STYLE SHEET 2—May 12, 2011
Title/Edition:
Publisher:
Journal of Public Affairs Education vol. 17, no. 3 (Summer 2011)
National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and
Administration
Editor in Chief:
David Schultz (dschultz@gw.hamline.edu); 651-292-1096)
Managing Editor: Kristen Norman-Major (kmajor@hamline.edu); 612- 237-7987
Editorial Assistants: Jeffrey Callen (jcallen7@asu.edu); 480-290-9205
Lisa Dejoras (ldejoras01@hamlineuniversity.edu); 952-451-3444
Layout Editor:
Mark Kruger (mark@makellc.net)
Copy Editor:
Christianne Thillen (Chris.Thillen@comcast.net; 612-821-9250)
Notes from Editor in Chief or Editorial Assistant
 Materials will receive a moderate edit.
 Each set of authors needs to sign off on copyedits.
 Authors should not use the Citations & Bibliography tool in their Word files (it may
cause problems at the design stage).
 Footnotes should not be linked to text—they will be listed as endnotes at the end of
the article.
General Style Notes
 References—APA Style (6th ed.), Webster’s Collegiate (11th ed.). In cases of variant
spellings, Webster’s preferred spellings are used.
 Letters, words, and phrases referred to per se—set italic.
 That is the defining, or restrictive pronoun, which the nondefining, or nonrestrictive.
The lawn mower that is broken is in the garage. (Tells which one.)
The lawn mower, which is broken, is in the garage. (Adds a fact about the only
mower in question.)
 Change below to e.g. next; change above to e.g. earlier.
 Use American spelling of words such as forward, toward, upward, among (not
forwards, towards, upwards, or amongst).
 Avoid using contractions except in quoted material.
 Capitalize text following a colon if what follows is a complete sentence. Otherwise,
lowercase text after the colon.
 Redefine acronyms every chapter, unless really too redundant.
 Split Infinitives Are Ok In English. Even the most conservative mavens (Fowler,
Safire) agree.
 It’s Ok to End a Sentence in an Auxiliary. Awkwardness bugs our clients more
than does anything else.
 Extracts of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into text paragraphs; 40
words or more should be set as displayed block text and not enclosed in quotation
marks.
 URLs are set in roman font and not enclosed in angle brackets; they do not include
protocol (http, telnet, ftp, etc.): www.mhhe.com/anspaugh8e
 In footnotes or endnotes, numbers should not be superscript.
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Journal-Specific Style Notes
 Figure 1, Figure 2; Table 1, Table 2, etc.
 Use percent symbol (%) throughout text, rather than spelling out percent (APA
Style).
 Do not use a hyphen after adverbs; e.g., moderately intense; vigorously intense;
tightly packed.
 No quotes are needed for terms that follow so-called.
 Use Latin abbreviations such as i.e., e.g., etc. only in parentheses.
 When not in parentheses, replace “etc.” with “and so on,” “and so forth,” or “and the
like.”
 In biographical sketches and in run of text, job titles are lowercase unless they are
used immediately before a person’s name: Joe Smith is professor of political science
at . . .; but Professor Joe Smith suggests . . .
 When authors cite course materials that aren’t generally available to readers, add this
statement to the References entry (Document on file with the author.)
 Short titles will be used for running heads; copyeditor will suggest short title to
authors during the copyedit.
Figures and Tables
In-text references to figures and tables: Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.; Table 1, Table 2, etc.
The following format can be used for source notes for both figures and tables.
Note. From “Fashion, Learning and Values in Public Management: Reflections on South
African and International Experience,” by D. Gasper, 2002, Africa Development, 27(3),
p. 20. Copyright 2002 by Africa Development.
JPAE Format for Figure number/title:
Figure 1.
Rotterdam Public Administration Evening Program Curriculum
JPAE Format for Table or Box number/title:
Table 1.
Suggested Learning Objectives and Activities
Box 1.
Traditional and Classic Readings About Leadership Assigned
JPAE Format for Appendix designation/title:
APPENDIX A
Community Interview Guide
Numbers
Spell out all numbers 10 and above (with exceptions per APA 3.43–3.44).
Use numbers for measures of time: 3 o’clock; 3 minutes; 3 years
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one in three; 1 in 10; 10 to 1
Use comma in four-digit numbers: 1,500 Exceptions: degrees of temperature (3071 F),
acoustic frequency (2000 Hz).
