Chapter 19-Towards an Urban Society
Darwinism Debated
Social Darwinism/Herbert Spencer (1876)
William Graham Sumner (1883)
vs.
William James (not in the book)
Clarence Darrow (1885)
John Dewey
Economics Debated: Capitalism vs. Socialism vs. Reforming the System of
Capitalism
Labor Unions
Henry George Progress and Poverty
Edward Bellamy Looking Backward (1887)
Role of Government
Is the proper role of “government” to serve the business community (which
established the sovereignty of the U.S.) or the people?
What is the role of government to the people / to business?
Republican Party splits:
Mugwumps / Half-Breeds=Reform minded
vs.
Stalwarts (Tweed and Tammany Hall)
Reformers
F. Willard – WCTU
A. Comstock – Comstock Law (1873)
J. Addams – Hull House
New Woman Movement (Legal Codes for Women = Question 7)
J. Dewey – Changes to Education and the Morrill Land Grant Act
Washington vs. DuBois (Teacher)
D:\533581328.doc
369 AP US HISTORY
AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT
6TH EDITION
NAME:
PERIOD:
DATE:
CHAPTER 19: TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY 1867-1890, (P. 549)
I.
The Lure of the City (p. 550)
1.
City dwellers came from
.
Between 1877 and 1890, more than
million people entered the United States. By about
% of the
population was foreign-born or of foreign parentage. Beginning in the 1880s,
immigrants came from
Europe. Between 1880 and
1910, approximately
million people came from
these lands. The “new” immigrants were
(religion).
2.
In general, what was the role of the immigrant associations?
3.
The
in Chicago was the country’s first
in 1885. Louis Sullivan was
.
Frank Lloyd Wright was
.
The growth of mass transit systems made it possible for the middle class to move
to the
.
4.
Jacob Riis wrote
description of:
(1890s) and it was a
D:\533581328.doc
Ch. 19-2
5.
In your estimation, what would be the worst part about living in the cities of the
late 1800’s?
*Tammany Hall (1850s to 1930s), p. 556-57
*William Tweed / Tweed ring / Tammany Hall (1860s-1871)
II.
Social and Cultural Change, 1877-1900, (p. 558)
1.
In 1877, the country had
million people; in 1887 there
were nearly
million. Nine-tenths were
.
The bulk of the white population were
. Most people
still lived on
. The average family had
children and life expectancy was about 43 years.
2.
Describe what is meant by Victorian Morality, pgs. 559-60
*Mugwumps (1880), p. 560
*Women’s Christian temperance Union (1874), p. 560
*Comstock Law (1873), p. 560
D:\533581328.doc
Ch.19-3
3.
List some of the popular leisure and entertainment of this era:
4.
Though most families are farm families who work together, the middle class
urban family emerges in this time period. In what ways will their life differ from
the agricultural family?
5.
Legally, how was women’s condition improving in the 1890s?
6.
What changes are taking place in the birthrate and the raising of children?
D:\533581328.doc
Ch. 19-4
*New Woman (1880s), p. 561-62
7.
What legal codes for women were changing and why was this happening? (pgs.
562-63)
*Morrill Land Grant (1862), p. 565
8.
Cite the changes taking place in higher education
*Booker T. Washington / Tuskegee Institute / Atlanta Compromise (1881), pgs.
566-67
*W.E.B. DuBois / ”Talented Tenth” (1905), pgs. 566-67
III.
The Stirrings of Reform (p. 589)
*Social Darwinism / Herbert Spencer (1876), pgs. 567-68
*William Graham Sumner (1883), p. 568
*Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879), p. 568
*Clarence Darrow (1885), p. 568-69
*Edward Bellamy Looking Backward (1887), p. 569
*Social Gospel (1886), pgs. 572-73
*Jane Addams (1889), pgs. 572-73
D:\533581328.doc
Ch. 19-5
1.
The last two paragraphs in the section titles “The Settlement Houses” (on p. 572)
gives a view of how the immigrants viewed the settlement workers. Comment:
2.
By
most Americans lived in
the census showed that, for the first time,
. By then, almost
the population was descended from people
who arrived
the American Revolution. The
melting pot sometimes melted, but it only partially blended. Interpret the
meaning of this phrase:
D:\533581328.doc
CHAPTER 19 ID’S
1850’s-1930’s
Tammany Hall
Pgs. 556-57
As cities grew, the number of services that the city government had to supply grew as well.
New streets had to be built. Sanitation had to be improved. City government became hopelessly
entangled and confused. To solve this problem, part machines made their appearance and
dominated city government. The party machines were led by bosses. One of the most prominent
party machines was Tammany Hall which dominated New York City politics from the 1850’s to
the 1930’s. Tammany Hall was started by “Honest” John Kelly, Richard Crocker, and Charles F.
Murphy. Tammany Hall stayed in power so long because, like other party machines and their
bosses because it paid attention to the needs of the least privileged voters. They also used
immigrants.
