Laboratory Supplement
J. Ellen Lathrop-Davis, M.S., Course Coordinator
Ewa Gorski, Ph.D.
Stephen Kabrhel, M.S., ATC.
BIOL 221
A&P II
BIOLOGY 221
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
Laboratory Supplement
Welcome to Biology 221 – Anatomy and Physiology II. Like the Biology 220
Laboratory, these exercises are designed to give you experience in:

following directions accurately;

using microscopes properly and observing histological specimens using
prepared slides;

identifying anatomical structures based on diagrams, models, and preserved
specimens;

understanding various physiological processes through experiments and
virtual experiments (PhysioEx).
You should come to each laboratory prepared to learn. Models, slides, atlases,
books, diagrams, etc. may not be taken out of the laboratory. No open lab time is
available. Use your time in lab wisely. Read through the upcoming laboratory
exercise before coming to lab (see course lab schedule) and write out definitions
and functions of structures to be observed. You should bring the following to each
lab period:

Marieb laboratory manual with PhysioEx CD (all page, figure and table
numbers are based on the 8th edition, cat version);

3-ring binder with laboratory supplement, which provides the objectives for
the day’s lab activities;

paper to take notes; and

pencils (preferred) or pens.
You are expected to have successfully completed Biology 220 – Anatomy and
Physiology I, or the equivalent. We will not review the material covered in that
course. You are responsible for material covered in A&P I such as body cavity
names, regional terminology, histology, and bones and muscles related to the
systems you will study in A&P II. If you had difficulty with any of the subjects,
you should review the relevant exercises in the laboratory manual.
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The laboratory is a place of serious observation and study. Toward that end,
please observe the following:
1.
Students should maintain appropriate classroom behavior (see the College
Catalogue under Student Code of Conduct); disruptive students will be
asked to leave the laboratory.
2. Smoking, eating and drinking are NOT permitted in the laboratory at any
time.
3. For your safety, close-toed shoes are required in lab. If you are wearing
sandals, your instructor may not permit you to enter the lab. It is your
responsibility to dress appropriately and wear proper footwear.
4. You may wish to bring a smock to lab when doing dissections.
5. Cell phones and pagers are disruptive – especially during tests. Please turn
them to a silent mode; or, better yet, turn them off. In an emergency,
you can be reached through the Department Secretary (410-455-4212) or
Security (410-455-4545).
6. Models, slides, atlases, books, diagrams, etc. may not be taken out of the
laboratory. No open lab time is available. Use your time in lab wisely. Read
through the upcoming laboratory exercise before coming to lab (see course
lab schedule) and write out definitions and functions of structures to be
observed. A limited number of models are available for study in the library.
Many excellent web sites exist that provide images of materials similar to
those we use in lab. See your instructor for more information.
7. Please treat all materials with care; many students need to use them. Please
do NOT use pens, pencils or markers on the models. Probes or pipe
cleaners will be available for pointing at structures on models. Report any
problems with equipment to the instructor as soon as possible.
8. Clean all equipment used and return it to its place of storage before you
leave the lab. Clean up any chemicals that may have spilled during
physiological experiments.
9. Dissection is a vital part of understanding anatomical relationships and
tissues. Students are expected to participate in dissection of selected
materials or view prosections during lab. Dissected materials will appear on
most laboratory practical exams; students who do not dissect or observe
can expect to lose points on lab exams. Students who object to the use of
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animal material for dissection must submit a written explanation of their
objections by the end of the first full week of classes. Students with
valid reasons (“I just don’t want to.” is not a valid reason) will meet with the
course coordinator during the first two weeks of class to discuss their
objections.
10. Clean up all material used to dissect and dispose of animal parts properly;
DO NOT through animal parts in the regular trash.
11. After completing each lab, the student should be able to identify any
structure or organ viewed as part of the objectives from models, slides,
micrographs and/or diagrams, as appropriate; discuss the function of these
structures or organs; and/or discuss physiological principles studied. Review
Sheets for each exercise are found at the back of the lab manual. A
histology atlas is also located toward the back of the lab book and as part
of the PhysioEx CD. You may find these helpful in studying. YOU are
responsible for making sure you cover and understand all of the objectives.
12. Group study both during and after lab is highly beneficial. Taking turns
“teaching” each other about the material will help both the “teacher” and
the “learner” better understand and remember the material.
13. Your instructors are here to help you learn. It is YOUR responsibility to
seek help when needed in and out of lab.
14. You are responsible for knowing the importance and/or function of every
structure or term listed regardless of whether it is stated in the objective.
15. Attendance is required. If you are going to miss a lab, please contact the
instructor as soon as possible, preferably before the missed lab, to
schedule a make-up. It is YOUR responsibility to contact the instructor and
to make up the material. If your regular instructor does not teach the lab
section you want to attend to make up the lab, you must contact that
instructor as well to make sure there is room in her/his lab section.
Good luck and have a great semester!
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BIOL 221
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
A&P II
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A&P II
CIRCULATION: BLOOD
Exercise 29A; Ward’s Blood Typing
Materials
 Prepared slides of normal blood
 Prepared slides of blood representative of specific diseases
 Ward’s simulated ABO blood typing kit
 Models of formed elements
NOTE: We lack the proper facilities to utilize real human blood in lab. Therefore,
activities will be completed using prepared slides and artificial blood substitutes.
Objectives
1. Describe the major functions of the circulatory system.
2. List the 3 major components of the circulatory system.