1.8 million; $270 billion
one third of the class; three-fourths majority; a half, a quarter, etc. (In run of text, spell
out fractions—not 1/3, 1/4, 1/2, etc.)
Variables—set italic: X and Y
21st century
1900s, 1980s
a 12–0 verdict [en dash]
14th Amendment
20-year sentence
1:1 ratio
15 to 20 g of fiber
325 mg (n); 325-mg (a)
April 12, 1984; 1950–1952; 1700s; mid-1920s; ’90s; A.D. 1500, 35,000 B.C. (small caps);
7:00 a.m., 8:30 p.m.
first grade, first-grader (n); first-grade (a) … 10th grade, 10th-grader (n); 10th-grade (a)
Capitalization
 For capitalization in titles and headings, follow APA 3.13: Capitalize all words of 4
letters or more.
 Capitalize in-text references to book parts as shown: Part 2, Chapter 2, Section 2.1,
subsection 2.1.1; also, the Introduction, the Appendix, the Preface.
 Capitalize specific names of courses: Policy Analysis and Design course;
Administrative Law course; Criminal Procedure course.
 Capitalize semester names: Fall 2005; Spring 2009
 Use lowercase for names of fields: administrative law, constitutional law, public
affairs, social policy, etc.
 Use lowercase for job titles: the president, the general counsel, the attorney general.
Lowercase all job titles unless used immediately before a person’s name; also
lowercase when person’s name is set off by commas. Correct: The executive director,
Sam Peters, attended the event. Also correct: Executive Director Sam Peters attended
the event.
 Use italics rather than bold or full caps for standard emphasis.
Punctuation and Font
 End punctuation follows the style of surrounding text: the words static, velocity, and
drag.
 Use italics (not bold or full caps) for simple emphasis.
 Words used as words are italics; their meanings are roman, in quotes. The word
happiness is defined as “a state of well-being and contentment.” The same is true for
letters: High-achieving students received an A.
 Tag lines for numbered and bulleted lists are italics.
 Motion picture titles are italics (e.g., The Milagro Beanfield War).
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






Series comma: red, white, and blue
–s’s for possessive: e.g., Hayes’s
In Chapter 3, … (comma after short introductory phrases)
Delete the ellipsis when used at the beginning of quoted material.
No hyphen in African American, Asian American, Native American, etc.
Lists within sentences (a) are lettered; (b) can end with semis; (c) should have three
or more elements.
En dashes instead of hyphens should be used between words in running text only as a
last resort—usually to bridge an open compound (e.g., post–World War II)—and
even then it’s probably fair to assume that most readers will see a hyphen. Correct
use: parent-teacher relationship; incorrect use: parent–teacher relationship.
No space around em and en dashes.
Abbreviations and Acronyms


The abbreviation or acronym does not take quotation marks. Example: The Administrative
Procedure Act (APA) provides …
Terms are spelled out on first occurrence in a chapter. Well-known abbreviations are not
spelled out (e.g., CEO, IRS). Avoid using abbreviations in text headings.
9/11 (September 11, 2001)
AA (Associate in Arts); associate program
aka (also known as)
ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)
APPAM (Association for Public Policy
Analysis and Management)
APSA (American Political Science
Association)
ASPA (American Society for Public
Administration)
ASU (Arizona State University)
BA (Bachelor of Arts); baccalaureate degree
(n); baccalaureate-level (a); baccalaureate
program (n)
BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated
agreement)
BPA (Bachelor of Public Administration)
BS in PP (Bachelor of Science in Public
Policy)
CBA (cost-benefit analysis)
CBL (community-based learning)
CFP (call for proposals)
CIEE (Council on International Educational
Exchange)
CIES (Council for International Exchange of
Scholars)
CGEPA (Committee on Graduate Education
for Public Administration)
CMT (critical management theory)
CoP (Community of Practice)
COPRA (Commission on Peer Review and
Accreditation)
CP (community partner)
CPS (Current Population Survey)
DLE (digital learning ecology)
DLC (digital learning communities)
EAPAA (European Association for Public
Administration Accreditation)
FEI (Federal Executive Institute)
FEIAA (Federal Executive Institute Alumni
Association)
FRO (Foundation Resource Outline)
FSB (J. William Fulbright Foreign
Scholarship Board)
GCSU (Georgia College and State
University)
GDCH (Georgia Department of Community
Health)
GenderPAC (Gender Public Advocacy
Coalition)
GPA (grade point average)
GSPIA (Graduate School of Public and
International Affairs)
GW (The George Washington University);
The Trachtenberg School of Public
Policy and Public Administration
HERI (Higher Education Research Institute)