1860’s-1872
William Tweed/Tweed Ring
Pgs. 556-57
One of the most famous bosses of the party machines was William Tweed, head of
Tammany Hall from the 1860’s to 1872. Tweed rose to the top of Tammany Hall quickly. He
held several political offices from city alderman to Congressman. Tweed led the Tweed Ring of
New York that robbed the city of millions of dollars. When he became the head of Tammany
Hall, he built the New York County Courthouse that became his masterpiece.
D:\533581328.doc
-21880
Mugwumps
Pg. 560
During the late 1800’s, there was somewhat of a religious revival as people found they had
more leisure time due to new inventions. This led to a spirit of reform. Since slavery was no
longer an issue, people looked at other problems. One group called the Mugwumps tries to fix
corruption in the government. It was composed of the educated upper class.
1874
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
Pg. 560
With the reform movement, there was another push for temperance. The Women’s
Christian Temperance Union pushed for total abstinence from alcohol. They hoped that it would
end drunkenness and all social evils. It became a huge organization by 1898 with 10,000
branches and over 500,000 members.
1873
Comstock Law
Pg. 560
In New York City, Anthony Comstock organized the Society for the Suppression of Vice
which worked for increased public morality. The society got congress to pass the Comstock Law
in 1873. The law prohibited the mailing or transporting of obscene or vulgar articles. The law
wasn’t successful.
D:\533581328.doc
-31880’s
New Woman
Pgs. 561-62
During the late 1800’s, woman achieved new recognition in the work force. Women were
starting to work in factories, telephone exchanges, and business offices. Also, more women were
starting to work in general. The idea of “New Woman” was that a woman was the highest good.
They were pure, innocent, and incapable of wrongdoing.
1862
Morrill Land Grant Act
Pg. 565
The Morrill Land Grant Act gave large grants of land to the states so that they could create
universities to teach agriculture and the mechanical arts.
1881
Booker T. Washington/Tuskegee Institute/Atlanta Compromise
Pgs. 566-67
Although, higher education increased during this time period, blacks were still excluded
from most colleges. To alleviate this, Booker T. Washington started the Tuskegee Institute that
became one of the best industrial and agricultural schools in the country. Washington founded
Tuskegee because of this philosophy that blacks should become economically equal to whites
before they demanded more social and political equality. He stated these ideas most
expressively in Atlanta so his philosophy is called the Atlanta Compromise.
D:\533581328.doc
-41905
W.E.B. DuBois / “Talented Tenth”
Pgs. 566-67
DuBois was the first black man to graduate from Harvard. He was brilliant sociologist and
civil rights leader. Contrary to Washington, DuBois felt that blacks needed to demand more
social and political rights before economic because otherwise they would just become the labor
force of white managers. DuBois felt that the blacks should educate their talented tenth to lead
them and gain them more rights.
1876
Social Darwinism/Herbert Spencer
Pgs. 567-68
After Darwin came up with his theory of evolution, that man had developed into the
creature he was over millions of years, people started to apply his theory to society and life in
general. Herbert Spencer, an English social philosopher, came up with Social Darwinism. He
said that society adapted to the environment. Spencer coined the phrase “survival of the fittest”
and said that in thousands of years, society would evolve and become a better place. He thought
that reform was useless because the poor were the least fit, and that they were doomed to die out.
Helping them was interfering with evolution. Social Darwinism didn’t gain a widespread
following, but it did raise some questions.
D:\533581328.doc
-51883
William Graham Sumner
Pg. 568
William Graham Sumner was one of the most influential Social Darwinists in the U.S. He
wrote What Social Classes Owe to Each Other and “The Absurd Effort to Make the World
Over.” In each of these two writings he put down reform and said that it interfered with
evolution.
1879
Henry George-Process and Poverty
Pg. 568
Henry George was a poor, self-educated economist who studied American life from San
Francisco. He held odd jobs his whole life and came to the conclusion that society was seriously
flawed. In his book, Progress and Poverty, George presented a solution to end poverty. He said
that land was the basis of wealth. If there were a single tax imposed on land, the money could be
used to help the poor, and everything would be okay.
1885
Clarence Darrow
Pgs. 568-69
Clarence Darrow was a lawyer in Ashtaburton, Ohio. He read George’s work and began to
think about it. He came to the conclusion that criminals were made and not born. He went
against Social Darwinism. He said that poverty bred criminals, and if poverty were ended, crime
would end.
D:\533581328.doc
-61887
Edward Bellamy-Looking Backward
Pg. 569
Edward Bellamy was a lawyer from Massachusetts who somewhat agreed with Darrow and
pushed for reform. His book, Looking Backward, was about a person of 1887 who falls asleep
and wakes up in a utopian, socialist 2000. The society of 2000 has flaws, but readers of Looking
Backward started a new socialist movement in the U.S.
1886
Social Gospel
Pg. 572
With the reform movement going on, religious organizations got involved and some started
setting up missions in the city slums. Along with these, a new religious philosophy known as
Social Gospel emerged. Social Gospel looked at society and the individual rather they just the
individual. Sermons in these churches called adults to action to help the poor, and adults met
before and after services to discuss social problems. Children missed the sermon, were
organized by age groups, and did other activities in the church. The most famous Social Gospel
leader was Washington Gladden who worked his whole life for social salvation.
