AP Psych
Walenga/Kauffman/Vora
1st Semester Final: Review Guide
VOCABULARY
Prologue: The Story of Psychology
I.
Definition of psychology
II.
Wilhelm Wundt
III.
Edward Titchener and structuralism
IV.
William James and functionalism
V.
Psychological perspectives: neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic (Sigmund Freud), behavioral
(John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner), cognitive (Jean Piaget), social-cultural, and humanistic (Carl Rogers and Abraham
Maslow)
VI.
Applied versus basic research
VII.
Psychologists versus psychiatrists
VIII.
Enduring issues of psychology: persons vs. situation, rationality vs. irrationality, mind vs. brain, nature vs. nurture, stability
vs. change, and diversity
IX.
Biopsychosocial approach
Ch 14: Social Psych
I.
Social psychologists
II.
Attribution Theory
A.
Fundamental Attribution Error
1.
David Napolitano and George Goethals experiment at Williams
2.
When are we more likely to commit FAE with
III.
Attitudes
A.
When do our attitudes guide our actions?
IV.
Foot-in-the-door
V.
Role playing
A.
Philip Zimbardo Prison Experiment
VI.
Cognitive dissonance theory
VII.
Chameleon effect
VIII.
Conformity
A.
Solomon Asch experiment
B.
What are conditions that strengthen conformity?
C.
Normative social influence
D.
Informational social influence
IX.
Obedience
A.
Stanley Milgram experiment
B.
When is obedience highest?
X.
Social facilitation
XI.
Social loafing
XII.
Deindividuation
XIII.
Group polarization
XIV.
Groupthink
XV.
Minority influence
XVI.
Prejudice
A.
What are the social roots of prejudice? Social inequalities, ingroup bias, scapegoating
B.
What are the cognitive roots of prejudice? Categorization, vivid cases, just-world phenomenon, other-race effect
XVII. Stereotypes: Implicit, private public
XVIII. Aggression
A.
What are the biological causes of aggression? Genetic, neural, biochemical influences
B.
What are the psychological causes of aggression? Frustration-aggression principle, observational learning
C.
Effects: catharsis vs. spill-over effect
XIX.
Social Traps
XX.
Enemy Perceptions
XXI.
Proximity
A.
Mere exposure effect
XXII. Physical attraction
A.
Effects
B.
Relationship to self-esteem
A.
Universal aspects
XXIII. Similarity
A.
Reward theory
XXIV. Passionate love
A.
Two-factor theory of emotion
XXV. Companionate love
A.
Equity
B.
Self-disclosure
XXVI. Altruism
A.
Bystander Intervention
1.
Darley and Latane Experiment
2.
Genovese murder
3.
What increases odds of getting help?
B.
Social exchange theory
1.
Reciprocity norm
XXVII. Social responsibility norm
XXVIII. Mirror-image perceptions
XXIX. Superordinate goals
XXX. GRIT + Example
Ch 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
I.
Identify and describe the limits to intuition
A.
Hindsight bias
B.
False consensus effect
C.
Overconfidence effect
D.
Illusory correlation
E.
Belief perseverance
F.
Confirmation bias
G.
Random events
II.
Scientific Method
A.
Critical Thinking
B.
Theories
III.
Descriptive research
A.
Describe and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each of the following:
1.
Case studies
2.
Naturalistic observation
3.
Surveys
a)
Wording effects / framing
4.
Experiments
IV.
Characteristics of correlational studies
A.
Correlation coefficient
B.
Identify examples of positive and negative correlations (strength and direction)
C.
Scatterplots
V.
Describe how scientific experiments are conducted
A.
Hypothesis
B.
Operational definition
C.
Random assignment
D.
Random sample
E.
Population
F.
Distinguish between independent and dependent variables
G.
Distinguish between experimental and control groups
H.
Describe and identify confounding variables, single-blind studies, double-blind studies, experimenter bias, placebo
effects, etc
I.
Replication
VI.
Characteristics of descriptive statistics
A.
Measures of Central Tendency
1.
Arithmetic mean
2.
Mode
3.
Median
4.
Skewed distribution
B.
VII.
VIII.
Measures of Variation
1.
Range
2.
Standard deviation
3.
Normal curve
Characteristics of inferential statistics
A.
Statistical significance
Ethical Guidelines: consent, debriefing, harm, deception
Ch 9: Thinking and Language
I.
Characteristics of Thinking
A.
Cognition
B.
Concepts
C.
Prototypes
II.
Characteristics of Solving Problems
D.
Algorithm
E.
Heuristics
F.
Insight
III.
Obstacles to Solving Problems
A.
Confirmation Bias
B.
Fixation
C.
Mental set
D.
Functional fixedness
IV.
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
A.
Representativeness Heuristic
B.
Availability Heuristic
C.
Overconfidence
D.
Framing
E.
Belief Bias
F.
Belief Perseverance
G.
The fear factor
H.
The perils and powers of intuition
V.
The Brain and Language
A.
Aphasia
B.
Broca’s area
C.
Wernicke’s area
D.
Angular gyrus
E.
Parallel processing
Chapter 10: Intelligence
A.
Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
1.
Aptitude Test
2.
Achievement Tests
B.
Test Construction
1.
Standardization
2.
Normal Curve
a)
Flynn Effect
3.
Reliability
4.
Validity
a)
Predictive Validity
b)
Content Validity
Ch 7: Learning
I.
Learning
II.
Associative learning
III.
Classical conditioning
A.
Behaviorism
B.
Pavlov and his classic experiment
1.
UCS
2.
UCR
3.
CS
4.
CR
5.
Acquisition
IV.
V.
6.
Extinction
7.
Spontaneous recovery
8.
Generalization
9.
Discrimination
C.
John B. Watson and Little Albert
D.
Cognitive Processes related to classical conditioning
1.
Predictability
E.
Biological Processes related to classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
A.
Respondent behavior
B.