3. Describe the physical characteristics of blood.
p. 309-310
4. Differentiate between the terms plasma and serum.
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5. Identify the formed elements on prepared slides, diagrams and models and
state their main functions.
Table 29.1, p. 310
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Platelets
6. Perform a differential white blood cell count. State the expected range
(percentage) of each type of white blood cell in normal blood. Compare your
results to “expected” values. Classify the various leukocytes as granulocytes or
agranulocytes.
pp. 312-313; Fig. 29.3
WBC Type
Measured
Expected (Marieb)
Gran./Agran.
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
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7. State the normal ranges and discuss the clinical importance of each of the
following:
p. 313
Measurement
Range
Importance
Total RBC count
Total WBC count
Hematocrit
8. State the normal abundance range and characteristics of erythrocytes and
define/describe the following disorders and terms associated with them:
Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia:
Hemorrhagic anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Polycythemia
Hyperchromic
Normochromic
Hypochromic
Microcytic
Macrocytic
9. Describe the following disorders:
a. Neutrophilia
b. Mononucleosis
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10. Identify the following disorders prepared slides and micrographs. Describe the
characteristics of each.
Sickle cell anemia
Eosinophilia .......................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Iron deficiency anemia ..................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Granulocytic leukemia ....................................................................... Instructor’s Option
11. Define the following:
Agglutinogen (antigen)
Agglutinin (antibody)
Cross-reaction:
12. Perform ABO blood typing using synthetic blood and anti-sera according to the
directions in “WARD’S Simulated Blood Typing Activity”. Discuss the
identification and inheritance of the ABO agglutinogens (antigens), what
agglutinins (antibodies) each blood type produces, and cross-reactions that may
occur between different blood types. Indicate which type is the universal donor
and which is the universal recipient.
Table 29.2, p. 319; Fig. 29.7, p. 320
Blood
Type
Anti-Serum Reacts
With For Typing
Agglutinogens
Present
Agglutinins
Produced
Donates
To
Receives
From
A
B
AB
O
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13. Perform Rh factor blood typing using synthetic blood and anti-sera (Ward’s
blood typing); record your answers in the Data Table 1 on the Analysis Sheet.
Discuss the inheritance of the Rh factor proteins, the circumstances under
which agglutinins are produced, and cross reactions that may occur between
different blood types. Define erythroblastosis fetalis and explain how it arises.
Blood
Type
Anti-Serum Reacts
With For Typing
Agglutinogens
Present
Agglutinins
Produced
Donates
To
Receives
From
Rh+
Rh-
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: CARDIAC ANATOMY
Exercises 30 and 32
Materials
 Heart models
 Preserved human heart in plastic
 Preserved animal hearts
 Cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle histology slides
 Fetal circulation model
 Heart Video
Objectives
1. Describe the location and position of the heart.
2. Identify the layers of the heart wall and pericardium on models, diagrams, and
preserved specimens and describe their structure and function.** Marieb Fig.
18.2, p. 677; Fig. 30.2, p. 323 (lab manual)
Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
Pericardial cavity**
Parietal pericardium**
Fibrous pericardium**
3. Identify the features of cardiac muscle on a slide; compare it with skeletal and
smooth muscle; you should be able to identify all of the types.
Fig. 30.7, p. 327; pp. 63-64 (skeletal and smooth muscle)
Muscle Type
Features
Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth
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4. Identify the following chambers and structures on preserved human hearts,
preserved animal hearts, models, and diagrams; state the function or
importance of each:
Fig. 30.2, p. 323; Fig. 30.3, p. 324
Base
Right atrium and auricle
Left atrium and auricle
Atrioventricular groove
Apex
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Anterior interventricular sulcus
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis
Interventricular septum
Tricuspid (right atrioventricular [AV]) valve
Mitral (bicuspid; left atrioventricular [AV]) valve
Chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
Trabeculae carneae
Aortic semilunar valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
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5. Identify the following blood vessels and associated structures of the heart on
models, diagrams and, when possible, on a preserved human heart. Indicate
whether they are part of the pulmonary circulation, systemic circulation, or
coronary circulation (a subset of systemic circulation); and whether they carry
oxygenated or deoxygenated blood. Fig. 30.2, p. 323 and 324; Fig. 30.5, p. 327
Pulmonary trunk
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Right and left pulmonary veins
Aorta
Ascending Aorta
Right coronary artery
Left coronary artery
Circumflex artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Aortic Arch
Brachiocephalic artery
Left common carotid artery
Left subclavian artery
Great cardiac vein
Coronary sinus
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
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6. Identify the following blood vessels on preserved animal hearts.
Pulmonary trunk
Right and left pulmonary veins ...................................................... Instructor’s Option
Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery .............................................................. Instructor’s Option
Left subclavian artery ................................................................ Instructor’s Option
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus ................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
7. Identify the following fetal structures on models and diagrams as well as the
remnants of these structures on adult heart models.
(Exercise 32, p. 357)
Fetal Structure
Adult Structure
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
8. Trace the flow of blood through the three main circulatory pathways through
the heart (systemic, coronary, pulmonary) starting from the appropriate
ventricle and ending at the appropriate atrium.
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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY – ECGs
Exercises 31, 33A, 33B, and 34B
Materials
 Stethoscopes
 iWorx equipment and ECG leads
 PhysioEx CD