H.I.R.E. Learning (Helping Interns and
Researchers Expand Learning)
HRC (Human Rights Campaign)
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IASIA (International Association of Schools
and Institutes of Administration)
IBPS (Interest-Based Problem Solving)
IDU (Instructional Development Unit); the
unit
IIE (Institute of International Education)
INPAE (Inter-American Network of Public
Administration Education)
IRB (institutional review board)
ISS (International Institute of Social
Studies)
IT (information technology)
JPAE (Journal of Public Affairs Education)
JTR (Journal of Trust Research)
LCMS (Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod)
LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender)
MA (Master of Arts); Master’s students;
master’s degree, master’s level; master’s
work
MBA (Master of Business Administration)
MOU (memorandum of understanding)
MPA (Master of Public Administration)
MPP (Master of Public Policy)
MSW (Master of Social Work)
NAEP (National Assessment of Educational
Progress)
NAPA (National Academy of Public
Administration)
NASPAA (National Association of Schools
of Public Affairs and Administration)
NCCC (National Center for Cultural
Competence)
NCCU (North Carolina Central University)
NCES (National Center for Educational
Statistics)
NGO (nongovernmental organization)
NISPACEE (Network of Institutes and
Schools of Public Administration in
Central and Eastern Europe)
NPA (New Public Administration)
NPM (New Public Management)
OPM (U.S. Office of Personnel
Management)
PAP (policy analysis project)
PAR (Public Administration Review)
PEPFAR (President’s Emergency Plan for
AIDS Relief)
PDF (Portable Document Format)
PhD (doctor of philosophy)
PLN (Personal Learning Network)
PMI (Plus-Minus-Interesting format)
POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing,
Staffing, Directing, Coordinating,
Reporting, and Budgeting)
PPA (postpositivist policy analysis)
PPM (Public Policy and Management)
RFP (request for proposal)
RSS (really simple syndication)
SCM (Social Change Model of Leadership
Development)
SD (standard deviation)—note use of italics
SDHs (social determinants of health)
SL (service learning)
SNA (social network analysis)
SROI (social return on investment)
SoTL (Scholarship of Teaching and
Learning)
SPA/UNM (School of Public
Administration of the University of New
Mexico)
SRS (sex reassignment surgery)
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities, threats)
TPAC (Teaching Public Administration
Conference); TPAC 2010, TPAC 2011,
etc.
TSPPPA (Trachtenberg School of Public
Policy and Public Administration)
TSA (time-series analysis)
TT (Trinidad and Tobago)
UCF (University of Central Florida)
UNZA (The University of Zambia)
UWI (The University of the West Indies)
WVS (Work Value Scale); also Lyons Work
Value Scale
Word List
Key:
a
pa
v
n
= adjective before noun
= adjective after noun
= verb (vt = transitive verb)
= noun
adv = adverb
conj = conjunction
pl = plural
prep = preposition
5
Note: A list of software product names,
websites, etc. follows this word list.
-Aabove-mentioned (a)
Abu Ghraib
activity-based (a)
administrators-in-training (n)
African American, Anglo American (n, a)
after-school, after-tax (a)
agreed-upon (a); agreed upon (pa)
à la (prep)
among (prep)
ANTI-: generally not hyphenated—
antidiscrimination, antigrowth
BUT: anti-immigration, anti-inflation
anytime (adv)
armamentarium (pl: armamentaria)
at-risk (a)
attitude-based, knowledge-based, skillsbased, etc. (a)
author-editor (n)
award-winning (a)
-Bbaby boomer
backdrop
backup (n, a); back up (v)
bad faith (n); bad-faith (a)
bailed-out (a)
bailout (n); bail out (v)
baseline (n, a)
bedrock (a, n)
benchmarking (n, v)
benefited
best-laid (a)
best practice (n, a)
betweenness (n)
bidirectional (a)
Bill of Rights
biophysical (a)
blackballed (v)
blog-based (a)
blogosphere
Bloom’s Taxonomy; the taxonomy (n)
blue collar (n); blue-collar (a)
board of directors
book-length (a)
bottom-up (a)
brand-new (a)
breakdown (n); break down (v)
break-even (a); break even (v)
buck-passing (n, a)
build-operate-transfer (a)
burly (a)
buy-in (n, a)
buzzword
bylaw
-Ccall to arms (n)
campus-community (a)
Canadian American (n, a)
capacity building (n); capacity-building (a)
capstone (n, a)
case study (n); case-study (a)
casework (n)
cause-effect (a)
ceteris paribus—set roman in text
child care (n, a)
Children’s Cabinet; the Cabinet (n)
child-serving (a)
choicework (n, a)
citizen-based, citizen-centered (a)
civil rights (n, a)
Civil Rights Act; the act (n)
Civil Rights Era; the era (n)
class-oriented, class-tested (a)
classroom
class work (n)
client-based (a)
closed-book (a)
close-ended (a)
coaching-type (a)
CO: generally not hyphenated (see
exceptions, below)—coauthor,
codirector, coeditor, coequal, coexist,
cosponsor, coworker, etc.
