GENERAL BIOLOGY SYLLABUS (304102)
3 Credit Hours
PREREQUISITES: 304101 & 304111
DEPERTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FIRSTSEMESTER 2013/2014.**
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Biology 102 focuses on the living systems of humans and plants. It will explore the diversity
and the biological impacts of prokaryotes, protists and fungi. It discusses the
characteristics that all animals share and those that distinguish various taxonomic groups.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon successful completion of this course students will be able to:
A. Describe the structure and functions of the major organ systems in humans.
B. Describe the evolutionary development of plants in terms of complexity and life
cycles.
C. Describe the regulation of growth and development in plants.
D. Describe the adaptations and diversity of prokaryotes, protists and fungi; and outline
their biological impacts.
E. Describe the levels of organization of multicellular organisms
COURSE SYLLABUS
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CHAPTER TOPIC
INTRODUCTION AND ORIENTATION
CIRCULATION AND GAS EXCHANGE
42.1 Circulatory Systems Link Exchange Surfaces with Cells
Throughout the Body
‚ Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
‚ Organization of Vertebrate Circulatory Systems
‚ Single Circulation
‚ Double Circulations
‚ Exploring Double Circulation in Vertebrates (Figure 42.5)
42.2 Coordinated Cycles of Heart Contraction Drive Double
Circulation in Mammals:
‚ Mammalian Circulation
‚ The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look
‚ Maintaining the Heart’s Rhythmic Beat
42.3 Patterns of Blood Pressure and Flow Reflect the Structure
and Arrangement of Blood Vessels
‚ Blood Vessels Structure And Function
‚ Blood Flow Velocity
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‚ Blood Pressure
‚ Changes in Blood Pressure During the Cardiac Cycle
‚ Regulation of Blood Pressure
‚ Capillary Function
‚ Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System
42.4 Blood Components Function in Exchange, Transport, and
Defense
‚ Blood Composition and Function
‚ Plasma
‚ Cellular Elements
‚ Blood Clotting
‚ Stem Cells and the Replacement of Cellular Elements
‚ Cardiovascular Diseases
‚ Atherosclerosis, Heart Attacks, and Strokes
‚ Risk Factors and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
42.5 Gas Exchange Occurs Across Specialized Respiratory
Surfaces
‚ Partial Pressure Gradients in Gas Exchange
‚ Lungs
‚ Mammalian Respiratory Systems: A Closer Look
42.6 Breathing Ventilates the Lungs
‚ How a Mammal Breathes
‚ Control of Breathing in Human
42.7 Adaptations for Gas Exchange Include Pigments that Bind
and Transport Gases
‚ Coordination of Circulation and Gas Exchange
‚ Respiratory Pigments
‚ Hemoglobin
‚ Carbon Dioxide Transport
OSMOREGULATION AND EXCRETION
44.1 Osmoregulation Balances the Uptake and Loss of Water
and Solutes
‚ Osmosis and Osmolarity
44.2 An Animal’s Nitrogenous Wastes Reflect its Phylogeny and
Habitat
‚ Forms of Nitrogenous Waste
‚ Ammonia
‚ Urea
‚ Uric Acid
44.3 Diverse Excretory Systems are Variations on a Tubular
Theme
‚ Excretory Process
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‚ Exploring the Mammalian Excretory System (Figure 44.14)
‚ Kidneys
44.4 The Nephron is Organized for Stepwise Processing of
Blood Filtrate
‚ From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look
‚ Solute Gradients and Water Conservation
‚ The Two-Solute Model
44.5 Hormonal Circuits Link Kidney Function, Water Balance,
And Blood Pressure
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Antidiuretic Hormone
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Inquiry: Can Aaquaporin Mutations Cause Diabetes
Insipidus? (Assignment)
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The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
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Homeostatic Regulation of the Kidney
NEURONS, SYNAPSES, AND SIGNALING
48.1 Neuron Organization and Structure Reflect Function in
Information Transfer
‚ Introduction to Information Processing
‚ Neuron Structure and Function
48.2 Ion Pumps and Ion Channels Maintain the Resting Potential