Computers
ECGs of various disorders
Objectives
1. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle.
2. Auscultate heart sounds; correlate them with the events of the cardiac cycle.
P. 361-362
1st heart sound
2nd heart sound
3. Identify the components of the heart’s intrinsic conduction system on diagrams
and state the function of each:
Fig. 31.1, pp. 332-334
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
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4. Identify the ECG waves, segments and intervals; describe the mechanical heart
activity normally associated with each.
Fig. 31.2, p. 333
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
PR (PQ) interval .................................................................................. Instructor’s Option
ST segment ......................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
QT interval .......................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
5. Define the following arrthymias. Identify each on ECG tracings provided.
Marieb Fig. 18.18, p. 695
Sinus Tachycardia
Sinus Bradycardia
Ventricular Fibrillation
Second-degree heart block ............................................................. Instructor’s Option
6. Discuss the effects the following: (PhysioEx Exercise 34B Activities 1-9, pp.
P-71-P-77)
Factor
Effect on Rate and Strength of Contraction
Vagal stimulation
Temperature
Pilocarpine
Atropine
Epinephrine
Digitalis
Ca2+
Na+
K+
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7. Discuss the effects of radius and stroke volume on pump activity. Write your
answers in the lab manual then summarize here. (PhysioEx Exercise 33B
Activities 5 & 6, pp. P-65-P-69) ..............................Instructor’s Option
Radius:
Stroke volume
8. Use the iWorx equipment and Lab Scribe computer software to determine a
volunteer’s ECG while at rest, during breath holding, and immediately after 3
minutes of exercise. Compare the:
a. time intervals during resting, breath-holding, and after 3 minutes of running
in place;
b. heart rate (based on the time intervals); and
c. average wave heights ................................................................. Instructor’s Option
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Experiment: Electrocardiogram and Heart Sounds
Overview
The cardiac cycle involves a sequential contraction of the atria and the ventricles. The
combined electrical activity of the different myocardial cells produces electrical currents
that spread through the body fluids. These currents are large and can be detected by
recording electrodes placed on the skin. In this lab you will attach three electrodes to a
student volunteer. These electrodes will be connected to the iWorx/204 and the signal will
be displayed on the computer screen in a strip chart format. The regular pattern of
"peaks" produced by each heart beat cycle is called the electrocardiogram or ECG (See
Figure 2-1).
Figure 2-1: ECG trace in the Main window with labels showing the P, QRS and
T waves. The cursors are positioned to measure the amplitude (value in
Volts) of the QRS wave.
The action potentials recorded from atrial and ventricle fibers are different from
those of nerves and skeletal muscle. The cardiac action potential is composed of three
phases - a rapid depolarization, a plateau depolarization (which is pronounced in ventricular
fibers) and a repolarization back to resting membrane potential. The components of the
ECG can be correlated with the electrical activity of the atrial and ventricle fibers such
that:

the P-wave is produced by atrial depolarization;

the QRS complex is produced by ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization is
hidden by the changes due to ventricular depolarization);

the T-wave is produced by ventricle repolarization.
In this lab you will record ECGs from volunteers at rest, while holding their breath,
and following exercise.
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Equipment Required





PC computer
iWorx/204 and serial cable
AMI cable and three ECG leads (electrode cables)
Disposable electrodes
Alcohol swabs or wipes
Equipment Setup
1. Make sure the iWorx/204 unit is connected to the computer. Ask your instructor
for help if it is not.
2. Volunteers should remove all jewelry including watches from their wrists and
ankles.
3. Use an alcohol swab/wipe to clean and abrade a region of each wrist that has little
or no hair and from an area around the left ankle.
4. Select three (3) disposable electrodes. Remove the plastic sheet covering the
adhesive from a disposable electrode and apply the electrode to the abraded area
on one wrist. Repeat for the other wrist and the left ankle.
5. Attach the gray AMI connector on one end of the cable to the channel one and two
input on the iWorx/204 unit. (See Fig. 2-2.)
6. Examine the lead pedestal of AMI connector and note that it has five (5) ports
(openings) into which leads can be placed. Turn the pedestal so that the side with
the arrows is facing you. The middle port is for the ground. To the left of the
ground are the 1- and 1+ ports, respectively. To the right are the channel 2- and 2+
ports. (See Figure 2-2.)
Figure 2-2: The equipment used to measure the ECG from a volunteer.
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7. Select three (3) leads. Attach the end of the brown electrode cable to the ground
(middle opening). Attach the red and black electrode cables to the channel two
inputs (two openings on the left) on the lead pedestal; the black lead should be
attached to the end (2+) and the red between the brown and black leads. Snap the
other ends onto the disposable electrodes, so that:

the "2 -" lead (red) is attached to the right wrist,

the "2 +" lead (black) is connected to the left wrist,

the ground, or reference, lead (brown) is connected to the left leg.
8. Make sure that ECG is the selected mode; a red light will appear by ECG on the
iWorx/204 box. If it is not selected, use the mode control button to select ECG.
9. The volunteer should sit quietly with his/her hands in his/her lap; the hands should
not be touching.
Start the Software
1. Click LabScribe icon on the desktop if it has not been opened for you. You can also
access the program by moving the mouse to Programs (from the Start menu) and
then to the iWorx folder and selecting LabScribe.
2. When the program opens, select Heart #1 under Settings. If Heart #1 is not an
option, select Load (under Settings); choose HK204 from the menu and click OK;
return to Settings and select Heart #1.
3. After a short time the three Heart #1 channels will appear. Channel 1 (top) will be
minimized. If it is not, click and hold the top red arrow on the right of the screen
and drag it upward. The remaining two channels are for ECG and Sound. The Sound
channel will not be used in the present exercises; minimize this window by dragging
the lower red arrow to the bottom of the screen.
Exercise 1: ECG in Resting Volunteers
Aim: To measure the ECG in resting individuals and to view the 3 main waves of the ECG.
Procedure
1. Click Start (upper right) and then click AutoScale in the ECG title area. A rhythmic
ECG signal (See Figure 2-1) should appear. If the trace is upside down (main peak of
the QRS goes down) click Stop and switch the positive (black; 2+) and negative
(red; 2-) electrodes. If the signal is too small, the electrodes should be moved from
the wrists to the skin immediately below each clavicle.
2. The volunteer should open and close his/her fists, or move his/her arms across
their chest. Notice that the trace moves around the screen and the ECG is
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distorted. This demonstrates that it is necessary to keep still and relaxed when
recording the ECG. The electrodes are very sensitive to electrical activity in the
muscles as well as in the heart so you may experience a lot of “noise” (added peaks
on the screen). If this happens, have the volunteer move their arms into a position
that minimizes the excess noise.
3. When you have a suitable trace, type "***'s resting ECG" (where *** is the
volunteer's name) in the space next to Mark. Press Enter on the keyboard to enter
the mark.
4. After 15 to 20 seconds, click Stop to halt recording -- your data should have a
series of peaks (waves) and look similar to Figure 2-1.
Figure 2-1: ECG trace in the Main window with labels showing the P, QRS and T
waves. The cursors are positioned to measure the amplitude (value in Volts) of
the QRS wave
Data Analysis
1. Click the 2-cursor icon (See Figure 2-3) so that two blue vertical lines appear over
the recording window.
Figure 2-3: The LabScribe toolbar
2. Locate a region of the screen containing four good heart beat cycles. Use the
mouse to drag the cursors left and right so that the four complete heart beat
cycles are located between the two blue lines. (The left cursor should be slightly to
the left of the P wave of the first heartbeat; the right cursor slightly to the right
of the T wave of the fourth heart beat.)
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3. Click the Analysis icon to open the Analysis window.
4. Under Display Channels in the Analysis window (Figure 2-4), click Channel one and
Sounds to de-select them and display only the ECG trace.
5. Use the mouse to click and drag the cursors around the Analysis window to:
a. measure the time interval (in seconds/beat) between four adjacent QRS waves
(you should have three values). The trace can be scrolled horizontally using the
arrows in the lower margin. Position the left cursor at the peak of the first
QRS wave; position right cursor at the peak of the adjacent QRS wave (Figure
2-4). The time interval (in seconds) will appear as T2-T1. Record your data on
the sheet provided.
To measure the next time interval, move the left cursor to the right past the
other cursor to the top of the next QRS peak. The time interval between these
two peaks will now appear as T2-T1. Record this interval on the sheet provided.
Repeat the procedure to measure the time interval between two more peaks.
You may need to scroll to the right using the scroll bar at the bottom of the
screen.
Figure 2-4: ECG trace in the Analysis window showing how to use the two cursors
to measure the time interval between adjacent QRS waves - in this example the
value (T2-T1) is 0.82 s.
b. measure the amplitude (in volts) of three QRS waves. Position the left cursor at
a suitable low point between the first P and QRS waves; position the right
cursor at the peak of the QRS wave. The amplitude (in volts) will appear as V2V1. Record your data on the sheet provided. Repeat for two successive QRS
waves. ....................................................Instructor’s Option
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c. measure the amplitude of three P waves. Position the left cursor at a suitable
low point between the T and P waves; position the right cursor at the peak of
the P wave. The amplitude (in volts) will appear as V2-V1. Record your data on
the sheet provided. Repeat for two successive P waves. ....... Instructor’s Option
d. measure the amplitude of three T waves. Position the left cursor at a suitable
low point between the QRS and T waves; position the right cursor at the peak
of the T wave. The amplitude (in volts) will appear as V2-V1. Record your data
on the sheet provided. Repeat for two successive T waves. Instructor’s Option
6. Calculate (and record on your data sheets):
a. the average time interval (seconds/beat) between adjacent QRS waves by
adding the 3 values and dividing by 3;
