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers (pericyclic, bast, wood), sklereids: their function, structural features, types, location in plant organs, diagnostic value.

12. Vascular tissues: functions and classification.

12.1. Conductive tissues that provide upward flow of water and minerals - vessels and tracheides

(tracheal elements): formation and structural features, primitive and advanced traits; operation principles, the variety of types and diagnostic significance.

11.2. Conducting tissue, providing a downward flow of organic substances - sieve cells and sieve tubes with companion cells: formation, structural features, principles of operation.

13. Complex tissue - phloem (bast) and xylem (wood): formation, histological structure, location in the plant bodies, importance.

14. Vascular bundles: origin, composition, types; location in plant organs, systematic correspondance, diagnostic importance.


Theme: Morphology of the root. Root metamorphosis.

Objective: Determine the importance of root for plant body, identify the morphological features of the root system components, their development in ontogenesis.


1. Patterns of plant body structure. Classification of plant organs.

2. Definition and function of roots.

3. Types of roots.

4. Types of root systems.

5. Root metamorphosis, roots usage in economy and medicine.


Theme: Morphology of shoot, stem. Shoot metamorphosis .

Objectives: Determine the importance of shoots for plant body, identify morphological features of its components, their development in ontogenesis. Learn the structure of shoot and their parts, find out stem metamorphosis.


1. Definition and function of shoots.

2. Stem as a shoot part, its function.

3. Branching types

4. Diversity of stem form and shoot position in space.

5. Specialization and metamorphosis of shoots.

6. Diagnostic importance and practical usage of the shoots.


Theme: Sprout morphology, bud morphology. Buds types and their significance for plants.

Objectives: Examine the structure of the sprout, vegetative and generative buds. To be able to distinguish between morphological types of buds.


1. Sprout morphology.

2. Differences in germination of dicot and monocot plants.

3. The concept of "bud", its significance for the evolution

4. Vegetative and generative buds, their structure.

5. Types of buds in accordance with their integuments.

6. Types of buds in accordance with location buds on the shoots.

7. Classification of buds accordingly to their origin.

8. Types of buds in accordance to their functions.


Theme: Morphology of leaves and their metamorphosis

Objective: Determine the importance of leaf blade for a whole plant body. Examine the components of leaf and their main morphological features. To identify the basic criteria of morphological characteristics of the leaf blade. To study the leaf metamorphosis.


1. Leaf, its significance and function.

2. Morphological characteristics of the leaf components (leaf blade (lamina), petiole, stipules).

3. Types of leaves arrangement on the stem and types of leaf attachment to the stem. Simple and compound leaves.

4. Morphological characteristics of simple leaves with entire leaf blade (lamina shape and its parts - the base, apex, edge, venation types).

5. Morphological characteristics of simple leaves with dissected plate.

6. Classification and morphological characteristics of compound leaves.

7. Detection of a various morphological characters of leaves depending on environmental conditions.

8. Leaf metamorphosis, their characteristics and importance for plants.


Theme: Angiosperms and Gymnosperms leaves Anatomy.

Objective: Identify the basic principles of the internal leaf structure depending on the functional and morphological characteristics and growth conditions of plants.


1. Peculiarities of growth, structure and function of leaves.

2. Leaf anatomy types for dicot plants.

3. Leaf anatomy of monocot plants.

4. Anatomy of coniferous leaf.

5. Vascular system and leaf venation.

6. Leaf anatomy correspondence with the living conditions (light, water, etc.)..


Theme: Primary anatomy of monocot and dicot root of herbaceous plants

Objective: To study the patterns of root anatomy and to be able to identify the diagnostic features of objects, describe and sketch them.


1. Root zones, their structure and function.

2. Primary structure of roots: general patterns of tissues location and their characteristics.

3. The root structure of monocotyledonous herbaceous plants.

4. The root structure of dicotyledonous herbaceous plants in the absorption (suction) zone.

5. The transition from the primary structure to the secondary one in the differentiation

(conduction and fortification) zone in the roots of dicotyledonous plants.

6. Secondary structure of the herbaceous dicot roots (bundled and unbundled types).


Theme: Anatomical structure of the main root of woody plants.

Objective: To find out the patterns of woody root anatomy, to be able to identify their diagnostic features.