Operant behavior
C.
B.F. Skinner
1.
Law of effect
2.
Operant chamber
3.
Spacing
D.
Reinforcement
1.
Primary reinforcers
2.
Secondary reinforcers
3.
Positive reinforcement
4.
Negative reinforcement
5.
Positive punishment
6.
Negative punishment
a)
Disadvantages of punishment
7.
Continuous reinforcement
8.
Partial reinforcement
9.
Fixed ratio schedule
10.
Variable ratio schedule
11.
Fixed interval schedule
12.
Variable interval schedule
E.
Latent learning
1.
Cognitive map
F.
Overjustification effect
1.
Intrinsic motivation
2.
Extrinsic motivation
G.
Biological predispositions
Observational learning
A.
Modeling
B.
Mirror neurons
C.
Bandura + Bobo Doll experiment
D.
Positive observation learning
1.
Prosocial behavior
E.
Television and media
Ch 2: The Biology of Mind
I.
Franz Gall + phrenology
II.
Biological psychologists
III.
Neural Communication
A.
Neurons
1.
Label neuron and understand functions: dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, cell body, axon terminal button
2.
Action potential: ions, resting potential, selectively permeable axon, depolarization, repolarization,
hyperpolarization, refractory period, excitatory signals, inhibitory signals, threshold, all-or-none response
B.
How Neurons Communicate
1.
Synaptic transmission: synapse, neurotransmitters, reuptake
C.
How Neurotransmitters Influence Us
1.
Understand chart: functions and examples of malfunctions
2.
Endorphins: opiate receptors, runner’s high
3.
Agonists
4.
Antagonists
5.
Blood-brain barrier
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
The Nervous System
A.
The Peripheral Nervous System
1.
Peripheral NS
a)
Somatic: sensory and motor neurons
b)
Autonomic: sympathetic and parasympathetic
B.
The Central Nervous System
1.
Spinal Cord
a)
Reflexes: pathway of hand-withdrawal reflex
2.
Brain
a)
Interneurons
b)
Neural networks
The Brain
A.
The Tools of Discovery
1.
Lesion
2.
Electrical stimulation – “deep brain stimulation”
3.
EEG
4.
CT
5.
PET
6.
MRI
7.
fMRI
B.
Lower-Level Brain Structures
1.
Brain Map
2.
Studies
a)
Moruzzi and Magoun – reticular formation of cat
b)
Luver and Bucy – amygdala of rhesus monkey
c)
Olds and Milner – hypothalamus of rats / pleasure center + reward deficiency syndrome
C.
The Cerebral Cortex
1.
Structure of the cortex
2.
Glial cells
3.
Studies
a)
Fritsch and Hitzig mapping of motor cortex
b)
Phineas Gage
4.
Language
a)
Aphasia
b)
How we use language: visual area, angular gyrus, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area
5.
Plasticity + numerous studies (hemispherectomy)
D.
Our Divided Brains
1.
Spit brain studies
2.
Hemispheric specialization
3.
Handedness
4.
Disappearing southpaws
The Endocrine System
A.
Hormones
B.
Adrenal glands: epinephrine and norepinephrine
C.
Pituitary gland
Drugs and Consciousness (Ch 3: Consciousness)
A.
Dependence and Addiction
1.
Tolerance
2.
Withdrawal
3.
Physical dependence
4.
Psychological dependence
5.
Misconceptions about addiction
B.
Psychoactive Drugs
1.
Depressants: alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
2.
Stimulants: amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy
3.
Hallucinogens: LSD, marijuana
C.
Influences on Drug Use
1.
Biological influences
2.
Psychological and Cultural influences
Ch 12:
I.
II.
III.
Stress and Health
Behavioral medicine
Health psychology
Stress and stressors – benefits and dangers
A.
Stress Response System
1.
Stress hormones
2.
Responses – fight or flight; withdrawal; give support
3.
General adaptation syndrome: alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
4.
Sympathoadrenomedullary system (SAM – fast system) and hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical system
(HPAC – slow system)
5.
Stressful Life Events: catastrophes; significant life changes; daily hassles; perceived control; poverty and
inequality; psychological conflicts (approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance)
a)
Transactional theory
b)
Cognitive Appraisal – primary appraisal; secondary appraisal
B.
Stress and the Heart
1.
Coronary heart disease
2.
Type A versus Type B and studies
C.
Stress and Susceptibility to Disease
1.
Psychophysiological illnesses
a)
Immune system: lymphocytes
b)
AIDs
c)
Cancer
d)
Conditioning Immune System
D.
Coping with Stress
1.
Problem focused coping vs. emotion focused coping
2.
Perceived control
3.
Optimism
4.
Social support
E.
Managing Stress
1.
Aerobic exercise
2.
Biofeedback and Meditation
3.
Spirituality
Ch 3: Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind
I.
Consciousness
II.
Cognitive Neuroscience
III.
Dual Processing: The Two Tracked Mind
A.
Blindsight
B.
Visual Action Track versus Visual Perception Track
C.
Unconscious Parallel Processing versus Sequential Conscious Processing
IV.
Selective attention
A.
Cocktail Party Effect
B.
Selective Inattention
C.
Inattentional Blindness
1.
Change Blindness
2.
Choice Blindness
V.
Circadian Rhythm
1.
Influence of light – suprachiasmatic nucleus, pineal gland, melatonin
VI.
Sleep Stages
A.
Awake
1.
Alpha Waves
B.
Stage 1
1.
Hallucinations or Hypnagogic Sensations
C.
Stage 2
1.
Sleep Spindles
D.
Stage 3
1.
Delta Waves
E.
Stage 4
F.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
REM
1.
Dreams
2.
Genital Arousal
3.
Muscle Paralysis  Sleep Paralysis
4.
Paradoxical Sleep
Sleep Theories
A.
Sleep protects
B.
Sleep helps us recuperate
C.
Sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day’s experiences
D.
Sleep feeds creative thinking
E.
Sleep supports growth
F.
Sleep and athletic performance
Effects of Sleep Loss: Depression, Impaired Performance, Obesity, Viruses, Slows Reactions
Major Sleep Disorders
A.
Insomnia
B.
Narcolepsy
1.
Orexin
C.
Sleep Apnea
D.
Night Terrors
E.
Sleepwalking and sleeptalking
Dreams
A.
Common themes
B.
Why We Dream
1.
Satisfy our own wishes
a)
Manifest content versus latent content
2.
To file away memories – information processing
3.
To develop and preserve neural pathways – physiological function
4.
To make sense of neural static – activation-synthesis theory
5.
To reflect cognitive development
6.
REM rebound
Hypnosis
A.
Can anyone experience hypnosis?
1.
Postural sway
B.
Highly hypnotizable people
C.
Can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events?
1.
Hypnotically refreshed memories
D.
Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?
E.
Can hypnosis help people heal or relieve their pain?
1.
Posthypnotic suggestions – headaches, asthma, and skin disorders, pain. Not alcohol or smoking
Explaining the Hypnotized State
A.
Hypnosis as a Social Phenomenon
B.
Hypnosis as Divided Consciousness
1.
Dissociation
2.
Ice Bath Study
Ch 6: Sensation and Perception
I.
Sensation (bottom-up processing) vs. Perception (top-down processing)
A.
Prosopagnosia
B.
Psychophysics
C.
Transduction
II.
Basic Sensation Principles:
A.
Absolute threshold
B.
Difference threshold (Just Noticeable Difference)
1.
Weber’s Law
2.
Fechner’s Law
C.
Signal detection theory
D.
Sensory adaptation
E.
Subliminal Perception
1.
Priming
III.
All of the diagrams for the senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, touch, kinesthesia, vestibular
IV.
The physical energy, receptors, location of receptor, route of stimuli processing, elements of stimulus and related perception,
related theories, examples of sensory adaptation and sensory interaction for each sense
A.
Vision
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
B.
V.
Wavelength (hue)
Amplitude (intensity)
Parts of the eye: pupil, iris, lens, retina (rods and cones), optic nerve, blind spot, fovea
Accommodation
Feature detectors
Parallel processing
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory of color vision
Opponent process theory of color vision
Gestalt psychology and principles
a)
Figure-ground
b)
Proximity
c)
Continuity
d)
Closure
e)
Similarity
f)
Connectedness
Depth perception
a)
Visual cliff
b)
Binocular cues of depth perception
(1)
Retinal disparity
(2)
Convergence
c)
Monocular cues of depth perception
(1)
Interposition
(2)
Relative height
(3)
Linear perspective
(4)
Relative motion (motion parallax)
(5)
Relative clarity
(6)
Texture gradient
Motion Perception
a)
Phi phenomenon
Perceptual Constancy
a)
Color Constancy
(1)
Brightness (Lightness) Constancy
(2)
Shape and Size Constancies
Visual Interpretation
a)
Restored Vision and Sensory restriction
b)
Perceptual adaptation
Hearing
1.
Frequency (pitch)
2.
Amplitude (loudness – decibels)
3.
Parts of the ear: outer ear (pinna, auditory canal, eardrum), middle ear (hammer, anvil, stirrup), inner ear
(cochlea, basilar membrane), auditory nerve
4.
Hearing loss: sensorineural hearing loss, conduction hearing loss, tinnitus
a)
Cochlear implant
5.
Pitch Perception: Place Theory, Frequency Theory, Volley Principle
6.
Auditory Localization
C.
Touch
1.
Pressure, Warmth, Cold, and Pain
2.
Gate-Control Theory
a)
Endorphins
b)
Phantom Limb Sensations
D.
Taste
1.
Sweet, Salty, Sour, Bitter, Umami
E.
Smell
F.
Vestibular Sense
G.
Kinesthesis
Sensory Interaction
A.
McGurk Effect
B.
Embodied Cognition
C.
Synaesthesia
VI.
VII.
Other Perceptual Principles
A.
Visual capture
B.
Illusions
1.
Ponzo illusion
2.
Muller-Lyer illusion
C.
Observer characteristics
1.
Experience and culture
2.
Cognitive style: field-independent and field-dependent
3.
Expectations: perceptual set, context effects, schemas, stereotypes
4.
Personality
5.
Emotion
6.
Motivation
7.
Values
ESP
Ch 8: Memory
I.
What are “flashbulb” memories?
II.
Memory is usually defined by three processes. Explain each and give an example.
A.
Encoding
B.
Storage
C.
Retrieval
III.
What's the difference between automatic processing and effortful processing?
IV.
Hermann Ebbinghaus was a pioneer in the study of memory. Briefly summarize his findings.
V.
What's the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal? Which is better for long term memory?
VI.
Explain the following terms as they relate to memory
A.
Next-in-line effect
B.
Spacing effect
C.
Serial position effect
VII.
There are a number of kinds of encoding. Explain them
A.
Semantic encoding
B.
Acoustic encoding
C.
Visual encoding
VIII.
Explain the following ways of organizing information for better encoding.
A.
Chunking
B.
Forming hierarchies
C.
Mnemonic devices
IX.
There are three stages of memory. Explain each and the subcategories:
A.
Storage
1.
iconic memory
2.
echoic memory
B.
Short-term memory
1.
How many items can we hold in short term memory?
2.
How long does short-term memory last?
C.
Long-term memory
1.
What's the best way to get information into long-term memory
2.
Explain Ebbinghaus' famous "forgetting curve".
X.
Why is the famous Canadian neurosurgeon Wilder Penfield important in the study of where memories are located. What did
he find and what didn't he find. How did he do his research?
XI.
Actually, memory takes place on the neural level. Explain the concept of "long term potentiation."
XII.
How do stress and hormones affect memory?
