Name__________________
Human Physiology (Bio 5)
Lecture Exam #4 (33-41)
Fall 2011
Mark each correct or true statement with a T and each incorrect or false statement with an F. (60)
_______1.
One real value of white blood cells is that most of them are specifically transported to
areas of serious infection and inflammation.
_______2.
During localized inflammation resident tissue macrophages can divide and form still
more macrophages.
_______3.
The intensity of the inflammatory response is usually proportional to the degree of
tissue injury.
_______4.
Uncontrolled production of white blood cells leads to the condition leukopenia.
_______5.
T lymphocytes are considered more diverse than B lymphocytes.
_______6.
Most antigens activate T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes at the same time.
_______7.
T lymphocytes are called “T” because they migrate to the thyroid gland where they
mature into active cells.
_______8.
The immune mechanism normally recognizes a person’s own tissues as being distinctive
from bacteria or viruses.
_______9.
Of all the blood systems, the antigens most likely to cause transfusion reactions are the
ABO and Rh antigens.
_______10.
When type A agglutinogen is not present on a person’s rbcs, anti-B antibodies develop
in the plasma.
_______11.
If an Rh-negative person has never been exposed to Rh+ blood, transfusion on Rh+
blood into that person will most likely cause no immediate reaction.
_______12.
In the human the most important antigens for causing graft rejection belong to the HLA
complex.
_______13.
Minute ruptures in very small blood vessels are usually closed by the platelet-plug
mechanism.
_______14.
In hemostasis, when a vessel is severed or ruptures, the trauma to the vessel wall causes
the smooth muscle to immediately dilate to increase flow of inflammatory chemicals.
_______15.
Vitamin K is required by the liver for the normal activation of prothrombin, as well as
other clotting factors.
_______16
The fluid expressed when a clot contracts is called plasma.
_______17.
Pleural pressure is the pressure of the fluid in the thin space between the lung and chest
wall pleura.
_______18.
To cause the inward flow of air, the pressure in the alveoli must fall below atmospheric
pressure.
_______19.
Vital capacity is the total volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest
possible effort (about 5800 ml).
_______20.
On expiration the air in the “dead space” is expired first, before any of the air from the
alveoli.
_______21.
The lung has two circulations: one to the alveoli and a second to the trachea, bronchial
tree, and bronchioles.
_______22.
Blood loss in the systemic circulation can be compensated for by a shift of blood from
the lungs into the systemic vessels.
_______23.
During exercise, blood flow to the lungs only increases in the terminal bronchioles.
_______24.
To carry away excess fluids, the pulmonary capillaries and lymphatic system maintain a
slight negative pressure in the interstitial spaces.
_______25.
Alveolar air does not have the same concentrations of gases as atmospheric air.
_______26.
With each breath, 100% of the alveolar air is replaced by atmospheric air.
_______27.
Gas exchange occurs only in the alveoli of the lungs.
_______28.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion is limited in the respiratory membrane due to the
relatively thick connective tissue layers between the alveolus and the capillary
endothelium.
_______29.
During exercise the diffusion capacity of oxygen increases partially due to the increased
surface area of capillaries.
_______30.
During exercise the diffusion capacity of oxygen increases partially due to ideal
ventilation-perfusion ratios.
_______31.
By far most of the oxygen carried to the tissues is bound to hemoglobin in the rbcs.
_______32.
For normal intracellular chemical reactions, oxygen is the major limiting factor in
respiratory enzyme systems.
_______33.
The inspiratory signal is a “ramp” signal in that it starts weakly and increases steadily
and then ceases abruptly.
_______34.
The blood brain barrier is not very permeable to hydrogen ions but is extremely
permeable to carbon dioxide.
_______35.
The function of the pneumotaxic center is primarily to limit inspiration.
Select the one best answer that either defines or completes the meaning of the given statement. (60)
_______1.
Weakly phagocytic, produced in large numbers during parasitic infections and allergies
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______2.
Release histamine, heparin, bradykinin, and serotonin; site of attachment of IgE
antibodies; similar to mast cells
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______3.
most lymphocytes are found in circulating blood
there are more wbcs stored in bone marrow than are in circulation
granulocytes and monocytes are formed only in bone marrow
lymphocytes are produced mainly in lymphatic tissues
Resident macrophages found in the liver are
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______5.
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
All of the following are true concerning white blood cells except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______4.
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
monocytes
dust cells
reticuloendothelial cells
Kupffer cells
microglial cells
The type of immunity that develops by infusing antibodies, T cells, or both from the
blood of someone else or some other animal
A.
B.
C.
D.
naturally acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
_______6.
All of the following are characteristic of cytotoxic T cells except
A. it is a direct attack cell that is capable of killing microorganisms
B. they release perforins that punch holes in the membrane of the attacked
cells
C. the usually kill only one cell and then die themselves
D. some are lethal to tissue cells that have been invaded by viruses
_______7.
All of the following statements about antibodies are true except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______8.
The first population of B cells were isolated and defined in the
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______9.
xenograft
allograft
isograft
autograft
Antigen-antibody reaction that occurs when antibodies attach themselves to rbcs
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______11.
chicken
mouse
human
rat
Transplantation of tissue from one human being to unrelated human being
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______10.
each antibody is specific for a particular antigen
antibodies kill directly or by activating the complement system
antibodies always consist only of two heavy chains and two light chains
the most common class of antibody in serum is IgG
precipitation
agglutination
fixation
activation
If blood contains no agglutinins, it is most likely
A.
B.
C.