1. Transition of primary root anatomy to the secondary one in the conductin (fortification and differentiation) zone.

2. Secondary structure of roots of herbaceous dicot plants (bundled, unbundled and transitional types)

3.Perennial plant root anatomy.


Theme: Anatomy of main root modifications

Objective: To find out the patterns of edible roots anatomy, to be able to identify their diagnostic features.


1. Anatomy of edible roots:

2. Monocambial xylem type;

3. Monocambial phloem type;

4. Polycambial type;

5. Diagnostic anatomy features of various roots.


Theme: Stems and rhizomes anatomy of monocotyledonous plants.

Objective: Identify and explain the patterns of tissues arrangement in the stems and rhizomes of monocotyledonous plants.


1. General patterns of monocot stems’ structure.

2. Anatomy of aboveground stems: a) with undeveloped primary cortex - filled and hollow; b) with developed primary cortex;

3. Monocot aboveground woody stems anatomy.

4. Underground stems of monocotyledonous plants (rhizomes) anatomy.

5. Distinctive features of the stems of monocot plants and their systematic and diagnostic significance.


Theme: Dicot stems and rhizomes anatomy.

Objective: To identify the patterns and diagnostic features of tissues location in the stems of dicotyledonous plants.


1. General anatomy of stems of dicot herbaceous plants.

2. Anatomy of bundled stem type.

3. Anatomy of stems with transitional structure.

4. Anatomy of unbundled stem type.

5. Dicot rhizome anatomy.

6. Distinct diagnostic features of dicots stems and their systematic and diagnostic value.


Theme: Woody stems Anatomy.

Objective: Identify the structural features of the woody stems and differentiate them from the herbaceous plants stems and rhizomes.


1. Patterns of woody dicot plants stem anatomy: a) description of integumentary tissue; b) characteristics of primary and secondary cortex; c) characteristics of phloem and xylem; d) patterns of annual rings formation.

2. Gymnosperms woody stem anatomy.

3. Diagnostic signs of woody stems.

4. The sapwood and the heartwood concept.


Independent educational and research work: “Microscopy of the plant axial organs”. Test control for Content Module 2.

Tests include:

1) Review and assessment of theoretical knowledge and practical skills for content modules

"Plant tissues" and "Plant vegetative organs’ anatomy" ;

2) Implementation of two practical tasks: preparation and description of specimens made up from leaf surface and from the cross-section of axial organ.

Questions for self study:

1. Root zones, their structure and function.

2. Primary root anatomy: general patterns of tissues location and their characteristics.

3. Root anatomy of monocotyledonous herbaceous plants.

4. Root anatomy of dicotyledonous herbaceous plants in the zone of absorption (suction, maturation).

5. The transition from the primary anatomy of the dicot roots to the secondary one.

6. Secondary anatomy of the roots of herbal dicots (byndled and unbundled types).

7 Anatomy of perennial roots.

8. Anatomy of edible roots:

8.1 Monocambial xylem type;

8.2 Monocambial phloem type;

8.3 Polycambial type;

9. Diagnostic anatomy features of various roots.

10. General pathways of herbal monocot stems formation.

11. Aboveground stems anatomy: a. with underdeveloped primary bark - filled and hollow; b. with developed primary cortex;

12. Aboveground monocot woody stems anatomy.

13. Anatomy of rhizomes - underground stems of monocotyledonous.

14. Distinctive features of the stems of monocots plants and their systematic and diagnostic value.

15. General anatomy of dicot herbaceous stems.

16. Anatomy of stems of the bundled type.

17. Anatomy of stems of transitional type.

18. Anatomy of stems of unbundled type.

19. Dicot roots anatomy.

20. Distinctive diagnostic features of stems of dicotyledonous plants and their systematic and diagnostic importance.

21. Patterns of woody stemsanatomy: a. integumentary tissue characteristics; b. characteristics of primary and secondary cortex; c. phloem and xylem characteristics; d. peculiarities of annual rings formation.

22. Anatomy of stems of Gymnosperms.

23. Diagnostic features of woody stems.

24. The concept of the sapwood and the heartwood.

25. Evolution of the stem. Stele theory, stele types.

26. Peculiarities of growth, structure and function of leaves.

27. Dicot leaf anatomy.

28. Monocot leaf anatomy.

29. Gymnospoerms leaves anatomy.

30. Vascular system and venation of the leaf.

31. Correspondence of leaf anatomy with the living conditions (light, humidity, etc.) of the plant.


Theme: Flower morphology.