b. the heart rate in beats per minute by dividing 60 by the time interval:
Heart rate = (60 seconds/minute) / (seconds/beat) = beats/min.; and
c. the average value for the amplitude of the P wave, the QRS wave and the T
wave ....................................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Exercise 2: ECG Recordings During Breath Holding.
Aim: To measure heart rate during breath holding.
Procedure
1. Start a new tracing for the first volunteer by clicking Start. Record the resting
ECG for 10 seconds, or until the ECG is stable. When you have a suitable trace, type
"***'s breath-holding ECG" (where *** is the volunteer's name) in the space next to
Mark. Have the volunteer begin to hold his/her breath and press Enter on the
keyboard to enter the mark.
2. Have the volunteer hold his/her breath for 20 seconds. Just prior to letting out
the breath, type “end” in the space next to Mark. Press enter when the volunteer
lets out the breath. Click Stop to halt the recording. Perform the data analysis by
making measurements of QRS wave amplitude (instructor’s option) and interval
between QRS waves as before.
Data Analysis
Make measurements of QRS wave amplitude (instructor’s option) and interval between
QRS waves as outlined above. Calculate heart rate as before.
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Exercise 3: ECG Recordings Following Exercise
Aim: To measure heart rate following exercise.
Procedure
1. Disconnect the cables from the electrodes attached to the volunteer’s wrists and
ankles. Have the volunteer jog in place for three (3) minutes so that heart rate and
ventilation increase.
2. While the student is jogging in place, type "***'s post-exercise ECG" (where *** is
the volunteer's name) in the space next to Mark.
3. Immediately after the three (3) minutes of jogging are completed, have the
student sit. Reconnect the cables and begin to record the ECGs.
4. Start the tracing by clicking Start. Have the student stay as still as possible to
minimize noise from muscle activity.
5. Click Stop to halt recording after 15 to 20 seconds.
Data Analysis
Make measurements of QRS wave amplitude (instructor’s option) and interval between
QRS waves as outlined above. Calculate heart rate as before.
Exercise 4: ECG Recordings from Other Students
Aim: To compare resting, breath-holding and post-exercise heart rates from two other
students.
Procedure
1. Disconnect the leads from the first volunteer's wrists and ankle and place them on
a second student. Record their ECG as before for resting, breath holding and after
exercise.
Data Analysis
Make measurements and calculate heart rate as done previously.
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IWorx / Labscribe
ECG
Data Sheet for Laboratory Exercise: ECGs and Heart Rates
Volunteer #1: Name _________________________ Age _____ Sex _____
Does the volunteer smoke? (yes/no) ____ Does s/he exercise regularly? ____
ECG at Rest
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 P waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 T waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG During Breath Holding
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG 3 Minutes Post Exercise
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Questions
1. Was the interval between each beat the same for each cycle?
2. How does the heart rate during breath holding compare to resting HR?
3. How does the post-exercise heart rate compare to resting HR?
Optional:
4. Is the amplitude of the different waves the same in every cardiac cycle?
5. What happened to the amplitude of the QRS wave and heart rate during breath
holding?
6. What effect did exercise have on amplitude of the QRS?
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Cardiac Physiology
IWorx / Labscribe
ECG
Data Sheet for Laboratory Exercise: ECGs and Heart Rates
Volunteer #2: Name _________________________ Age _____ Sex _____
Does the volunteer smoke? (yes/no) ____ Does s/he exercise regularly? ____
ECG at Rest
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 P waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 T waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG During Breath Holding
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG 3 Minutes Post Exercise
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Questions
1. How does the ECG and heart rate of this student compare to the other student(s)?
2. Are there obvious characteristics such as age, gender, smoking, or regular exercise
that may have contributed to the differences?
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Cardiac Physiology
IWorx / Labscribe
ECG
Data Sheet for Laboratory Exercise: ECGs and Heart Rates
Volunteer #3: Name _________________________ Age _____ Sex _____
Does the volunteer smoke? (yes/no) ____ Does s/he exercise regularly? ____
ECG at Rest
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 P waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
Amplitude of 3 T waves (in volts)
_____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG During Breath Holding
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height ______
ECG 3 Minutes Post Exercise
Time interval between QRS peaks
_____ _____ _____ Average Time
______
Heart Rate (beats per minute)
_____ _____ _____ Average HR
______
Amplitude of 3 QRS waves (in volts) _____ _____ _____ Average Height _____
Questions
1. How does the ECG and heart rate of this student compare to the other student(s)?
2. Are there obvious characteristics such as age, gender, smoking, or regular exercise
that may have contributed to the differences?
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Cardiac Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS and CIRCULATION PATTERNS
Exercise 32
Materials
 Blood vessel histology slides
 Blood vessel plaques
 Wire blood vessel model
 Torso models
 Clear skull with brain
 Male pelvis model