XIII.
Explain the following insofar as they relate to memory:
A.
Implicit memories
B.
Explicit memories
C.
Role of the hippocampus
XIV.
Explain the following insofar as they relate to the retrieval process
A.
Recall
B.
Recognition
C.
Relearning
D.
Priming
E.
Retrieval cues
F.
Context effects
G.
Deja vu experience
H.
State-dependent memory
I.
Memories as mood-congruent
XV.
Explain the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference.
XVI.
Forgetting takes place for a number of reasons. Explain them:
A.
Decay
B.
Repression
C.
Motivating forgetting
D.
Interference
XVII. Elizabeth Loftus is the world's expert on the reliability of eyewitness testimony. What did she find? Explain:
A.
Misinformation effect
B.
Source amnesia
C.
Why children's memory is particularly inaccurate
D.
Therapists who "help" patients with "recovered memories"
XVIII. Speaking of children, abuse and helping them deal with their accusations against adults who allegedly abused them, what
guidelines do all the major psychiatric associations rely on when soliciting testimony from children?
XIX.
List the strategies that serve as a way to remember information, especially for academic learning.
*PLEASE NOTE THAT I ADDED SOME TERMS IN PLACE OF THE ONES WE REOVED LAST WEEK FROM
Questions #1, #2, and #5 and added some in Question #3, #4, #5, and #6 . I am still using the Original questions, but I
wanted to give you those terms to help you understand and apply them in that context. It simply helps you with your
overall understanding of some tough terms that can help you on the MC as well. Again I am using the original questions
and you will see all the original terms STILL in these questions. I placed original ones at the bottom of this Study Guide.
ESSAYS
Directions: Prepare for these Free Response Questions. ONE of them will be given on your Final Exam Day.
Question #1:
Ellie, a new student at Skinner High School, is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psychology club
meeting, she finds herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to know each other well. She plans to attend a few
more meetings before deciding whether she will join. She will have to attend at least five meetings in order to participate
in the psychology club’s jeopardy tournament at the end of the semester. However, the subject of psychology does not
come easy to her, and she worries that the time commitment will interfere with her studies
A. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept could HELP play a role in Ellie’s quest
for friendship. You may use a different example for each concept.
1. The mere exposure effect
2. Mnemonic device
3. Superordinate goals
4. Mirror neurons
B. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept could HINDER Ellie’s quest for
friendship. You may use a different example for each concept.
1. In-group bias
2. Type A Personality
3. Fundamental attribution error
4. Amygdala
C. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept will determine whether she will become a
full-time member of the psychology club and participate in the jeopardy tournament.
1. Availability heuristic
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Approach-avoidance conflict
4. Conformity
Question #2:
James is in a driver’s education course preparing to take his driving test. The course includes both book work and driving
on the road to prepare students for a written test and a road test.
A. Define and then describe how each of the following concepts might influence his ability to drive a car during the
road test. Definitions without application do not score.
1. Reticular formation
2. Observational learning
3. Procedural memory
4. Somatic nervous system
5. Linear Perspective
6. Inattentional Blindness
B. Define and then describe how each of the following concepts relates to the results of the written test. Definitions
without application do not score.
1. Predictive validity
2. Semantic memory
3. Information-processing theory of dreams
C. After the written and road tests, James tells his family, who had full confidence in him from the beginning, that he
believes he passed and will receive his driver’s license. He can’t believe how much time he spent studying
because he thought both tests were so easy. However, before he takes a joy ride around town, he will go home to
take a nap because he is exhausted! Define and then describe how each of the following concepts may have
affected his confidence and feelings. Definitions without application do not score.
1. Hindsight bias
2. General Adaptation Syndrome
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
Question # 3:
For each of the pairs below, use an example to show how the first term in each pair affects or is related to the second.
Definitions alone without examples will not score.
1. Functional fixedness… problem solving
2. Operational definition… replication
3. Reinforcement… overjustification effect
4. Median… skewed distribution
5. Variable interval schedule…extinction
6. Role playing… attitudes
7. Serial position effect… recall
8. Presence of others… performance
9. Agonist… neurotransmitter
10. Weber’s law… difference threshold
11. Volley principle… perception of pitch
12. Retinal disparity… depth perception
13. Proximity… perception
Question #4:
Time is an important variable in many psychological concepts. Define each concept and describe a specific example that
clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts relates to or is affected by time. Use a
different example for each concept.
1.
Refractory period in neural firing
2.
Fixed-interval schedules
3.
Iconic memory
4.
Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
5.
Flynn effect
6.
Circadian rhythm
7.
Presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning
8.
Sleep Cycle
9.
Sympathoadrenomedullary system (SAM) of stress
10.
Sound localization
11.
Spontaneous recovery
12.
Frequency theory of pitch perception
Question #5:
One of the most useful generalizations in psychology is that “behavior is adaptive”. In other words, organisms behave in
ways that foster survival or help them better function in their environment. Define and then describe how each principle
demonstrates this generalization.
1. Pruning and proliferation of brain development
2. Biological preparedness of classical conditioning
3. Repression
4. Drug tolerance
5. Stereotypes
6. Just-world phenomenon
7. Sensory adaptation
8. REM rebound
9. Gate-control theory of pain
10. Parallel processing
11. Functions of sleep
12. Autonomic nervous system
Question #6:
A researcher designs a study to investigate the effect of misleading information into one’s memory of an event. In the
study, researchers show participants a photograph of a woman standing near a man who is seated on a park bench with a
child. The woman appears to be shouting at the man. Participants in the first group are exposed to the “public park”
photograph for ten seconds and then are shown, each for ten seconds, several other photographs of people interacting.
Participants in the second group are exposed to the “public park” photograph and nothing else. Afterwards, the
participants are asked about what they saw in the “public park” photograph. The researcher compares the mean number
of mistakes between the two groups and finds that the participants in the first group make more mistakes than the second
group when trying to recall the details of the “public park” photograph. Specifically, a significant number of participants
in the first group describe the man as being an aggressor in an apparent disagreement with the woman.