Objective: To examine the structure of the flower and its parts significance. To be able to distinguish the flower types.


1. Flower as a generative organ of Angiosperms.

2. Parts of a flower and their function:

- Receptacle, its shape and diagnostic importance;

- Perianth and its types;

- Calyx, its form, modification, functions;

- Corolla, shape of regular and irregular corollas;

- The structure of the stamens, androecium types;

- The structure of the pistil, gynoecium types;

3. Sexual types of flowers; di- and monoecious plants.

4. Formula and flower diagram.


Theme: Inflorescence morphology.

Objective: Examine the structure of the inflorescence and the function of its parts. To be able to distinguish between inflorescence types.


1. Inflorescence s, determination, structure.

2. Inflorescences classification:

- Monopodial;

- Sympodial;

- Combined.

3. Examples of plants with different types of inflorescences.


Theme : Fruit morphology.

Objective: To study the morphological characteristics of fruits and seeds, to be able to distinguish between monocarpous, apocarpous, coenocarpous and pseudomonocarpous fruits and their types; examine composite fruits structure and study their classification.


1. The "fruit" definition, its features and significance.

2. Fruit structure and importance of its constituent parts.

3. Classification of fruits by its morphology and genetic features:

- Apocarpous (aggregate) fruits;

- Monocarpous (simple or true) fruits;

- Coenocarpous (syncarpous, simple) fruits;

- Pseudomonocarpous fruits;

- Accessory fruits

4. Composite (multiple) fruit: formation, types, significance and usage.

5. Significance and usage of fruits and composite fruits.


Independent educational and research work: “Morphology of the generative plant organs”.

Test control of Content Module 3” .

Question for study by self:

1. Flower as a generative organ of Angiosperms.

2. Parts of a flower and their function:

- Receptacle, its shape and diagnostic value;

- Perianth and its types;

- Calyx, its types, modification, function;

- Corolla, its shape. Regular and irregular corollas;

- The structure of the stamens, androecium types;

- The structure of the pistil, gynoecium types;

3. Sexual types of flowers, mono- and diecious plants.

4. Formula and diagram of flower.

5. Inflorescences, definition, structure, classification.

6. Characteristics and main features of simple monopodial inflorescences.

7. Characteristics and main features of complex monopodial inflorescences.

8. Characteristics and main features of sympodial inflorescences.

9. Characteristics and main features of the combined inflorescences.

10. The definition of "fruit", its features and importance.

11. The structure of the fruit and the value of its constituent parts.

12. Classification of fruits by morphological and genetic features: apocarpous fruit; monocarpous fruit; coenocarpous fruit; pseudomonocarpous fruit.

13. Compound (aggregate, multiple) fruit: formation, types, importance and usage.

14. Importance and usage of fruits and aggregate fruits.


Comprehensive check for Module 1. Test control for Module 1.


Comprehensive check for Module 1. Independent educational and research work: "Macro-and microscopic analysis of plant object".

Module 2 “Plant Systematic”


Theme: Systematics, its departments, types of systems. Living beings Classifications types.

Domain Prokaryotes (Procaryota), the Kingdom Bacteria (Monera), Division of Cyanobacteria

(Cyanobacteria).


1. Systematics as a science, its objectives and departments.

2. Taxonomy milestones, types of systems.

3. Categories of Taxonomy, binary nomenclature.

4. General classification of living beings.

5. Comparison of Domain Prokaryotes (Procaryota) and Eukaryotes (Eucaryota).

6. Kingdom Bacteria (Monera), Division of Cyanobacteria (Cyanobacteria), morphology and physiology of its representatives, nutrition, reproduction.

7. Cyanobacteria characteristics of economical and medical importance.


Theme: Kingdom Fungi (Mycota, Fungi), Division of True Fungi.


1. General description of the Kingdom Fungi (Mycota): structural features of fungal cells, nutrition, reproduction, classification.

2. Class Zygomycetes: vegetative body structure, nutrition, reproduction by example of the genus Mucor.

3. Class Ascomycota (Ascomycetes): vegetative body structure, nutrition, reproduction.

Characteristics of the yeast genus (Saccharomyces), ergot genus (Glaviceps purpurea).

4. Class Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes): vegetative body structure, nutrition, reproduction

(champignons, tinder, shelf fungus).