Female pelvis model
Arm Models
Leg Models
Preserved Cats
Brain with blood vessels
Blood vessel video
Objectives
1. Identify and describe the layers of the blood vessel wall on diagrams and
microscope slides.
Fig. 32.1, pp. 343-345
Tunica interna (intima)
Tunica media
Tunica externa
2. Identify and distinguish among elastic arteries (aorta), muscular arteries, veins
and capillaries on diagrams and microscope slides. Compare and contrast the
anatomical features of these types of vessels and relate their structural
differences to the function(s) of each type of vessel.
Fig. 32.1, pp. 343-345
Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels and Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
A&P II
3. Identify the following systemic blood vessels on models and diagrams, trace the
flow of blood through each, and state the area(s) served by each. Identify both
right (R) and left (L), if applicable.
pp. 346-353
Aortic and Its Thoracic Branches
Veins of the Thorax
Ascending aorta
Superior vena cava
Aortic arch
Azygous vein
Brachiocephalic artery
Hemiazygous vein
L subclavian artery
Inferior vena cava
L common carotid artery
Descending aorta / thoracic aorta
Veins of the Head & Neck
R/L Internal jugular vein
Arteries of the Head & Neck
R/L External jugular vein
R Common carotid artery
R/L Brachiocephalic vein
R/L Vertebral artery
R/L Vertebral vein
R/L Internal carotid artery
R/L External carotid artery
Arteries of the Upper Limb
Veins of the Upper Limb
R/L Radial vein
R/L Ulnar vein
R/L Subclavian artery
R/L Median cubital vein
R/L Axillary artery
R/L Cephalic vein
R/L Brachial artery
R/L Basilic vein
R/L Radial artery
R/L Brachial vein
R/L Ulnar artery
R/L Axillary vein
R/L Subclavian vein
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels and Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
Arteries of the Abdominal Cavity
A&P II
Veins of the Abdominal Cavity
Abdominal aorta
R/L Common iliac vein
Celiac trunk1
Inferior vena cava
Superior mesenteric1
R/L Gonadal vein:3
R/L Renal artery2
R/L Testicular vein3
R/L Gonadal artery:3
R/L Ovarian vein3
R/L Testicular artery3
R/L Renal vein2
R/L Ovarian artery3
R/L Hepatic vein1
Inferior mesenteric artery1
Arteries of the Pelvis & Lower Limb
R/L Common iliac artery
Superior Mesenteric Vein1
Inferior Mesenteric Vein1
Veins of the Pelvis & Lower Limb
R/L Internal iliac artery
R/L Dorsal venous arch
R/L External iliac artery
R/L Anterior tibial vein
R/L Femoral artery
R/L Posterior tibial vein
R/L Deep femoral artery
R/L Popliteal vein
R/L Popliteal artery
R/L Great saphenous vein
R/L Anterior tibial artery
R/L Femoral vein
R/L Posterior tibial artery
R/L External iliac vein
R/L Dorsalis pedis artery
R/L Internal iliac vein
R/L Arcuate artery
1
Instructor may opt to cover with the digestive system.
Instructor may opt to cover with urinary system
3
Instructor may opt to cover with reproductive system
2
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels and Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Identify the following ARTERIES on a preserved cat. Identify both right and
left, where appropriate. ...................................Fig. D-4.6 p. 785; Instructor’s Option
Aorta
Brachiocephalic artery
R/L Subclavian artery
R/L Common carotid artery
Descending aorta
Abdominal aorta
Celiac artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
R/L Renal artery
R/L External iliac artery
R/L Femoral artery
5. Identify the following VEINS on a preserved cat. Identify both right and
left, where appropriate. ................. Fig. D-4.6 p. 785; Instructor’s Option
R/L Jugular veins
R/L Brachiocephalic veins
R/L Subclavian veins
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
R/L External iliac veins
R/L Femoral veins
Azygous
6. Be able to trace the flow of blood through the arteries and veins. The following
have been given as examples. You should be able to work with any combination
of vessels covered in lab.
a. Left ventricle to right knee
b. Right atrium to left lateral cerebral hemisphere
c. Right atrium to left ankle
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels and Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
A&P II
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: SPECIAL CIRCULATION PATTERNS
Cranial Circulation, Fetal Circulation
Exercise 32
Materials
 Torso model
 Fetal circulation model


