SECOND CONJUGATION
REVIEW of Conjugations and other Qualities of Verbs
 Latin groups its verbs into four families called “conjugations.” Verbs
within the same conjugation will follow a similar pattern of principal
parts and the same paradigms (pattern of endings) in each tense. Now
take note of some general features of Latin verbs:
o Most regular Latin verbs have 4 principal parts:
 1st principal part: the 1st person singular, present active
indicative form, e.g. doceō
 2nd principal part: the present active infinitive, e.g. docēre
 3rd principal part: the 1st person singular, perfect active
indicative form, e.g. docuī
 4th principal part (can be one of the following, depending
on the book):
 the perfect passive participle, e.g. doctus, -a, -um
 the accusative supine, e.g. doctum
 the future active participle, e.g. doctūrus, -a, -um
o Latin verbs can be conjugated in 6 tenses:
 Present System: tenses formed from the “present stem”
 Present tense, e.g. “I teach,” “I do teach,” and “I am
loving”
 Imperfect tense, e.g. “I was loving,” “I taught,” “I
used to teach”
 Future tense, e.g. “I will teach”
 Perfect System
 Perfect tense, e.g. “I have taught,” “I did teach,” and
“I taught”
 Pluperfect tense, e.g. “I had taught”
 Future Perfect tense, e.g. “I will have taught”
o Latin verbs can be conjugated in 2 voices:
 Active Voice: e.g. “We teach,” “She taught,” “They will
teach”
 Passive Voice: e.g. “We are taught,” “She was (being)
taught,” “They will be taught”
i
SECOND CONJUGATION
o Latin verbs also have 3 moods:
 Indicative: e.g. You love me. You do love me. You are
loving me.
 Imperative: e.g. Love me!
 Subjunctive: e.g. Should you love me? You may love me.
Would that you would love me! Let you love me!
 The active voice personal endings of Latin verbs (also printed on p. 9
of your textbook) are as follows:
singular
plural
1st person
-ō or m
-mus
2nd person
-s
-tis
3rd person
-t
-nt
 Now look at this present (tense), active (voice), indicative (mood)
paradigm of the second conjugation verb docēre, to teach. The
endings will appear in boldfaced blue.
singular
plural
1st person
doceō
docēmus
2nd person
docēs
docētis
3rd person
docet
docent
ii
SECOND CONJUGATION
Conjugating 2nd Conjugation verbs in the PRESENT SYSTEM
 To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the present system (present,
imperfect, and future tenses), you need to follow a few simple steps.
o STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part.
 N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of
the verb followed by the other principal parts
 If a dictionary includes a dot ( · ), it does that to
show you where you can remove the first principal
part ending and add the additional information listed
to form the second, third, and fourth principal parts
 SAMPLE ENTRY: quae·rō, -rere, -sīvī or -siī, sītus,
tr to look for, search for; to try to get
o quaerō is the 1st principal part
o quae- + -rere = quarere, the 2nd principal part
o quae- + -sīvī (or -siī) = quaesīvī (or quaesiī),
the 3rd principal part
o quae- + -sītus = quaesītus, the 4th principal part
o STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second principal part
(remove the -ere if the verb is 3rd conjugation)
 TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple
math problem.
 Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:
 (2nd principal part) –– (-re) = present stem of the
verb
 EXAMPLE:
o 1st conjugation: (docēre) –– (-re) = doceo 3rd conjugation: (quaerere) –– (-ere) = quaero STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s present stem
 Now that you have the present stem of the verb, you can
change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense
you want (of present, imperfect, and future).
 The steps, you can see, are very consistent with the steps followed in
conjugation verbs in the 1st conjugation.
iii
SECOND CONJUGATION
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd-io
Conjugation
4th
Conjugation
Pres. stem +
ending
par-ō
parā-s
para-t
parā-mus
parā-tis
para-nt
Pres. stem +
ending
doce-ō
docē-s
doce-t
docē-mus
docē-tis
doce-nt
Pres. stem (+ vowel)
+ endings
Pres. stem (+ i) +
endings
reg-ō
reg-i-s
reg-i-t
reg-i-mus
reg-i-tis
reg-u-nt
capi-ō
capi-s
capi-t
capi-mus
capi-tis
capi-u-nt
Pres. stem +
ending
audi-ō
audī-s
audi-t
audī-mus
audī-tis
audi-u-nt
Pres. stem + tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem + tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem (+ ē) +
tense sign + endings
Pres. stem (+ iē) +
tense sign + endings
Pres. stem (+ ē) +
tense sign + endings
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
FUTURE
parā-ba-m
parā-bā-s
parā-ba-t
parā-bā-mus
parā-bā-tis
parā-ba-nt
docē-ba-m
docē-bā-s
docē-ba-t
docē-bā-mus
docē-bā-tis
docē-ba-nt
reg-ē-ba-m
reg-ē-bā-s
reg-ē-ba-t
reg-ē-bā-mus
reg-ē-bā-tis
reg-ē-ba-nt
capi-ē-ba-m
capi-ē-bā-s
capi-ē-ba-t
capi-ē-bā-mus
capi-ē-bā-tis
capi-ē-ba-nt
audi-ē-ba-m
audi-ē-bā-s
audi-ē-ba-t
audi-ē-bā-mus
audi-ē-bā-tis
audi-ē-ba-nt
Pres. stem + tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem + tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem + tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem +tense
sign + ending
Pres. stem +tense
sign + ending
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
parā-b-ō
parā-bi-s
parā-bi-t
parā-bi-mus
parā-bi-tis
parā-bu-nt
docē-b-ō
docē-bi-s
docē-bi-t
docē-bi-mus
docē-bi-tis
docē-bu-nt
reg-a-m
reg-ē-s
reg-e-t
reg-ē-mus
reg-ē-tis
reg-e-nt
capi-a-m
capi-ē-s
capi-e-t
capi-ē-mus
capi-ē-tis
capi-e-nt
audi-a-m
audi-ē-s
audi-e-t
audi-ē-mus
audi-ē-tis
audi-e-nt
ACTIVE
VOICE
Indicative
Mood
PRESENT
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
IMPERFECT
 What about the Imperative mood?
o Like 1st conjugation verbs, getting the present stem is the same
as creating the singular imperative:
 STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 2nd principal part.