1889
Jane Addams
Pgs. 572-73
One of the arms of the reform movement was the building of settlement houses. Settlement
houses were places that were there in order to bring a sense of community to the city and the
poor. One of the most famous settlement houses was Hull House in Chicago. Jane Addams
started Hull House because she wanted to share the lives of the poor, and help end poverty.
Education was stressed at Hull House and there were lectures in every subject imaginable as well
as classes that gave college credit. Addams studied the area around Hull House and taught the
immigrants living there English language and American history. She also encouraged them to
keep their ethnic identity.
D:\533581328.doc
Name:
Block:
CHAPTER 19
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Circle the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the questions.
1.
By 1900, most Americans lived
a.
in central cities.
b.
in the suburbs.
c.
in the central cities or suburbs.
d.
in the small towns or on farms.
e.
in the west.
2.
What was the average life expectancy of Americans in 1900?
a.
thirty-seven years, but only thirty-five years for African Americans.
b.
forty-seven years, but only forty-five years for African Americans.
c.
fifty-seven years, but only forty-seven years for African Americans
d.
fifty-seven years, but only fifty-three years for African Americans
e.
forty-seven years, but only thirty-three years for African Americans
3.
Late nineteenth-century reforms benefiting women included
a.
increased status for housewives.
b.
laws granting women control of their earnings.
c.
the right to vote.
d.
laws granting women equal pay for equal work.
e.
increased female representation in elected bodies.
4.
Educational changes in the years 1877 to 1900 did not include
a.
a decrease in illiteracy.
b.
education as a field of university study.
c.
development of the kindergarten.
d.
compulsory school attendance in all states.
e.
none of the above.
5.
In response to Booker T. Washington’s policies of political passivity and vocational
training, W.E.B. DuBois proposed
a.
political activism and intellectual education.
b.
political passivity and intellectual education.
c.
political activism and vocational training.
d.
political passivity and vocational training.
e.
none of the above.
D:\533581328.doc
-26.
Which of the following places events in the correct chronological order?
a.
Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee Institute
b.
Plessy v. Ferguson, Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute
c.
Establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Morrill Land Grant Act, Plessy v. Ferguson
d.
Morrill Land Grant Act, establishment of Tuskegee Institute, Plessy v. Ferguson
e.
Plessy v. Ferguson, establishment of Tuskegee, Morrill Land Grant Act
7.
During the late nineteenth century, American women did not
a.
move into the work force in greater number.
b.
cease to be chattel of their husbands in the law of many states.
c.
espouse fewer reforms than earlier generation of American women.
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
8.
As a solution to the poverty in modem society, Henry George proposed
a.
to let nature take its evolutionary course.
b.
to replace all taxes with a “single tax” on land.
c.
a socialist utopia in which the government owns the means of production.
d.
to establish worker and farmer “cooperatives” to own the means of production.
e.
to create a social welfare state.
9.
Herbert Spencer’s Social Darwinism held that
a.
humans advanced civilization with social cooperation.
b.
society should help the rich and powerful to encourage “survival of the fittest”.
c.
government should help the poor to overcome the “struggle to survive”.
d.
human advancement would lead to a stronger society.
e.
society evolved by adapting to the environment through social selection.
10.
Leaders of the “settlement house” movement tried to
a.
help immigrants to learn American history and language while preserving their
own ethnic heritage.
b.
reduce school dropouts and regulate child labor.
c.
create for the city small-town values and community.
d.
none of the above
e.
all of the above
11.
Which of the following authors argued that the American ideal of women’s “innocence”
really meant their ignorance?
a.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman in Women and Economics
b.
Edward Bliss Foote in Plain Home Talk of Love, Marriage and Parentage
c.
Bessie and Marie Von Vorst in The Woman Who Toils
d.
Helen Campbell in Women Wage Earners
e.
John Palmer in The Enduring Struggle
D:\533581328.doc
-312.
Changes in higher education included all of the following except
a.
an increased number of colleges and universities.
b.
the first separate graduate schools.
c.
an increased emphasis on a classical curriculum.
d.
more educational opportunities for women.
e.
none of the above.
13.
According to George Washington Plunkett, political “machines” survived because they
a.
offered good, honest government.
b.
offered needed services for the poor.
c.
bought votes with “honest graft”.
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
14.
Significant medical developments in Victorian America included all of the following
except
a.
prevention of tuberculosis, typhoid, and diphtheria.
b.
discovery that germs cause infection and disease.
c.
relatively safe and painless surgery.
d.
more antiseptic practices in childbirth.
e.
none of the above.
15.
Which approach to poverty was used by professional social workers but not by church
and charity volunteers?
a.
reform of individual families
b.
alleviation of underlying conditions of poverty
c.
help in alleviating the suffering caused by economic depression
d.
all of the above
e.
none of the above
D:\533581328.doc