BUT: co-owner, co-facilitation, coinstruction, co-learner, co-responsibility
cognitivism
6
the Cold War; the war (n)
community-based, community-building,
community-engaged (a)
community-capacity-building (a)
community-university partnership
community-wide (a, pa)
competency-based (a)
computer-supported (a)
conflict resolution (n, a)
conflict-ridden (a)
constructivism
consultant-generated (a)
context-rich, context-specific (a)
contracting as patronage (n)
contracting out (n); contracting-out (a)
cooperative (a)
cost-benefit analysis—see also list of
abbreviations (i.e., CBA)
cost-effective (a); cost effectiveness (n);
cost-effectiveness (a)
council-manager system
counterargument, counterbalance
country-specific (a)
county-level (a)
course-supporting (a)
coursework
Cronbach’s alpha (statistic)
cross-border, cross-boundary, crosscultural, cross-dresser, crossfertilization, cross-national, cross-sector,
cross-sectoral, etc.
curriculum (pl: curricula)
cut-and-dried (a, pa)
cutout (n)
cyberspace
-Ddata (n)—Webster’s 11th says both “the
data are” and “the data is” are standard
usage; context will determine whether
plural or singular
database
data-based (a)
data-driven (a)
day-to-day (a)
debate-oriented (a)
decades-old (a)
decenter (v)
decision maker, decision making (n);
decision-making (a)
deforestation
deemphasize (v)
deep-rooted (a)
dialogue (n)
diehard (n)
dilapidated (a)
disciplinary interest (n)
discipline-based (a)
double-barreled, double-blind (a)
due process (n, a)
-Ee-book, e-conference, e-government, elearning, e-mail, e-tutorial, etc.
economic-based (a)
economics-inspired (a)
ecosystem
Editorial Board (of JPAE); Editors’
Council (of JPAE)
editor in chief (n)—not hyphenated, per
Webster’s 11th
editorship (n)
educator-self (n); also realist-self
efficiency-equity trade-off
eigenvalue (n)
either-or (a)
end-of-course, end-of-program (a)
endnote
environmental-justice-based (a)
environmental policy
epistemic (a)
Equal Protection Clause; the clause (n)
Establishment Clause; the clause (n)
ever-increasing (a)
evidence-based (a)
ex ante (a)—set italic
the executive (referring to the executive
branch of government)
the Executive Council (of NASPAA)
executive director (job title)
Exotic Newcastle Disease network; also
Exotic Newcastle Disease study
7
expertise-driven (a)
extracurricular (a)
eyeglasses
-Fface-to-face (a, adv)
fact-value dichotomy
faculty (singular and plural)
faculty-directed (a)
faculty-to-student (a)
fait accompli (n)—set roman in text.