Sagittal head model
Brain/skull model
Objectives
1. Identify the vessels associated with the cerebral circulation and circle of Willis
on diagrams and models, if available. State the overall purpose of this collateral
circulation and the brain regions served by each vessel.
Fig. 32.15, p. 358
Internal carotid arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communicating arteries
Middle cerebral arteries
Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communicating arteries
2. Identify the following structures associated with cranial drainage on models
and diagrams.
Fig. 32.10, p. 352
Superior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Transverse sinus
Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein
3. Draw the cerebral circulation......................................................... Instructor’s Option
Identify the following fetal modifications of the circulatory system on
diagrams and models. Describe the functions of each and indicate what each
structure becomes after birth.
Fig. 32.14, p. 357
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels: Special Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
Structure
A&P II
Function
Becomes
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical arteries
Placenta
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
5. Identify and state the function of the umbilical cord.
6. Trace the flow of blood through the fetal circulation. .............. Instructor’s Option
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Blood Vessels: Special Circulatory Patterns
BIOL 221
A&P II
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DYNAMICS
Blood Pressure, Capillary Dynamics
Exercise 33A & 33B
Materials
 PhysioEx CD, computers
 Sphygmomanometers and stethoscopes
 iWorx equipment and Labscribe software
Objectives
1. Identify major pulse points on the body. Compare them in terms of strength of
beat felt.
Fig. 33A.3, p. 362
2. Define the following:
Blood pressure
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
Pulse pressure
Mean arterial pressure
3. Discuss the mechanics of circulation and explain the effect of vessel resistance
(tube radius, viscosity, tube length and blood pressure) on blood flow through a
vessel. Record your answers in the lab manual then summarize the information
here.
PhysioEx Exercise 33B; Activities 1-4, pp. P-60–P-64
Tube Radius
Viscosity:
Flow Tube Length
Pressure
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Circulatory Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Determine heart rate by measuring a subject’s pulse at rest, during exercise,
and 1 and 2 minutes post exercise. Compare the number of beats per minute and
strength of beats among these activities.
5. Determine a subject’s blood pressure while resting in a supine position, resting
while sitting, resting while standing, 1 and 2 minutes after vigorous exercise,
and in response to extreme cold. Compare the blood pressure seen during these
different activities.
Subject Number/Name
1
BP
2
HR
BP
3
HR
BP
HR
Supine BP / HR
Sitting BP / HR
Standing BP / HR
During exercise – HR only
1 min. post exercise BP / HR
2 min. post exercise BP / HR
Cold (optional) BP / HR
Sitting PP
Sitting MAP
6. Calculate the pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure for your subject(s)
while sitting.
7. Determine the effects of local metabolites and venous congestion on blood flow
by observing changes in skin color ................................................ Instructor’s Option
8. Examine collateral circulation in the arm and explain its importance ......................
............................................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
9. Examine the effects of mechanical stimulation on cutaneous blood vessels. .........
............................................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Circulatory Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Exercise 35
Materials
 Vessel plaques
 Torso model
 Head plaques
 Lymphatic system plaque




Lymph node histology slides
Intestine model
Ileum histology slides
Spleen histology slides
Objectives
1. Discuss the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system and explain how it works
together with the blood vascular system.
p. 383
2. Identify the following lymphatic vessels and associated structures on diagrams
and models, if available.
Fig. 35.1 p. 384
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Cisterna chili
Cervical lymph nodes
Axillary lymph nodes
Inguinal lymph nodes
3. Identify the following structures of a lymph node on diagrams and microscope
slides*.
Fig. 35.3 p. 386
Capsule*
Cortex*
Germinal center
Medulla*
Afferent lymphatic vessel
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Lymphatic System
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Identify and state the function of the following lymphatic tissues and organs on
diagrams and models, if available.
Fig. 35.2 p. 385; Fig. 36.1 p. 392
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Spleen
Thymus (diagram only)
5. Identify Peyer’s patches on slide, models and diagrams of the intestine. ..............
............................................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
6. Identify and state the function of the following structures of the spleen on
diagrams and slides .......................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Capsule
Red pulp
White pulp
7. Identify tonsils on slides and note the presence of crypts. ... Instructor’s Option
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Lymphatic System
BIOL 221
A&P II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY
Exercise 36
Materials
 Torso models
 Respiratory system models
 Head plaques
 Preserved cats