5. Class Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes): vegetative body structure, nutrition, reproduction.

Representatives of the Penicillium and Aspergillus genera.

6. Environmental and practical significance of fungi, their usage in the economy and medicine.

Practical Lesson 3

Theme: Plant Kingdom (Plantae, Vegetabilia). Subkingdom True Algae (Phycobionta),

Divisions Green algae (Chlorophyta) and Brown Algae (Phaeophyta). Division Lichens

(Lichenophyta).


1. Kingdom of Plants (Plantae). General characteristics, classification.

2. Algae - unsystematic conventional group of lower plants: general characteristics, structural features of the cells, ecology, importance.

3. Division Green algae (Chlorophyta): characteristics, distribution, nutrition, reproduction, significance by example of certain individual members: a) unicellular green alga of Chlamydomonas and Chlorella genera; b) multicellular Green Algae of Spirogira genus; c) Colonial Green Algae forms by the example of Volvox genus ( Volvox globator );

4. Division BrownAlgae (Phaeophyta): general description, distribution, reproduction, significance. Representatives: palmate kelp ( Laminaria digitata ), fucus ( Fucus ).

5. Lichens Division (Lichenophyta) - general characteristics, structure of thallus, classification, nutrition, reproduction, ecology, importance and usage of individual members.


Theme: Subkingdom Higher plants (Cormobionta). Department of Higher Spore Non-Vascular plants or Mosses (Bryophyta). Higher spore vascular plants: Lycopodiophyta (club mosses),

Equisetophyta (horsetails) and Polypodiophyta (ferns) Divisions


1. Subkingdom higher plants (Cormobionta): progressive traits, classification.

2. Higher non-vascular spore plants - mosses Bryophyta Division. General characteristics, distinction from vascular plants, classification.

3. Class True Mosses (Bryopsida). Representative Common haircap moss ( Polytrichum commune ) - morphology, life cycle, application in medicine.

4. Genus Sphagnum : morphological characteristics, life cycle, importance and application of representatives.

5. Higher spore vascular plants: advanced features appeared in connection with terrestrial mode of life, the alternation of generations, classification.

6. Lycopodiophyta (Lycopods) Division- general characteristics, historical significance, classification.

7. Lifecycles, morphology, ecology, importance and application of Lycopods: wolf's-foot clubmoss, stag's-horn clubmoss or groundpine (Lycopodium clavatum ), lesser clubmoss or northern spikemoss ( Selaginella selaginoides ).

8. Department horsetails (Equisetophyta) - general characteristics, classification. Morphology, ecology, lifecycle and importance by the example of the horsetail ( Equisetum arvense ), which is

Class of Equisetopsida representative.

9. Division Polypodiophyta (ferns) - general characteristics, classification. Morphology, ecology, lifecycle and significance by example of male fern ( Dryopteris filix mas ).


Theme: Division of Gymnosperms or Pine trees (Pynophyta), Conifers (Pynopsida), gnetales

(Gnetopsida) Classes


1. SEEDS: progressive signs, classification.

2. Gymnosperms (Pynophyta Division): general description, classification.

3. Class Conifers (Pynopsida), main features.

4. Structure and fertilization of cones by example of pine ( Pinus silvestris ).

5. Morphology, anatomy and ecology of Pine family (Pinaceae). Structure, significans and usage of the pine ( Pinus ), spruce ( Picea ), fir ( Abies ), larch ( Larix ) genera.

6. Morphological and ecological features of Cypress Family (Cupressaceae) representatives.

Characteristics of juniper ( Juniperus ) and thuja ( Thuja ) genera.

7. Class Gnetales (Gnetopsida), general characteristics. Structure, importance and usage by the example of the ephedra (Ephedraceae) family.


Check for the Content Module 1 “Plant Systematic as a Subject. Systematic of Lower

Plants”

Tasks for the self study

1. Using literature and lecture summaries repeat theoretical material (1-6 practical lessons).

2. Learn basic characteristics of the studied sections and classes.

3. Repeat the life cycles of representatives of the classes, their ecology, nutrition, reproduction, usage in medicine and other fields.


Theme: Characteristics of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta), class dicots. Characteristic features of flowering plants ()Angiosperms. Peculiarities of pollination and fertilization.