faith-based (a)
farmworker (n)
farness (n)
far-reaching (a)
far right (a, adv)
fast-track (a, v)
fieldwork
field-wide (a, adv)
firsthand (a, adv)
first generation (n); first-generation (a)
first-person, first-semester, first-time,
first-year, etc. (a)
flag burning (n); flag-burning (a)
focus group (n, a)
forum (pl: forums)
for-profit (a)
Fourteenth Amendment; the
amendment (n)
free-ride (v); free rider (n)
freeware
friendship-based (a)
front line (n); front-line (a)
Fulbright Scholar Program; a Fulbright
Scholar; a Fulbrighter; capitalize
Scholar when referring to a Fulbright
Scholar; lowercase in general
references to scholars (n)—also
Senior Specialist award, Scholar
award
Fulbright Specialist Program; the
program (n); a Fulbright Specialist
full-blown, full-scale (a)
full-time (a, adv)
Fulton County; the county (n)
fund-raising (n)
futuring (n)
-Ggender-equal (a)
generation-long (a)
generalizable (a)
geodesic (a)
the GI Bill; the bill (n)
global-national (a)
government-citizen relationships
graduate-level (a)
grantmaker, grantmaking,
grantsmanship (n); but grant writer,
grant writing (n); grant-writing,
grant-seeking (a)
Great Recession (2008–present)
ground rule (n)
groundwater (n)
group-based (a)
group work (n); group-work (a)
the Gulf War; the war (n)
-HHague, The (Netherlands)
handbook
hands-on (a)
handy-dandy (a)
hard-hit, hardest-hit (a)
health care (n, a)
health sector (n, a)
hermeneutics (n)
higher education (n, a)
higher-level (a); higher level (pa)
higher order (a, pa)
high-performing, high-poverty, highquality, high-school, high-stakes, etc.
(a)
his or her (not his/her)
Hispanic (n, a); Hispanic American (n,
a)
hoped-for (a)
how-to (pl: how-tos)
Hurricane Katrina response network
hypercompetitive (a), hyperconnectivity
(n)
Hypothesis 1, Hypothesis 2, etc.
8
-Iif-then (a)
ill-defined (a)
inasmuch as (conj)
in-class, in-house, in-kind, etc. (a)
in-depth (a); in depth (pa)
the Independent Sector (coalition)
in depth (pa); in-depth (a)
industrial age (n); industrial-age (a)
information age
inner city (n); inner-city (a)
instructor-facilitator (n)
instructor-prompted (a)
INTER–: generally not hyphenated—
interactive, interdependent,
intergovernmental, intergroup,
interlinkage, interorganizational,
interpersonal, interrater, intersexual
interest-based (a)
Internet
INTRA–: generally not hyphenated—
intrablog, intragroup (a)
in-your-face (a)
Italian Republic
IT-enhanced (a)
ivory-tower debate (n); ivory-towerbased (a)
Ivy League (n, a)
-Jjob-skills training
job training (n); job-training (a)
journal (n)—There is no verb form of
journal in the sense of recording
daily experiences.
jump-start (v); jump start (n)
-KK–12 (grades); also pre-K–12
Kazakhstan (n), Kazakhstani (a)
Khmer Rouge
kickback (n)
Koina Center; the center (n)
-Llandlocked (a)
late morning (n); late-morning (a)
layout (n)
learner-based (a)
legal-sized (a)
less centralized, less successful (a)
liberal-fascist (a)
life-changing (a); life changing (pa)
life cycle (n); life-cycle (a)
lifelong (a)
Likert Scale; the scale (n)
live interaction (n)
log onto (v)
longer-term (a)
long-held (a)
long-lasting, long-standing (a)
long term (n); long-term (a)
lower income (a)
lower-middle class; lower-lower class;
lower-upper class
low-performing (a)
-Mmacroeconomics (n); macroeconomic
(a)
mainline, mainstream (a)
makeshift (a)
makeup (n)
management-focused, managementoriented (a); management focused,
management oriented (pa)
managerial level (n, a)
Mann-Whitney U (test)
market-based, market-driven (a)
market efficiency/public failure model;
market efficiency model
marketplace
Maslowian (a)
master’s level (n); master’s-level (a);
but Masters students
the Math Forum; the Forum (n)
means-ends (a)
mecca
metropolitan-based (a)
Mexican American (n, a)