Define and then explain how the following elements apply to the design of the research study and/or the conclusions that
can be drawn based on the research:
1. Control group
2. Random assignment
3. Statistical significance
4. Debriefing
5. Double-blind study
6. Observer Characteristics (Context Effects)
7. Perceptual Set
Define and then explain how each of the following terms influences the perception and memory of the participants:
8. Retroactive interference
9. Reconstructive memory
10. Short-term memory
11. State-dependent memory
12. Framing
13. Confirmation bias
PRACTICE TEST
___ 1. If the political conservatism of female students who join sororities is greater than that of female students who
do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through
college. This would be best explained in terms of
A) social loafing.
B) the bystander effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) group polarization.
___ 2. Wei Dong was asked to memorize a long list of words that included “ship, effort, professor, and inquire.” He
later recalled these words as “boat, work, teacher, and question.” This best illustrates the impact of
A) source amnesia.
B) the spacing effect.
C) implicit memory.
D) semantic processing.
___ 3. A forest ranger may notice the faintest scent of a forest fire, whereas much stronger but less important odors
fail to catch her attention. This fact would be of greatest relevance to
A) the Young-Helmholtz theory.
B) opponent-process theory.
C) signal detection theory.
D) frequency theory.
___ 4. When Hailey told her roommate about the chemistry exam she had just completed, she knowingly exaggerated
its difficulty. Subsequently, her memory of the exam was that it was as difficult as she had reported it to be.
This best illustrates
A) the misinformation effect.
B) mood-congruent memory.
C) the self-reference effect.
D) proactive interference.
___ 5. After being told that his parents have just been involved in a serious automobile accident, Bill is likely to
experience an outpouring of
A) serotonin.
B) dopamine.
C) epinephrine.
D) lymphocytes.
___ 6. Scientists who defend the use of animals in experimental research typically claim that
A) the well-being of humans should be placed above the well-being of animals.
B) competent scientists have no justifiable reason to end the lives of animals.
C) animals should be used only in research that directly benefits the animals involved.
D) allegations that laboratory animals are sometimes exposed to stress are simply untrue.
___ 7. The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to ________.
A) pupil dilation; pupil contraction
B) raising blood pressure; lowering blood pressure
C) inhibition of digestion; stimulation of digestion
D) lowering of blood sugar; raising of blood sugar
___ 8. The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ________ test.
A) aptitude
B) achievement
C) standardized
D) general intelligence
___ 9. A loss of physical coordination and balance is most likely to result from damage to the
A) hypothalamus.
B) cerebellum.
C) corpus callosum.
D) amygdala.
___ 10. The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the
A) blind spot.
B) visual cortex.
C) cornea.
D) lens.
___ 11. Dr. Zimmer has designed a test to measure golfers' knowledge of their sport's history. To interpret scores on it,
he is presently administering the test to a representative sample of all golfers. Dr. Zimmer is clearly in the
process of
A) establishing the test's validity.
B) conducting a factor analysis of the test.
C) standardizing the test.
D) establishing the test's reliability.
___ 12. Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's ability to form new memories of a family
vacation trip.
A) basal ganglia
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) amygdala
___ 13. Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a
herring. This best illustrates
A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.
___ 14. Some scientists have suggested that mirror neurons most clearly provide us with the capacity for
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) intermittent reinforcement.
D) imitation.
___ 15. The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called
A) the reciprocity norm.
B) the scapegoat theory.
C) the just-world phenomenon.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
___ 16. Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because
A) the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those
behaviors.
B) children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and
necessary.
C) the use of punishment could condition children to fear the teachers and avoid school.
D) punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors.
___ 17. According to the frequency theory
A) most sound waves are a complex mixture of many frequencies.
B) high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane.
C) the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard.
D) frequent or prolonged stimulation of a sensory receptor causes that receptor to become less sensitive.
___ 18. After watching a scary television movie, Julie perceived the noise of the wind rattling her front windows as
the sound of a burglar breaking into her house. Her mistaken interpretation best illustrates the influence of
A) perceptual set.
B) interposition.
C) perceptual adaptation.
D) bottom-up processing.
___ 19. A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the “Power Rangers”
illustrates the role of television as a source of
A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) observational learning.
___ 20. Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?
A) random assignment
B) replication
C) naturalistic observation
D) random sampling
___ 21. When she missed her morning bus ride to work, Shelly's blood pressure rose and she experienced a throbbing
headache. Her physical responses to missing the bus were
A) stressors.
B) stress appraisals.
C) stress reactions.
D) emotion-focused coping responses.
___ 22. Information is carried from the body's tissues and sensory receptors to the central nervous system by
A) interneurons.
B) sensory neurons.
C) motor neurons.
D) endocrine glands.
___ 23. Framing refers to
A) a methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems.
B) the way in which a problem or issue is phrased or worded.
C) the grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people into a category.
D) a simple thinking strategy for solving problems efficiently.
___ 24. Mr. and Mrs. Berry have five children ages 2, 3, 7, 9, and 9. The median age of the Berry children is
A) 6.
B) 7.
C) 8.
D) 9.
___ 25. Many people perceive carjackings as more serious threats to their lives than failing to use seat belts because
carjackings are so much more memorable. This best illustrates the importance of
A) belief perseverance.
B) a universal grammar.
C) confirmation bias.
D) the availability heuristic.
___ 26. Some researchers believe that addictive disorders such as alcohol dependence may be linked to
A) neurogenesis.
B) hemispherectomy.
C) ACh antagonists.
D) a reward deficiency syndrome.
___ 27. Opinion change resulting from incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates
A) informational social influence.
B) peripheral route persuasion.
C) superordinate goals.
D) social facilitation.