D.
type AB
type A
type O
type B
_______12.
In transplantation procedures, all of the following are true except
A. if the immune system were completely suppressed, graft rejection would
not occur
B. both the graft and the host contain immune cells which can react against
each other
C. an immunosuppressed transplant recipient does not show any enhanced
tendency toward secondary infections from bacteria or viruses
D. glucocorticoids suppress the growth of lymphoid tissues, and therefore
decrease the formation of antibodies and T cells
_______13.
_______14.
_______15.
In the intrinsic pathway of blood clotting, arrange the following in the proper order from
start to finish
1.
2.
3.
4.
calcium splits prothrombin to thrombin
release of tissue factors from traumatized tissues
factor VII activates factor X
factor V activates prothrombin activator
A.
B.
C.
D.
4,3,2,1
2,3,4,1
1,3,4,2
1,2,3,4
In the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting, arrange the following in the proper order
from start to finish
1.
2.
3.
4.
In the presence of calcium, prothrombin is converted to thrombin
factor XII activates factor XI
factor VIII activates factor X
trauma causes activation of factor XII
A.
B.
C.
D.
4,2,3,1
1,2,3,4
3,4,2,1
2,1,4,3
All of the following are true concerning blood clotting except
A.
B.
C.
D.
clotting occurs by both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways at the same time
the intrinsic pathway is much slower than the extrinsic
fibrin is the proteolytic enzyme that begins to dissolve clots
hemophilia is most often caused by a deficiency of factor VIII
_______16.
Compliance of the lungs
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______17.
The volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______18.
diaphragm
external intercostals
scalenes
serratus anterior
Pleural effusion (edema) is caused by all of the following except
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______22.
it is partially filtered
almost completely humidified
is warmed
all of the above are correct
The most important muscle(s) that raise the rib cage
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______21.
functional reserve capacity
vital capacity
residual volume
inspiratory capacity
As air passes through the nose
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______20.
reserve volume
vital capacity
functional capacity
tidal volume
Volume of air that remains in the lungs after normal expiration
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______19.
determined by the elastic forces of lung tissue
determined by the elastic forces associated with surface tension
is the extent to which lungs expand with increased transpulmonary pressure
all of the above
blockage of lymphatic drainage
cardiac failure
increased plasma colloid osmotic pressure
infection or inflammation
Quantitatively important differences in fluid exchange across the lungs
A.
B.
C.
D.
pulmonary capillary pressure is high compared to peripheral tissue pressure
pulmonary capillaries are not leaky to proteins
interstitial fluid pressure is slightly more negative than in peripheral tissues
all of the above are correct
_______23.
Blood flow through the lungs and its distribution
A. blood flow through the lungs is much less than cardiac output to systemic
vessels
B. pulmonary vessels are passive distensible tubes that can expand with
increasing pressure
C. decreased alveolar oxygen increases local alveolar blood flow
D. all of the above are correct
_______24.
Which of the following is most soluble in water at body temperature?
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______25.
Factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______26.
alveolar ducts
respiratory bronchioles
bronchii
alveoli
Slow replacement of alveolar air is important because
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______28.
thickness of the membrane
surface area of the membrane
diffusion coefficients of the gases
all of the above are correct
Which of the following does not belong to the “respiratory unit?”
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______27.
carbon dioxide
oxygen
nitrogen
carbon monoxide
prevents sudden changes in gas concentrations in the blood
causes excessive tissue oxygenation
has no effect on tissue and fluid pH
all of the above are correct
Ninety-eight percent of the blood entering the left atrium has been oxygenated by the
lungs, 2% passes to the aorta via the bronchial circulation, this 2% leads to
A.
B.
C.
D.
shunt blood
venous admixture
venous recoil
pulmonary filtration
_______29.
In the transport of oxygen to the body tissues, all of the following are true except
A. the cause of diffusion is a partial pressure difference from one side to the
other
B. transport depends both on diffusion and blood flow
C. under resting conditions blood is not saturated with oxygen when it leaves
the lungs
D. blood normally stays in the lung capillaries about three times as long as is
needed for full oxygenation
_______30.
In oxygen transport
A. oxygen molecules bind tightly to the heme portion of hemoglobin
B. oxygen saturation of systemic arterial blood averages only about 33%
C. the percentage of blood that gives up its oxygen is called the utilization
coefficient
D. all of the above are correct
_______31.
Which of the following factors does not shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______32.
The binding of oxygen with hemoglobin tends to displace carbon dioxide, this is called
the
A.
B.
C.
D.
_______33.
increased hydrogen ions (lower pH)
decreased carbon dioxide
increased temperature
increased BPG
Bohr effect
Starling effect
Neils effect
Haldane effect
Which of the following best describes the Hering-Breuer effect?
A. when the lungs become overly inflated, inspiration is switched off by a
negative feedback effect
B. electrical stimulation of neurons in the ventral group stimulate inspiration
C. excess carbon dioxide acts directly on the respiratory center to cause
increased strength of respiration
D. sensory neurons in the chemosensitive area are especially excited by
increased hydrogen ion concentration
_______34.
In the peripheral chemoreceptor system
A. the receptors are especially important in detecting changes in oxygen
concentration of the blood
B. the receptors may respond to increases in hydrogen ion concentration
C. the receptors may respond to increases in carbon dioxide concentration
D. all of the above are correct
_______35.
Acclimatization
A. mountain climber who ascend a mountain slowly can withstand far lower
atmospheric concentrations of oxygen than if they ascend quickly
B. with altitude, the respiratory center loses about 80% of its sensitivity to
oxygen concentration
C. alveolar ventilation can increase over 100X normal after a few days
D. all of the above are correct
Choose two of the following essay questions. You may do a third as a bonus. (20)




Discuss the interactions between T cells and B cells in the adaptive immune response.
Discuss the transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Discuss the roles of the neutrophil and the macrophage in the inflammatory response.
Discuss the diffusion of gases through the respiratory membrane.