9
microdynamics, microeconomics (n)
microscope (n, v)
mid-career, mid-sized (a)
middle-way (a)
midterm (n, a)
Miles’ Law
mini-lecture (n)
minority-serving (a)
mission-based (a)
mixed methodology approach; also
mixed methods (n, a)
mixed public-private (n)
Modernist (n, a)
money-saving (a)
more or less (adv)
MPA/MPP curricula; MPA/MPP
differences
MPA-lite degree
much-needed (a)
MULTI–: generally closed up—
multicampus, multicultural,
multidimensional, multidisciplinary,
multilevel, multimedia,
multinational, multiparty,
multisector, multisectoral,
multivariate
BUT: multi-actor, multi-criteria,
multi-organizational
multiculturalism (n)
multitask (v, n)
multiple streams theory
Muslim Imam
-N9/11 (September 11, 2001)
The Nation’s Report Card
nationwide (a, adv)
neoclassicism (n)
network age
network-related (a)
New Deal
no-brainer (n)
noncoercive, noncredit, nondirectional,
nondiscrimination,
nongovernmental, noninteractive,
nonmarket, nonnormative, nonprofit,
nonpublic, nonrationality
nonspecializing, nontraditional (a, n)
non-dehumanizing, non-Hispanic, nonhyphenated, non-neutral (n, a)
nonprofit-focused (a)
no-technology (a)
number cruncher (n)
-OOath of Citizenship; the oath (n)
objectives-oriented (a)
off-campus (a); off campus (adv)
off-site (a, adv)
on-call (a)
on-demand (a); on demand (pa)
on-ground (a); on ground (pa)
one by one (adv)
one-on-one (a)
one-stop shopping
online (a, adv)
on-site (a, adv)
open-ended (a)
open-minded (a); open minded (pa)
operation-and-maintenance-contract (a)
organizational economics
organization-level (a)
outcomes-oriented (a)
out-of-class (a)
-Ppaper-based (a); paper based (pa)
parapublic (a)
paradigm-based (a)
Pareto optimal (n, a); Pareto optimality
(n)
part-time (a, adv)
password-protected (a)
payoff (n)
peer review (n, a); peer-reviewed (a, v)
people-to-people (a)
person-to-person (a)
Phnom Penh (Cambodia)
photocopy (n, v)
podcast
point-by-point (a)
policy-administration dichotomy
10
policy analysis report—lowercase in
general references
policy maker, policy making(n)—
policymaker as 1 word is not shown
in Webster’s 11th.
policy-relevant (a)
politics-administration (a)
position taking (n)
positivist-postpositivist, positivistrational (a)
postgraduation (n)
POST–: generally not hyphenated—
postgraduate, postmodern (a)
BUT post-blackboard, post-grant,
post-program (a)
power-interest grid
PRE–: generally not hyphenated—
preconceived, predefined,
preexisting, prepackaged, preschool,
etc. (a)
BUT pre-program pre-project, preservice (a)
predominantly (adv)
Pre-K–12 (a)
president (n)—lowercase unless used
immediately before a person’s name
principal-agent theory
private sector, public sector (n, a)
privatization
problem solver, problem solving (n);
problem-solving (a)
problem tree (n); problem-tree (a)
processual (a)
professional level (n); professionallevel (a)
professional quality (n); professionalquality (a)
professor-student relationship
Program Accountability Quality Scale;
the scale (n)
Progressive Era
pseudonym
public administration—do not
abbreviate as PA in general
references
public-private partnership
public service, public work (n, a)
P-value (n, a)
-Qqualitative-quantitative dispute
quality-of-life (a)
quantitative-based (a)
quasi-judicial, quasi-legislative (a)
question-and-answer session
-Rrace-based (a); race based (pa)
raison d’être
rational-comprehensive model
rationality-based (a)
RE–: generally not hyphenated
reemerge, reentry, reencounter,
redistributional, refocus, reintegrate,
reorient, resegregate, restructure,
resubmit, rethink (v)
BUT re-administer, re-form, restrategize
read-write (a, pa)
real life (n); real-life (a)
real world (n); real-world (a)
redlining (v)
Regents’ Professor (honors title;
capitalized)
Rehnquist, William H.