___ 28. Short-term memory capacity can be increased through
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) chunking.
C) the serial position effect.
D) proactive interference.
___ 29. Compared with rods, cones are
A) more sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
B) less sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
C) more sensitive to dim light and less sensitive to fine detail.
D) less sensitive to dim light and more sensitive to fine detail.
___ 30. If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 75 and a standard deviation of 6,
approximately 95 percent of the scores are somewhere between
A) 72 and 78.
B) 75 and 87.
C) 69 and 81.
D) 63 and 87.
___ 31. When the transmission of ACh is blocked, the result is
A) depression.
B) aggression.
C) muscular paralysis.
D) schizophrenia.
___ 32. Lars was feeling depressed at the time of his high school graduation. Lars is especially likely to recall his high
school graduation when he is
A) depressed.
B) happy.
C) relaxed.
D) unemotional.
___ 33. You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why
A) you failed a college test.
B) a classmate you don't know was late for class.
C) your professor gave a boring lecture.
D) the college administration decided to raise next year's tuition costs.
___ 34. The principles of continuity and closure best illustrate the importance of
A) perceptual adaptation.
B) retinal disparity.
C) perceptual constancy.
D) top-down processing.
___ 35. Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculations of rewards and costs?
A) attribution theory
B) social exchange theory
C) cognitive dissonance theory
D) the two-factor theory of emotion
___ 36. Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on
a ________ schedule.
A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio
___ 37. Myra has such low self-esteem that she is often on the lookout for critical comments about her appearance and
personality. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of
A) confirmation bias.
B) the framing effect.
C) trial and error.
D) algorithms.
___ 38. The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called
A) neurotransmitters.
B) hormones.
C) agonists.
D) genes.
___ 39. The need to use a drug simply to relieve negative emotions rather than to relieve physical withdrawal
symptoms is an indication of
A) psychological dependence.
B) blindsight.
C) drug tolerance.
D) dissociation.
___ 40. Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents, he smelled a skunk minutes before they did.
Apparently, Manuel has a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
A) critical period
B) tolerance level
C) absolute threshold
D) sensory adaptation
___ 41. If a neurosurgeon directly stimulated parts of your sensory cortex, which of the following would you most
likely experience?
A) indistinct odors
B) flashes of light
C) repetitive sounds
D) a sense of being touched
___ 42. A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20
elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.
A) generalization
B) latent learning
C) shaping
D) extinction
___ 43. After studying biology all afternoon, Alonzo is having difficulty remembering details of the organic chemistry
material he memorized that morning. Alonzo's difficulty best illustrates
A) retroactive interference.
B) the spacing effect.
C) proactive interference.
D) source amnesia.
___ 44. Pigs trained to pick up large wooden coins subsequently delayed receiving a food reinforcer because they
would repeatedly drop and push the coins with their snouts. This best illustrates
A) spontaneous recovery.
B) higher-order conditioning.
C) instinctive drift.
D) latent learning.
___ 45. According to the opponent-process theory, cells that are turned “on” by ________ light are turned “off” by
________ light.
A) red; blue
B) blue; green
C) yellow; green
D) yellow; blue
___ 46. Evidence that dreams reflect the brain maturation and style of thinking associated with a dreamer's age and life
experience would best support the ________ theory of dream content.
A) wish-fulfillment
B) neural activation
C) behavioral
D) cognitive development
___ 47. Incorrectly interpreting a correlation between two factors as evidence of causation is best avoided by making
use of
A) experiments.
B) survey research.
C) case studies.
D) naturalistic observation.
___ 48. Money is to food as ________ is to ________.
A) delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
B) secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
C) discrimination; generalization
D) partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
___ 49. Neurogenesis refers to
A) the initiation of an action potential.
B) the formation of new neurons.
C) the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap.
D) the reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a sending neuron.
___ 50. An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
A) social facilitation.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) groupthink.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
___ 51. Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?
A) night terrors
B) insomnia
C) sleepwalking
D) narcolepsy
___ 52. A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –0.75 would indicate that
A) lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income.
B) higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness.
C) it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels.
D) impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income.
___ 53. What will most likely happen as a neurosurgeon sedates the entire right cerebral hemisphere of a right-handed
patient who is asked to count aloud with both arms extended upward?
A) The patient's left arm will fall limp and he will become speechless.
B) The patient's right arm will fall limp and he will become speechless.
C) The patient's left arm will fall limp but he will continue counting aloud.
D) The patient's right arm will fall limp but he will continue counting aloud.
___ 54. Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of
A) hindsight bias.
B) replication.
C) random assignment.
D) false generalization.
___ 55. Measures of central tendency are most useful for
A) random sampling.
B) summarizing data.
C) random assignment.
D) constructing scatterplots.
___ 56. Ali insists that intellectual skills are inherited; Claire argues that intelligence is developed through educational
experiences. Ali and Claire have differing perspectives on intelligence that
A) complement each other.
B) are impossible to test scientifically.
C) illustrate the distinction between behavior and mental processes.
D) illustrate the conflict between psychology and psychiatry.
___ 57. A variable-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
A) specified time period has elapsed.
B) unpredictable number of responses has been made.
C) specified number of responses has been made.
D) unpredictable time period has elapsed.
___ 58. As Sherod walked away from the camera, the image of his body filled a smaller area of the television screen.
Nevertheless, viewers did not perceive Sherod as suddenly shrinking. This illustrates
A) perceptual adaptation.
B) size constancy.
C) closure.
D) interposition.
___ 59. The movement of positively charged ions across the membrane of a neuron can produce a(n)
A) glial cell.
B) action potential.
C) myelin sheath.
D) interneuron.
___ 60. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are
inherited?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) evolutionary
D) social-cultural
___ 61. Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called
A) sensory memories.
B) flashbulb memories.
C) mood-congruent memories.
D) repressed memories.
___ 62. The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of
A) shaping.
B) generalization.
C) latent learning.