1. Division Magnoliophyta: advanced features, general characteristics.

2. The lifecycle of Angiosperms:

A) Microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis;

B) Macrosporogenesis and macrogametogenesis;

B) Pollination, fertilization, development of seed and fruit formation

3. Classification of Angiosperms and comparative characteristic of Monocots (Liliopsida) and

Dicots (Magnoliopsida) Classes.

4. Class Dicots or Magnoliopsida, characteristic of Subclasses.


Theme: Class Dicots. Subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae. Families Schizandraceae,

Lauraceae, Ranunculaceae, Papaveraceae and their representatives.


1. Subclass Magnoliidae, Family Lauraceae. Morphology, ecology and application of laurel.

2. Subclass Magnoliidae, Family Schizandraceae. Morphology, ecology and application of

Schisandra chinensis .

3. Subclass Ranunculidae. General characteristics of the Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae).

4. Morphology, ecology and usage of the Buttercup Family: Helleborum and Aconitum genera,

Delphinium elatum, Consolida arvensis, Adonis vernalis, Ranunculus acris .

5. Subclass Ranunculidae. General characteristics of the Poppy Family (Papaveraceae).

6. Morphological and ecological characteristics and usage of the Poppy Family representatives: opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ), celandine ( Chelidonium majus ).


Theme: Subclass Cariophylidae. Buckwheat (Polygonaceae) Family, Subclass Dilleniidae,

Cabbage (Brassicaceae) Family, Heather (Ericaceae) Family.


1. Subclass Cariophylidae: general characteristics.

2. Morphological and anatomical characteristics of buckwheat family (Polygonaceae).

3. Comparative characteristics and morphological description of the Polygonaceae Family plants: common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum sagitatum ), knotweed ( Polygonum aviculare ), rhubarb

( Phleum tanguticum ), sorrel ( Rumex acetosa ).

4. Subclass Dilleniidae: general characteristics.

5. Morphological and diagnostic features of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae).

6. Comparative characteristics and morphological description of the cabbage family plants: lady's purse ( Capsella bursa-pastoris ), ( Erysimum canescens ); mustard ( Sinapis ), cabbage

( Brassica ), radish ( Rhaphanus ) genera.

7. Morphological and diagnostic features of heather family (Ericaceae).

8. Comparative characteristics and morphological description of the Heather Family representatives: heather ( Calluna vulgaris ), wild rosemary ( Ledum palustre ), bearberry

( Arctostaphylos uva ursi ), cranberries ( Oxycoccus palustris ), bilberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus ), lingonberry ( Vaccinium vitis idaea).


Theme: Subclass Rosides (Rosidae). Legume (Fabaceae) and Celery (Apiaceae) Families


1. General characteristics of the Legume Family (Fabaceae).

2. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the Faboideae subfamily of Fabaceae Family and its individual members.

3. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the Celery family (Apiaceae).

4. Morphological description of the Celery Family: a) essential oil and aromatic plants; b) vegetables; c) poisonous and medicinal plants of natural flora.


Theme: Subclass Rosides (Rosidae). The Rose (Rosaceae), buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) Families


1. General characteristics of the rose family (Rosaceae).

2. Subfamily Rosoideae characteristic and morphological description of its representatives.

3. Subfamily Maloideae characteristic and morphological description of the members of this subfamily.

4. Subfamily Prunoideae characteristic and morphological description of its representatives.

5. Morphological and diagnostic features of buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) Family members.

Practical Lesson 12

Comprehensive check for Content Module 4. Herbarium Minimum. Part 1


Theme: Subclass Lamiidae. Labiatae (Lamiaceae), nightshade (Solanaceae), Fig-wort

(Scrophulariaceae) Families

CHECK-UP QUESTIONS :

1. General characteristics of the family Lamiaceae.

2. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the family Lamiaceae representatives and their medical significance.

3. General characteristics of the nightshade family (Solanaceae).

4. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the family Solanaceae representatives, their economical and medical importance.

5. General characteristics of Fig-wort family (Scrophulariaceae).

6. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of Fig-wort Family representatives and their medical significance.


Theme: Subclass Asterales (Asteridae). Family Asteraceae or Composite (Asteraceae)


1. General characteristics of the Asteraceae family (Asteraceae).

2. Types of flowers of Aster Family members and features of their structure.

3. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the species of the family, their usage.


Theme: Class Monocots or Liliopsida. Characteristics of the main Families.