af a Neuron
‚ Formation of the Resting Potential
48.3 Action Potentials are the Signals Conducted by Axons
‚ Hyperpolarization and Depolarization
‚ Graded Potentials and Action Potentials
‚ Generation of Action Potentials: A Closer Look
‚ Conduction of Action Potentials
‚ Evolutionary Adaptations of Axon Structure
48.4 Neurons Communicate with other Cells at Synapses
‚ Generation of Postsynaptic Potentials
‚ Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
‚ Modulated Signaling at Synapses
‚ Neurotransmitters
‚ Acetylcholine
‚ Amino Acids
‚ Biogenic Amines
‚ Neuropeptides
‚ Gases
NERVOUS SYSTEMS
49.1 Nervous Systems Consist of Circuits of Neurons and
Supporting Cells
‚ Organization of the Vertebrate Nervous System
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The Peripheral Nervous System
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SENSORY AND MOTOR MECHANISMS
50.1 Sensory Receptors Transduce Stimulus Energy and
Transmit Signals to the Central Nervous System
‚ Sensory Pathways
‚ Perception
‚ Amplification and Adaptation
‚ Types of Sensory Receptors
‚ Mechanoreceptors
‚ Chemoreceptors
‚ Electromagnetic Receptors
‚ Thermoreceptors
‚ Pain Receptors
50.5 The Physical Interaction of Protein Filaments is Required
for Muscle Function
‚ Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle
‚ The Sliding-Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
‚ The Role of Calcium and Regulatory Proteins
‚ Exploring The Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
‚ Nervous Control of Muscle Tension
‚ Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
‚ Oxidative and Glycolytic Fibers
‚ Fast-Twitch and Slow-Twitch Fibers
‚ Other Types of Muscle
ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
46.1 Both Asexual and Sexual Reproduction Occur in the Animal
Kingdom
‚ Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
46.3 Reproductive Organs Produce and Transport Gametes
‚ Female Reproductive Anatomy
‚ Ovaries
‚ Oviducts and Uterus
‚ Vagina and Vulva
‚ Mammary Glands
‚ Male Reproductive Anatomy
‚ Testes
‚ Ducts
‚ Accessory Glands
‚ Penis
‚ Gametogenesis
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‚ Exploring Human Gametogenesis (Figure 46.12)
‚ Spermatogenesis
‚ Oogenesis
46.4 The Interplay of Tropic and Sex Hormones Regulates
Mammalian Reproduction
‚ Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive Cycles
‚ The Ovarian Cycle
‚ The Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
‚ Menopause
‚ Menstrual Versus Estrous Cycles
‚ Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System
‚ Human Sexual Response
46.5 In Placental Mammals, an Embryo
Develops Fully within
the Mother's Uterus
‚ Conception, Embryonic Development and Birth
‚ First Semester
‚ Second Semester
‚ Third Semester
‚ Contraception and Abortion
‚ Modern Reproductive Technologies
‚ Detecting Disorders During Pregnancy
‚ Treating Infertility
RESOURCE ACQUISITION AND TRANSPORT IN VASCULAR
PLANTS
36.1 Adaptations for Acquiring Resources were Key Steps in the
Evolution of Vascular Plants
‚ Shoot Architecture and Light Capture
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Root Architecture and Acquisition of Water and Minerals
36.2 Different Mechanisms Transport Substances Over Short or
Long Distances
‚ The Apoplast and Symplast: Transport Continuums
‚ Short-Distance Transport of Solutes Across Plasma
Membranes
‚ Short-Distance transport of Water Across Plasma
Membranes
‚ How Solutes and Pressure Affect Water Potential
‚ Water Movement across Plant Cell Membranes
‚ Aquaporins: Facilitating Diffusion of Water
‚ Long-Distance Transport: The Role of Bulk Flow
36.3 Transpiration drives the transport of Water and minerals
from Roots to Shoots via the Xylem
‚ Absorption of Water and Minerals by Root Cells
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Transport of Water and Minerals into the Xylem
Bulk Flow Transport via the Xylem
Pushing Xylem Sap: Root Pressure
Pulling Xylem sap: The Cohesion-Tension Hypothesis
Transpirational Pull
Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review
The Rate of transpiration is Regulated by Stomata
Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss
Mechanisms of Stomatal Opening and Closing