D) secondary reinforcement.
___ 63. Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because
of our ________ memory.
A) flashbulb
B) echoic
C) procedural
D) iconic
___ 64. The ability to pay attention to only one voice at a time is called
A) dual processing.
B) change blindness.
C) neuroadaptation.
D) the cocktail party effect.
___ 65. If researchers found that people take longer to identify words such as assertive and bold as “strong” when the
words are associated with female faces rather than with male faces, this finding would illustrate
A) deindividuation.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
___ 66. Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST
likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he
A) has a high level of self-esteem.
B) does not have to reveal his personal opinion at the close of the class discussion.
C) believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
D) verbally expresses his own unique opinion early in the class discussion.
___ 67. Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and
ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the
A) REM rebound.
B) menstrual cycle.
C) circadian rhythm.
D) hypnagogic state.
___ 68. In a distribution of test scores, which measure of central tendency would likely be the most affected by a
couple of extremely high scores?
A) median
B) mode
C) standard deviation
D) mean
___ 69. Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm.
Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent?
A) developmental psychology
B) industrial-organizational psychology
C) biological psychology
D) clinical psychology
___ 70. The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is
A) stress appraisal.
B) resistance.
C) alarm.
D) adjustment.
___ 71. Tests designed to assess what a person has learned are called ________ tests.
A) factor analysis
B) aptitude
C) standardized
D) achievement
___ 72. After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she
couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates
A) ingroup bias.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) the bystander effect.
___ 73. A random sample of females was observed to exhibit a lower average level of self-esteem than a random
sample of males. To assess the likelihood that this observed difference reflects a real difference in the average
self-esteem of the total population of males and females, you should
A) construct a scatterplot.
B) calculate a correlation coefficient.
C) plot the distribution of self-esteem levels among all males and females.
D) conduct a test of statistical significance.
___ 74. With her eyes closed and her nose plugged, Chandra was unable to taste the difference between an onion and a
pear. Her experience best illustrates the importance of
A) sensory interaction.
B) the McGurk effect.
C) retinal disparity.
D) synaesthesia.
___ 75. Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently
pressured to defend themselves with fists. Natassia's belief is best described as an example of the ________
perspective.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience
___ 76. After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire, Julie became afraid of getting close to
lighted gas stoves. This best illustrates the adaptive value of
A) latent learning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) generalization.
D) shaping.
___ 77. Orville thinks his girlfriend derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though he
contributes more to the relationship. Orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks
A) self-disclosure.
B) romantic love.
C) equity.
D) superordinate goals.
___ 78. Which of the following is a mnemonic that makes effective use of vivid imagery?
A) long-term potentiation
B) the spacing effect
C) the peg-word system
D) echoic memory
___ 79. The reuptake of a neurotransmitter such as serotonin would involve the reabsorption of serotonin into a(n)
A) axon terminal.
B) receiving neuron.
C) myelin sheath.
D) glial cell.
___ 80. If Professor Kosiba surgically removed the amygdala of a laboratory rat, the rat would most likely become
A) hungry.
B) sexually aroused.
C) physically uncoordinated.
D) less aggressive.
___ 81. The behavior genetics perspective would be most directly concerned with assessing the relative influences of
A) behavior and mental processes.
B) conscious and unconscious motives.
C) nature and nurture.
D) spaced practice and massed practice.
___ 82. Type A is to ________ as Type B is to ________.
A) realistic; idealistic
B) introverted; extraverted
C) hard-driving; easygoing
D) optimistic; pessimistic
___ 83. Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
A) sleep apnea.
B) obesity.
C) insomnia.
D) night terrors.
___ 84. One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men, is
A) withdrawal.
B) the fight-or-flight reaction.
C) the tend-and-befriend response.
D) the general adaptation syndrome.
___ 85. Damage to the association areas in the frontal lobe is most likely to interfere with the ability to
A) formulate plans.
B) recognize familiar faces.
C) understand word meanings.
D) recognize familiar voices.
___ 86. Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________.
A) category; prototype
B) heuristic; algorithm
C) algorithm; heuristic
D) prototype; category
___ 87. The part of the left temporal lobe that is involved in understanding language is known as
A) Broca's area.
B) the motor cortex.
C) Wernicke's area.
D) the sensory cortex.
___ 88. Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that
A) hypnosis is a unique state of consciousness.
B) hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of “good hypnotic subjects.”
C) most hypnotized people are consciously faking hypnosis.
D) hypnotic susceptibility is positively correlated with alcohol dependence.
___ 89. Long-term potentiation refers to
A) the impact of deep processing on retention.
B) an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events.
C) an increase in a neuron's firing potential.
D) the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it.
___ 90. Frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to
A) rhythm.
B) loudness.
C) hue.
D) wavelength.
___ 91. To study some effects of alcohol consumption, Dr. Chu tested the physical coordination skills of 21-year-old
men who had just drunk either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted of
A) the age of the research participants.
B) the physical coordination skills of the research participants.
C) the amount of alcohol consumed.
D) the effects of alcohol consumption.
___ 92. In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric
shock. In this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.
___ 93. The depolarization of an axon is most likely to occur when
A) positively charged ions rush into the axon.
B) negatively charged ions rush into the axon.
C) positively charged ions rush out of the axon.
D) negatively charged ions rush out of the axon.
___ 94. While reading highly familiar words at a very rapid speed, Megan effortlessly understands almost every word.
This ability highlights the importance of
A) flashbulb memory.
B) automatic processing.
C) the spacing effect.
D) the peg-word system.
___ 95. Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from
A) glial cells.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) motor neurons.
D) hormones.
___ 96. The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of
dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of
A) social facilitation.
B) deindividuation.
C) groupthink.
D) the bystander effect.
___ 97. Repeating someone's name several times shortly after being introduced to that person is an effective strategy
for
A) chunking.
B) rehearsal.
C) implicit memory.