1. General characteristics of Liliopsida Class.

2. Characteristics of Onion (Alliaceae) Family, morphology and diagnostic features of this family species.

3. Characteristic of family Asphodelaceae Family. Morphology and diagnostic features of Aloe.

4. Characteristics of the Lily Family (Convallariaceae), morphology and diagnostic characters of medicinal plants of this family.

5. Characteristics of the Grasses (Poaceae) Family, morphology and diagnostic features of species used in the economy and medicine.

6. Characteristics of the Palm Family (Arecacea, Palmae) and its representatives.

7. Morphological and diagnostic characteristics of the Araceae Family member – Acorus calamus .


Theme: Medicinal plants are common for Ukraine.

Study morphology of following medicinal plants of Ukraine:

Urticaceae – Nettle, Stinging nettle ( Urtica dioica )

Clusiaceae - St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum )

Plantaginaceae - Plantain ( Plantago major )

Malvaceae - Malva mallow ( Althaea officinalis )

Linaceae - Flax ( Linum usitatissimum )

Valerianaceae - Valerian ( Valeriana officinalis )

Fagaceae - Oak ( Quercus robur)

Betulaceae - Birch ( Betula verrucosa)

Tiliaceae – Linden tree ( Tilia cordata )

Hyppocastanaceae - Horse Chestnut ( Aesculus hippocastanum)

Elaegnaceae - Seabuckthorn ( Hyppophae rhamnoides )

Juglandaceae - Walnut ( Juglans regia )

Cucurbitaceae - Pumpkin ( Cucurbita pepo )

Rhamnaceae - Buckthorn ( Rhamnus cathartica )

Rhamnaceae - Rhamnus ( Frangula alnus )

Viburnaceae - Viburnum opulus

Sambucaceae - Elderberry ( Sambucus nigra )


Theme: Medicinal plants of areas with high temperature conditions (thermophiles).

Objective: To compose the biological and morphological characteristic of medicinal plants are natural in the areas with high temperature regime.

Apocinaceae Family (the Dogbane Family) - Oleander ( Nerium oleander )

Rubiaceae Family (the Bedstraw Family) - Cinchona ( Cinchona succirubra )

Myrtaceae Family (Myrtle Family) - Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus globules )

Theaceae Family (Tea Family) - Chinese Tea ( Thea sinensis )

Rutaceae Family ( Rue or Citrus Family) - Lemon ( Citrus limon )

Rutaceae Family ( Rue or Citrus Family) - Mandarin ( Citrus reticulata )

Rutaceae Family ( Rue or Citrus Family) - Sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis )

Rutaceae Family ( Rue or Citrus Family) - Grapefruit ( Citrus paradisi )

Oleaceae Family (Olive Family) – European Olive ( Olea europaea )

Cucurbitaceae Family ( Cucurbit or Gourd Family) - Melon ( Cucumis melo )

Cucurbitaceae Family ( Cucurbit or Gourd Family) - Watermelon ( Citrulus lanatus )

Malvaceae Family (Mallows)- Cocoa (chocolate tree) ( Theobroma cacao )

Moraceae Family – ( Mulberry or fig family) - White Mulberry ( Morus alba )

Punicaceae Family (Pomegranate Family) - Pomegranate ( Punica granatum )

Malvaceae Family (Mallows) - Cotton ( Gossypium herbaceum )

Schizandraceae Family (Lemongrass Family) - Chinese Lemongrass ( Schizandra chinensis )

Lauraceae amily (Laurel Family) - Laurel ( Laurus nobilis )


Theme: Test control for Content Modules 5. Herbarium Minimum. Part 2

Tasks for students’ self-study:

1. Repeat the characteristics of Families and plants from the given set of herbarium specimens and tables, their binary names in Latin and trivial name in English.

2. Repeat descriptions of plants by common scheme including .


Theme: Comprehensive check for Module 2. Test control for Module 2.


Theme: Comprehensive check for Module 2. Independent scientific research work «Description and identification of plants»

Tasks for students’ self-study:

1. Repeat common morphological and diagnostic features of the studied families and specific features of their representatives were studied in the classroom using literature and lecture summaries.

2. Repeat the Latin names of plant Families’ representatives provided by the program, their morphological features and applications in medicine and the national economy.

3. Improve the skills of plants determination in accordance with proposed morphological description of this plant.

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