Stimuli for Stomatal Opening and Closing
Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf Temperature
Sugars are Transported from Sources to Sinks via the
Phloem
‚ Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks
‚ Bulk Flow by Positive Pressure: The Mechanism of
translocation in Angiosperms
ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION & BIOTECHNOLOGY
38.1 Flowers, Double Fertilization, and Fruits are Unique
Features of the Angiosperm Life Cycle
‚ Flower Structure and Function
‚ Development of Male Gametophytes in Pollen Grains
‚ Development of Female Gametophytes (Embryo Sacs)
‚ Exploring Flower Pollination (Figure 38.4)
‚ Pollination
‚ Double Fertilization
‚ Seed Development, Form, and Function
‚ Endosperm Development
‚ Embryo Development
‚ Structure of the Mature Seed
‚ Seed Dormancy: An Adaptation for Tough Times
‚ Seed Germination and Seedling Development
‚ Fruit Form and Function
‚ Exploring Fruit and Seed Dispersal (Figure 38.11)
38.2 Flowering Plants Reproduce Sexually, Asexually, or Both
‚ Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction
‚ Advantages and Disadvantages of Asexual Versus Sexual
Reproduction
‚ Vegetative Propagation and Agriculture
‚ Clones from Cuttings
‚ Grafting
Test-Tube Cloning and Related Techniques
PLANT RESPONSES TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SIGNALS
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39.1 Signal Transduction Pathways Link Signal Reception to
Response
‚ Reception
‚ Transduction
‚ Response
‚ Post-Translational Modification of Preexisting Proteins
‚ Transcriptional Regulation
‚ De-Etiolation (‘Greening’) Proteins
39.2 Plant Hormones Help Coordinate Growth, Development, and
Responses to Stimuli
‚ The Discovery of Plant Hormones
‚ Inquiry: What Part of a Grass Coleoptile Senses Light, and
How is the Signal Transmitted? (Figure 39.5)
‚ Inquiry: Does Asymmetrical Distribution of a Growth
Promoting Chemical Cause a Coleoptile to Grow Toward the
Light? (Figure 39.6)
‚ A Survey Of Plant Hormones
‚ Auxin
‚ Inquiry: What Causes Polar Movement of Auxin from Shoot
Tip to Base?
‚ The Role of Auxin in Cell Elongation
‚ Auxin’s Role in Plant Development
‚ Practical Uses for Auxins
‚ Cytokinins
‚ Control of Cell Division and Differentiation
‚ Control of Apical Dominance
‚ Anti-Aging Effects
‚ Gibberellins
‚ Stem Elongation
‚ Germination
‚ Brassinosteroids
‚ Abscisic Acid
‚ Seed Dormancy
‚ Drought Tolerance
‚ Strigolactones
‚ Ethylene
‚ The Triple Response to Mechanical Stress
‚ Senescence
‚ Leaf Abscission
‚ Fruit Ripening
MIDTERM EXAM 30%
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BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
27.1 Structural nd Functional Adaptations Contribute to
Prokaryotic Success
‚ Cell-Surface Structures
‚ Motility
‚ Internal Organization and DNA
‚ Reproduction And Adaptation
27.2 Rapid Reproduction, Mutation, and Genetic Recombination
Promote Genetic Diversity in Prokaryotes
. Rapid Reproduction And Mutation
. Genetic Recombination
‚ Transformation and Transduction
‚ Conjugation and Plasmids
‚ R Plasmids and Antibiotic Resistance
27.3 Diverse Nutritional and Metabolic Adaptations have
Evolved in Prokaryotes
‚ The Role of Oxygen in Metabolism
‚ Nitrogen Metabolism
‚ Metabolic Cooperation
27.4 Molecular Systematic is Illuminating Prokaryotic Phylogeny
‚ Lessons from Molecular Systematic
‚ Archaea
‚ Bacteria
27.5 Prokaryotes Play Crucial Roles in the Biosphere
‚ Chemical Recycling
‚ Ecological Interaction
27.6 Prokaryotes have both Harmful and Beneficial Impacts on
Humans
‚ Mutualistic Bacteria
‚ Pathogenic Bacteria (Brief)
‚ Prokaryotes in Research and Technology
PROTISTS
28.1 Most Eukaryotes are Single-Celled Organisms
‚ Structural and Functional Diversity in Protists
28.2 Excavates Include Protists with Modified Mitochondria and
Protists with Unique Flagella
‚ Euglenozoans
‚ Kinetoplastids
‚ Euglenid
28.3 Chromalveolates May Have Originated By Secondary
Endosymbiosis
‚ Alveolates
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Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Stramenopiles
Diatoms
Brown Algae
Alternation of Generations
Red Algae and Green Algae are the Closest Relatives of
Land Plants