 STEP #2: Remove the –re from the verb’s second
principal part
 EXAMPLES:
o 1st conjugation: (amāre) –– (-re) = amā
o 2nd conjugation: (sedēre) –– (-re) = sedē
o 3rd conjugation*: (mittere) –– (-re) = mitte
o 4th conjugation: (audīre) –– (-re) = audī
 STEP #3: To make the imperative form plural, add –te to
the singular form (change the final -e of the imperative to i- first if the verb is 3rd conjugation)
iv
SECOND CONJUGATION
Conjugating 2nd Conjugation verbs in the PERFECT SYSTEM
 To conjugate ANY Latin verb in the perfect system (perfect,
pluperfect, and future perfect tenses), you need to follow a few
simple steps.
o STEP #1: Start with the verb in its 3rd principal part.
 N.B. All Latin dictionaries list the first principal part of
the verb followed by the other principal parts
 If a dictionary includes a dot ( · ), it does that to
show you where you can remove the first principal
part ending and add the additional information listed
to form the second, third, and fourth principal parts
 SAMPLE ENTRY: quae·rō, -rere, -sīvī or -siī, sītus,
tr to look for, search for; to try to get
o quaerō is the 1st principal part
o quae- + -rere = quarere, the 2nd principal part
o quae- + -sīvī (or -siī) = quaesīvī (or quaesiī),
the 3rd principal part
o quae- + -sītus = quaesītus, the 4th principal part
o STEP #2: Remove the –ī from the verb’s 3rd principal part
 TIP: you may want to think of conjugating like a simple
math problem.
 Memorize this “formula” for conjugating:
 (3rd principal part) –– (-ī) = perfect stem of the verb
 EXAMPLE:
o 1st conjugation: (amāvī) –– (-ī) = amāvo 2nd conjugation: (docuī) –– (-ī) = docuo 3rd conjugation: (quaesīvī) –– (-ī) = quaesīvo 4th conjugation: (audīvī) –– (-ī) = audīvo STEP #3: Add an ending to the verb’s perfect stem
 Now that you have the perfect stem of the verb, you can
change the verb to whatever person, number, and tense
you want for the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
tenses.
v
SECOND CONJUGATION
ACTIVE
VOICE
1st
Conjugation
2nd
Conjugation
3rd
Conjugation
3rd-io
Conjugation
4th
Conjugation
Perf. stem +
ending
parāv-ī
parāv-istī
parāv-it
parāv-imus
parāv-istis
parāv-ērunt (ēre)
Perf. stem +
ending
parāv-eram
parāv-erās
parāv-erat
parāv-erāmus
parāv-erātis
parāv-erant
Perf. stem +
ending
parāv-erō
parāv-eris
parāv-erit
parāv-erimus
parāv-eritis
parāv-erint
Perf. stem +
ending
docu-ī
docu-istī
docu-it
docu-imus
docu-istis
docu-ērunt (ēre)
Perf. stem +
ending
docu-eram
docu-erās
docu-erat
docu-erāmus
docu-erātis
docu-erant
Perf. stem +
ending
docu-erō
docu-eris
docu-erit
docu-erimus
docu-eritis
docu-erint
Perf. stem +
ending
rēx-ī
rēx-istī
rēx-it
rēx-imus
rēx-istis
rēx-ērunt (-ēre)
Perf. stem +
ending
cēp-ī
cēp-istī
cēp-it
cēp- imus
cēp-istis
cēp-ērunt (ēre)
Perf. stem +
ending
cēp-eram
cēp-erās
cēp-erat
cēp-erāmus
cēp-erātis
cēp-erant
Perf. stem +
ending
cēp-erō
cēp-eris
cēp-erit
cēp-erimus
cēp-eritis
cēp-erint
Perf. stem +
ending
audīv-ī
audīv-istī
audīv-it
audīv-imus
audīv-istis
audīv-ērunt (ēre)
Perf. stem +
ending
audīv-eram
audīv-erās
audīv-erat
audīv-erāmus
audīv-erātis
audīv-erant
Perf. stem +
ending
audīv-erō
audīv-eris
audīv-erit
audīv-erimus
audīv-eritis
audīv-erint
Indicative
Mood
PERFECT
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
PLUPERFECT
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
FUTURE
PERFECT
1 singular
2
3
1 plural
2
3
Perf. stem +
ending
rēx-eram
rēx-erās
rēx-erat
rēx-erāmus
rēx-erātis
rēx-erant
Perf. stem +
ending
rēx-erō
rēx-eris
rēx-erit
rēx-erimus
rēx-eritis
rēx-erint
 PERFECT SYSTEM SYNOPSIS: Now look at this perfect system
(tenses), active (voice), indicative (mood) synopsis of the second
conjugation verb docēre, to teach, done in the third person.
singular
plural
PERFECT
docuīt
he (has) taught
PLUPERFECT docuerat
she had taught
FUT. PERFECT docuerit
(s)he will have taught
docuērunt
they (have) taught
docuerant
they had taught
docuerint
they will have taught
vi