relationship building (n); relationshipbuilding (a)
researchers as advocates (n)
results-based (a)
Rhodes Scholar
risk taking (n); risk-taking (a)
road map (n)
role playing (n); role-playing (a); also
role-play (v, a, n)
rote-learnable (a)
roundtable (n, a)
-Ssafeguard (n, v)
same-place, same-time (a)
satisficing (n)
scaled-down (a)
11
school board; the board; also school
district; the district—lowercase in
general references
school board president—lowercase
unless used immediately before a
person’s name
school-wide (a, adv)
second-biggest, second-generation,
second-semester (a)
second rate (pa)
sector-wide (a, adv)
semester-long (a)
senator (n)—lowercase unless used
immediately before a person’s name
separatist (n, a)
service learning (n); service-learning (a)
sex change (n); sex-change (a)
shareable (a)
short run (n); short-run (a)
short term (n); short-term (a)
[sic] brackets are not italics, just sic
Sicilian Region (of Italy)
sidebar (n)
single site–dual programs approach
single-spaced (a)
skill-based (a); skill based (pa)
skill building (n)
skills development (n)
small group (n); small-group (a)
small town (n); small-town (a)
social class (n, a)
social-equity-minded (a)
societal-community (a)
sociocultural, socioeconomic (a)
BUT socio-demographic (a)
sociogram
solution tree (n); solution-tree (a)
south-south (a)
spillover (n, a)
spokespeople
stand-alone (a)
start-up (n, a)
statewide (a, adv)
stoplight
storyboarding, storytelling (n)
straightforward (a, adv)
standard-length (a)
stepping stone
street-level (a)
strong-mayor government
student-centered, student-empowered,
student-generated, student-led,
student-selected, etc. (a)
student-faculty interaction; studentstudent interaction;
student learning (n, a)
student-organizational team
student-supervisor-instructor
partnership (a)
student-to-student (a)
subgroup
subdiscipline (n); subdisciplinary (a)
subject-centered (a)
sub-Saharan Africa
super-communicator (n)
Supreme Court (of the United States);
the Court (n)
system-dynamics-based (a)
-T3-I model
tailor-made (a)
talk radio (n, a)
taxpayer-funded (a)
team-based, team-taught (a); teamtaught (v)
team building (n); team-building (a)
teamwork
textbook
thank-you (n)
theater
Theory C Pedagogy, Theory C, the
theory (n); also Theory T Pedagogy
third generation (n); third-generation (a)
third party (n); third-party (a)
third-person (a)
tightrope
time- and labor-intensive (a)
time-consuming (a, pa)
time frame (n); time-frame (a)
time-honored (a)
time-out (n)
12
top-down, top-ranked (a)
touchstone (n)
town-gown (a)
town hall (n); town-hall (a)
trade-off (n)
transdisciplinary (a)
travel-only (a)
trilemma
trust-related (a)
t-test (n)
turnaround (a, n)
twofold (a)
two-tailed (a)
-UUNDER–:
generally closed up—
underappreciated, underclass,
undergraduate, underpin
BUT: under-specification
under way (adv)
unidirectional (a)
United States embassy—lowercase in
general references
university-community relations
university-determined, university-wide
(a)
University of Hawai`i at Manoa
United States (n); U.S. (a)
upcoming (a)
upper level (n); upper-level (a)
upper-middle class; upper-lower class;
upper-upper class
up-to-date (a)
usable (a)
user-created (a)
U.S. Scholar program
utilization-focused (a)
-Vvalue conflict (n)
value-driven, value-free, value-neutral
(a)
values-based (a)
variable-sum (a)
varimax rotation
versus (prep)—spelled out unless used
in parentheses
vice versa (prep)
video-teleconferencing (a)
vis-à-vis
-Wwatershed (n, a)
Web (n, a)—capitalized when referring
to WWW
Web-based (a)
webcam
web posting (n)
webpage, website
welfare-to-work (a)
well-advised (a); well advised (pa)
well-being (n)
well-taken (a); well taken (pa)
well-thought-out (a)
wide-ranging (a)
wiki
win-lose (a)
winner-takes-all (a)
word-for-word (a)
work-advice (a)
work-advice relationship
work- and advice-related (a)
work- and study-related (a)
working class (n); working-class (a)
work-related (a)
workplace (n, a)
work site
worldview
worldwide (a, adv)
wrongdoing (n)
-XYZyear-long , year-to-year (a)
zero-sum (a)
Software Product Names, Websites,
etc. (Note that APA Style does not
include trademark symbols with
trade names.)
Blackboard
Blogger
13
Burrokeet
Camtasia
Facebook
FreeMind
Google; Google Reader
LISTSERV
myeLearning
PowerPoint
QSR NVivo
Second Life
Turnitin
Twitter
UCINET
Webcourse discussion board
Wimba (video teleconferencing
program)
WordPress
YouTube
Typeface Conventions for References
The following are some sample text citations: (Henry et al., 2009, p. 120); (Lynn, 1994;
Schall, 1995); (Bolman & Deal, 2008; Northouse, 2007) [Note that multiple cites are
listed in alpha order.]; (quoted in Phillips, 1996, p. 122)
When authors cite course materials that aren’t generally available to readers, add this
statement to the References entry: Document on file with the author. Example:
Merchant, C. (2009). Interest-based negotiation (course handout). Document on file with
the author.