D) automatic processing.
___ 98. Distant trees were located closer to the top of the artist's canvas than were the nearby flowers. The artist was
clearly using the distance known as
A) linear perspective.
B) closure.
C) relative height.
D) interposition.
___ 99. In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” were LEAST likely to deliver the highest levels of shock
when
A) the experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution such as Yale University.
B) the experimenter became too pushy and told hesitant participants, “You have no choice, you must go
on.”
C) the “teachers” observed other participants refuse to obey the experimenter's orders.
D) the “learner” said he had a heart condition.
___ 100. To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine
injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly
underestimating the importance of
A) testing a large sample.
B) operationally defining his procedures.
C) replicating observations of other researchers.
D) creating a control group.
Answer Key
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D
D
C
A
C
A
D
B
B
A
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B
D
D
C
C
C
A
D
D
C
B
B
B
D
D
B
B
D
D
C
A
A
D
B
B
A
B
A
C
D
D
A
C
D
D
A
B
B
C
D
B
C
D
55.
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100.
B
A
D
B
B
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B
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B
D
B
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B
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C
D
A
A
C
C
C
A
D
C
C
B
C
A
D
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B
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B
C
A
A
B
A
C
B
C
C
D
Original Free response Questions being used on Final
Question #1:
Ellie, a new student at Skinner High School, is determined to make friends. When she attends the first psychology club
meeting, she finds herself in the room with twenty strangers who seem to know each other well. She plans to attend a few
more meetings before deciding whether she will join. She will have to attend at least five meetings in order to participate
in the psychology club’s jeopardy tournament at the end of the semester. However, the subject of psychology does not
come easy to her, and she worries that the time commitment will interfere with her studies
D. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept could HELP play a role in Ellie’s quest
for friendship. You may use a different example for each concept.
1. The mere exposure effect
2. Mnemonic device
3. Superordinate goals
4. Emotional intelligence
5. Observer Characteristics (Values)
E. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept could HINDER Ellie’s quest for
friendship. You may use a different example for each concept.
1. In-group bias
2. Type A Personality
3. Imaginary audience
4. Fundamental attribution error
5. Observer Characteristics (Expectations)
F. Define each following concept and then demonstrate how each concept will determine whether she will become a
full-time member of the psychology club and participate in the jeopardy tournament.
1. Availability heuristic
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Approach-avoidance conflict
4. Conformity
Question #2:
James is in a driver’s education course preparing to take his driving test. The course includes both book work and driving
on the road to prepare students for a written test and a road test.
D. Define and then describe how each of the following concepts might influence his ability to drive a car during the
road test. Definitions without application do not score.
1. Cognitive map
2. Reticular formation
3. Observational learning
4. Procedural memory
5. Somatic nervous system
6. Linear Perspective
E. Define and then describe how each of the following concepts relates to the results of the written test. Definitions
without application do not score.
1. Predictive validity
2. G-factor
3. Formal operational stage of cognitive development
4. Semantic memory
5. Observer Characteristics (Experience and Culture)
F. After the written and road tests, James tells his family, who had full confidence in him from the beginning, that he
believes he passed and will receive his driver’s license. He can’t believe how much time he spent studying
because he thought both tests were so easy. However, before he takes a joy ride around town, he will go home to
take a nap because he is exhausted! Define and then describe how each of the following concepts may have
affected his confidence and feelings. Definitions without application do not score.
1. Hindsight bias
2. General Adaptation Syndrome
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy
Question # 3:
For each of the pairs below, use an example to show how the first term in each pair affects or is related to the second.
Definitions alone without examples will not score.
14. Functional fixedness… problem solving
15. Operational definition… replication
16. Reinforcement… overjustification effect
17. Median… skewed distribution
18. Variable interval schedule…extinction
19. Role playing… attitudes
20. Serial position effect… recall
21. Presence of others… performance
22. Agonist… neurotransmitter
23. Absolute Threshold …. Sensation
Question #4:
Time is an important variable in many psychological concepts. Define each concept and describe a specific example that
clearly demonstrates an understanding of how each of the following concepts relates to or is affected by time. Use a
different example for each concept.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Refractory period in neural firing
Fixed-interval schedules
Iconic memory
Group polarization
Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve
Flynn effect
Sensory adaption
Presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning
Question #5:
One of the most useful generalizations in psychology is that “behavior is adaptive”. In other words, organisms behave in
ways that foster survival or help them better function in their environment. Define and then describe how each principle
demonstrates this generalization.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Pruning and proliferation of brain development
Biological preparedness of classical conditioning
Stranger anxiety
Repression
Drug tolerance
Stereotypes
Natural selection
Just-world phenomenon
Sensory Adaptaption
Question #6:
A researcher designs a study to investigate the effect of misleading information into one’s memory of an event. In the
study, researchers show participants a photograph of a woman standing near a man who is seated on a park bench with a
child. The woman appears to be shouting at the man. Participants in the first group are exposed to the “public park”
photograph for ten seconds and then are shown, each for ten seconds, several other photographs of people interacting.
Participants in the second group are exposed to the “public park” photograph and nothing else. Afterwards, the
participants are asked about what they saw in the “public park” photograph. The researcher compares the mean number
of mistakes between the two groups and finds that the participants in the first group make more mistakes than the second
group when trying to recall the details of the “public park” photograph. Specifically, a significant number of participants
in the first group describe the man as being an aggressor in an apparent disagreement with the woman.
Define and then explain how the following elements apply to the design of the research study and/or the conclusions that
can be drawn based on the research:
14. Control group
15. Random assignment
16. Statistical significance
17. Debriefing
18. Double-blind study
19. Observer Characteristics (Context Effects)
Define and then explain how each of the following terms influences the perception and memory of the participants:
20. Retroactive interference
21. Reconstructive memory
22. Short-term memory
23. State-dependent memory
24. Framing
25. Confirmation bias