New Monarchies 366-369
Key concept 1.3,The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.
Strategies for Centralization (New Monarchs)
The state as we know it today did not exist in 1500, yet the New Monarchs of this era were laying the foundations for the modern nation. To
rebuild after the devastation of the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, monarchs engaged in similar policies, while at the same time addressing problems unique to their geographic location with more focused policies. General strategies of centralization consisted of the
following:
1. Taxation-Securing access to consistent revenue,
2. Taming the aristocracy-Monarchs established that they were more than /I first among equals" with other aristocrats by forming alliances
with the middle class in towns and creating new nobles as officials, called the "nobles of the robe" (because their status came from their
official capacities).
3. Codifying laws and creating courts-Most nations were still a patchwork of customs, dialects, and legal traditions in 1500, so monarchs
attempted to establish royal courts that applied more uniform laws.
4. Controlling warfare-Medieval armies were private affairs, and thus less than reliable.
The New Monarchs worked to make armies and war the sole preserve of the state, which made sense given the increasingly
complex nature of war.
5. Early bureaucracy and officials-Early states lacked the mechanisms to enforce their will, let alone keep track of the affairs of
government. To remedy this, monarchs began to employ agencies, committees, representative bodies, and councils to assist in
implementing royal authority.
6. Religious control-The medieval tension between religious and secular authority began to tilt in favor of the latter, even before the
Protestant Reformation, as monarchs attempted to assert increased authority over the clergy and the functions of religion within their
national boundaries.
Context: New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing a monopoly on tax collection , military force,
and dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.
Nation
England
Spain
Challenges
Following the Hundred Years’
War, England was plunged
into the War of the Roses, a
civil conflict between two
factions of nobles. When the
war ended in 1485, the Tudors
set about rebuilding the power
of the state
Spain did not even exist until
the marriage of Ferdinand and
Isabella in 1469, and even
then, Spain needed to
complete the reconquista of
the Moors and establish a
national identity among its
diverse kingdoms.
Response
 Henry VII (1485 – 1509) and Henry VIII (1509 – 47) tamed the nobles, reducing
the number of dukes from 9 to 2, and created a new aristocracy.
 Star Chamber – royal system of courts established.
 Ended livery and maintenance, the private armies of the nobles.
 Built England’s first state navy.
 Henry VIII took control of the Catholic Church in England and confiscated its
lands.
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Isabella of Castile’s (1479 – 1504) and Ferdinand of Aragon’s (1479 – 1516)
marriage did not create a unified nation.
Made alliances with towns (hermandades) to establish law and order.
Personally visited each area of the country
Completed reconquista.
Established strict religious orthodoxy with Spanish Inquisition from 1478 and
expelled Jews in 1492
Sponsored voyages of exploration
Charles I (aka Charles V in the HRE 1516 – 1555) inherited diverse lands and
become the most powerful monarch in Europe
Result
The Tudors established the basis of
English political and commercial
power. However, Henry VIII’s
obsession with producing a male
heir demonstrated the continuing
fragility of royal rule and also
created a religious issue that would
not be easily resolved.
Spain emerged as the strongest
nation in Europe. Access to the
wealth of the New World and
Charles inheritance of numerous
lands established Spain’s golden
Age. However, its crusading
mindset, heavy taxes, and
persecution talented minorities had
already sapped some of its strength
by the end of Charles rule.
1. Highlight or underline using different colors the differing themes of centralization England and Spain used in their movement to
centralize.
Holy Roman Empire Differs
1. Page 323 – Remind yourself – Describe the distribution of political power in Europe in the late Middle Ages. Specifically why wasn’t the
German Monarchy able to centralize its authority?
2. Page 389 – Why wasn’t Maximilian able to institute any of the themes of centralization?
3. Page 389 – What was the success of the Holy Roman Empire?
Compare and Contrast: In what ways was the development of monarchy in the Holy Roman Empire similar to AND different from the
development of monarchy in other European countries.