Books:
After the sixth author’s name and initial, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors of
the book. Note that all authors are listed with last name first and then initials (first
names are not spelled out).
In text, use the following example for formatting parenthetical citations, each time
(including the first) a work with more than 6 authors is cited: (Wolchik et al., 2000).
For works with 3 to 5 authors, give all surnames for first cite and use et al.
thereafter.
Neiman, D. C. (2003). Exercise testing and prescription (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Work in an edited collection of various authors:
Squires, R. W. (2006). Pathophysiology and clinical features of cardiovascular diseases.
In L. A. Kaminsky (Ed.), ACSM’s resource manual (5th ed.). Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Pebley, A. R., & Sastry, N. (2004). Neighborhoods, poverty, and children’s well-being.
In K. M. Neckerman (Ed.), Social inequality (2nd ed., pp. 119–145). New York:
Russell Sage Foundation.
Journals:
After the sixth author’s name and initial, use et al. to indicate the remaining authors of
the article. Note that all authors are listed with last name first and then initials (first
names are not spelled out).
In text, use the following example for formatting parenthetical citations, each time
(including the first) a work with more than 6 authors is cited: (Wolchik et al., 2000).
14
For works with 3 to 5 authors, give all surnames for first cite and use et al.
thereafter.
Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological
Bulletin, 126, 910–924.
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10–36.
Prentice, M. (2007). Service-learning and civic engagement. Academic Questions, 20(2),
135–145. doi: 10.1007/s12129-007-9005-y [This example shows the article doi.]
Paper, presented and unpublished:
Clemons, R. S., & Foster, R. H. (2004). Narrative analysis and foreign policy: The case
of Iraq. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science
Association, Portland, OR.
Borrego, E. (2008, March). Cultural learned helplessness and resiliency in Hispanics:
Enhancing the teaching and practice of public administration. Paper presented at
the American Society for Public Administration Annual Conference, Dallas, TX.
Magazines:
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down
scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113–1120.
Wenger, E., & Snyder, W. (2000, January–February). Communities of practice: The
organizational frontier. Harvard Business Review, 139–145.
Newspaper articles:
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The
Washington Post, p. A12.
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. New
York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
Book reviews:
Halley, A. (2010). Federal career service leadership: Can we do better? [Review of the
book The early years of the Federal Executive Institute (iUniverse, 2010),
compiled and edited by Frank P. Sherwood]. Washington, DC: PA Times.
Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from database:
Borman, W. C. et al. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor
performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443–449. Retrieved from
PsycARTICLES database.
Electronic copy of a journal article retrieved from online version:
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (2005). Managing authenticity: The paradox of great leadership.
Harvard Business Review, 83(12), 87–94. Retrieved from
www.willemscheepers.nl/Managing%20Authenticity.pdf
15
Design Codes Used
AT
AU
AA
article title
article author
author affiliation
BAU
RT
RA
book author (for book reviews)
review title (the words Review by +
author’s name)
review author affiliation
AN
EN
ABH
ABX
author’s note
editor’s note
abstract heading (the word Abstract)
abstract text
AKH
AKX
acknowledgment heading
acknowledgment text
H1
H2
H3
H4
level 1 heading
level 2 heading
level 3 heading
level 4 heading (avoid going to this
level of detail)
TX1
TX
EXT
DT
NL
BL
LL
LL2
UL
article text, unindented paragraph
article text
extract
displayed text (not an extract)
numbered list
bulleted list
lettered list (A, B, C, etc.)
lettered sublist (a, b, c, etc.; indented
within another list as subtopics)
unnumbered list
BXN
BXT
box number
box title
BX
box text
FGN
FGT
FGS
figure number
figure title
figure source note
TBN
TBT
TBCH
TBSH
TB
TBFN
table number (roman, c/lc)
table title (italic, c/lc)
table column head
table side head
table body
table footnote
REFH references heading (the word
References)
REF reference list
RH
running head (these are italics, not
more than 50 characters + spaces)
FNH
FN
footnote heading (the word
Footnotes)
footnote
BIO
author biography
APH
appendix heading (the word
Appendix)
appendix title
appendix text
APT
APX
CCH
CC
cases cited heading (the words
Cases Cited)
cases cited text
16