‚ Green Algae
FUNGI
31.1 Fungi are Heterotrophs that Feed by Absorption
‚ Nutrition And Ecology
‚ Body Structure
‚ Specialized Hyphae in Mycorrhizal Fungi
31.2 Fungi Produce Spores Through Sexual or Asexual Life
Cycles
‚ Sexual Reproduction
‚ Asexual Reproduction
31.4 Fungi have Radiated into a Diverse Set of Lineages
‚ Chytrids
‚ Zygomycetes
‚ Ascomycetes
‚ Basidiomycetes
31.5 Fungi Play Key Roles in Nutrient Cycling, Ecological
Interactions, and Human Welfare
‚ Fungi as Decomposers
‚ Fungi as Mutualists
‚ Fungus-Plant Mutualisms
‚ Fungus-Animal Symbioses
‚ Lichens
‚ Fungi as Pathogens
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Practical Uses of Fungi
PLANT DIVERSITY I: HOW PLANTS COLONIZED LAND
29.1 Land Plants Evolved from Green Algae
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Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land
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Derived Traits of Plants
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Exploring Derived Traits Of Land Plants (Figure 29.5)
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The Origin and Diversification of Plants
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Ten Phyla of Extant Plants (Table 29.1)
29.2 Mosses and other Non Vascular Plants have Life Cycles
Dominated by Gametophyte
‚ Bryophyte Gametophytes
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‚ Bryophyte Sporophytes
‚ The Ecological and Economic Importance of Mosses
29.3 Ferns and other Seedless Vascular Plants were the First
Plants to Grow Tall
‚ Origins and Traits of Vascular Plants
‚ Life Cycle with Dominant Sporophytes
‚ Transport in Xylem And Phloem
‚ Evolution of Roots
‚ Evolution of Leaves
‚ Sporophylls and Spore Variations
PLANT DIVERSITY II:EVOLUTION OF SEED PLANTS
30.1 Seeds and Pollen Grains are Key Adaptations for Life on
Land
‚ Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes
‚ Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
‚ Ovules and Production of Eggs
‚ Pollen and Production of Sperm
30.2 Gymnosperms Bear " Naked " Seeds, Typically on Cones
‚ The Life Cycle of a Pine (Figure 30.6)
‚ The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look
30.3 The Reproductive Adaptations of Angiosperms Include
Flowers and Fruits
‚ Characteristics of Angiosperms
‚ Flowers
‚ Fruit
‚ The Angiosperm Life Cycle
AN OVERVIEW TO ANIMAL DIVERSITY
32.1 Animals are Multicellular, Heterotrophic Eukaryotes with
Tissues that Develop from Embryonic Layers
‚ Nutritional Mode
‚ Cell Structure and Specialization
‚ Reproduction and Development
32.3 Animals can be Characterized by " Body Plans "
‚ Symmetry
‚ Tissues
‚ Body Cavities
‚ Protostome and Deuterostome Development
‚ Cleavage
‚ Coelom Formation
‚ Fate Of The Blastopore
FINAL EXAM 50%
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GRADING POLICY
FIRST HOUR EXAM
MIDTERM EXAM
FINAL EXAM
20%
30 %
50 %
COURSE TEXT BOOK
Title: BIOLOGY, 9th edition (2011).
Author(s): Neil A. Campbell and Jane B. Reece
Publisher: Benjamin Cumming's Publishing Company.
ATTENDANCE POLICY
Absence from lectures should not exceed 15%. Students who exceed the 15% limit
without a medical or emergency excuse acceptable to and approved by the Dean of the
relevant college/faculty shall not be allowed to take the final examination and shall
receive a mark of zero for the course.
HOW TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN THIS CLASS
1. Attend the classes
2. Read your text before you come to lecture
3. Take good, concise class notes
4. Learn your vocabularies
5. Use the text book and highlight your text
6. Review and rewrite your class notes within 24 hours of class
7. Schedule your studying time and stick to it. You should spend at least 2 hours
outside the class for every hour you are in class.
8. If you are absent, it is your responsibility to get the notes and handouts from a
classmate because you will still be held accountable for the material covered in class.
9. Always check the syllabus. It contains chapters, sections and assignments with their
corresponding pages. These are the materials which you will be asked about in the class
and you will be examined in.
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