Trachea histology slides
Lung histology slides
Respiratory system video
Objectives
1. State the functions of the respiratory system.
p. 391
2. Describe the 4 major processes involved in “respiration”.
P. 391
Pulmonary ventilation (inspiration and expiration)
External respiration
Gas transport
Internal respiration
3. Identify the following upper respiratory system structures on diagrams and
models; state the function of each.
Fig. 36.1 p. 392, Fig. 36.5, p. 396
External nares
Nasal conchae (singular = concha )
Nasal cavity
Nasal septum
Internal nares
Nasopharynx
Auditory tube opening
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid)
Paranasal sinuses (cavities; Fig. 10.9, p. 97)
Frontal sinus(es)
Sphenoidal sinus
Ethmoid air cells (ethmoid sinuses)
Maxillary sinus(es)
Oral cavity
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
Oropharynx
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis
Glottis
Larynx
Trachea
Hyaline cartilage rings
4. Identify the major cartilages and structures associated with the larynx. Explain
how the larynx functions in sound production.
Fig. 36.2 p. 393
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid cartilage
Arytenoid cartilages
Vocal fold (true vocal cords)
Vestibular folds
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
5. Identify the following structures of the pleural membranes and lungs on models,
and diagrams. Describe the function of each.
Fig. 36.3 p. 394; Fig. 36.5 p. 396
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Pleural cavity
Right lung
Horizontal fissure
Left lung
Oblique fissures
Superior, middle and inferior lobes (right lung)
Superior and inferior lobes (left lung)
6. Identify the following structures of the lower respiratory system structures on
diagrams and models State the function of each.
Fig. 36.3 p. 394
Right and left primary bronchi (singular = bronchus)
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Bronchopulmonary segment
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli (singular = alveolus)
7. Trace the pathway of airflow from the external nares to the alveoli.
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
8. Discuss the anatomical relationship between the middle ear and nasopharynx.
Explain how this relationship contributes to otitis media (middle ear infection).
9. Discuss what structures/passageways are shared between the respiratory and
digestive systems and how the 2 systems are anatomically separated.
10. Identify the important respiratory muscles on human models, diagrams and
preserved cats (cats are Instructor’s Option). Indicate which are involved in
inspiration and which are involved in expiration.
Fig. 15.7, p. 149
Diaphragm
Internal intercostals
External intercostals
11. Identify the following respiratory structures on preserved cats. pp. 788-790
................................................................................................................ Instructor’s Option
External nares
Oral cavity
Hard palate
Epiglottis
Larynx
Thyroid cartilage
Trachea
Right and left lungs
Visceral pleura
Pleural cavity
Parietal pleura
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
12. Identify the following tracheal structures on micrographs and slides. and state
the function or importance of each.
Hyaline cartilage
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cells
13. Identify the following structures in prepared lung tissue slides and micrographs
and state the function or importance of each.
Alveoli (singular = alveolus)
Alveolar sacs and ducts .................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Simple squamous epithelium (alveolar and capillary walls)
Bronchiole
Ciliated simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Lamina propria .............................................................................. Instructor’s Option
Smooth muscle.............................................................................. Instructor’s Option
14. Identify the characteristics of the following pathological lung tissues and
distinguish between them and normal lung tissue. .................... Instructor’s Option
Lung cancer
Emphysema
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
Exercise 37A & 37B
Materials
 Hand-held spirometers
 PhysioEx CD, computers
Objectives
1. Define the following terms:
p. 399
Ventilation
Inspiration
Expiration
Residual volume
2. Using a hand-held spirometer, determine the following respiratory volumes or
capacities. State the normal range (see chart on p. 401) and discuss the clinical
significance of each.
Tidal volume (TV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Vital Capacity (VC)
3. Calculate the following based on your spirometry results.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Minute Respiratory Volume (MRV)
Respiratory Volume or
Capacity / Range
1
Student Name
2
3
TV
ERV
VC
IRV
MRV
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Define forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEVT. ............................ Instructor’s Option
5. Determine the effect of various activities on respiration rate including sitting,
during heavy exercise, and 2 minutes after exercise. Compare the values among
activities and among students.
Activity
1
Student Name
2
3
Sitting
During exercise
2 minutes after
6. Discuss the function of the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries in gas exchange.
7. Discuss the role of the respiratory system in the acid-base balance of blood.
8. Discuss the effect of changing airway resistance, surfactant and intrapleural
pressure on lung function. (PhysioEx Exercise 37B Activities 1-4, pp. P-78-P-83)
Resistance
Surfactant
Intrapleural pressure
9. Discuss the effects of various breathing patterns (hyperventilation,
rebreathing, breath holding, and hypoventilation) on CO2 levels and pH of the
blood. (PhysioEx Exercise 37B Activity 5, pp. P-83-P-85)
Hyperventilation
Rebreathing
Breath holding (and hypoventilation)
Lathrop-Davis/ Gorski / Kabrhel
Respiratory System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
Exercise 38
Materials
 Human torso models
 Intestinal villi models
 Liver models
 Stomach models
 Hepatic portal circulation model
 Teeth models
 Skulls
 Head section models
 Digestive system plaques




Male and female pelvis models
Histology slides
o esophagus/stomach
o pancreas
o duodenum
o ileum
o liver
Digestive system video
Preserved cats
NOTE: Digestive anatomy will be completed in 2 lab periods. Digestive physiology
will be completed during the second lab period.
Objectives
1. State the function of the digestive system.
2. List and describe the processes of digestion
3. Differentiate between the alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Identify the following major organs and structures of the digestive system on
models, diagrams, and preserved cats (cats are Instructor’s Option). State
the function(s) of each.
Fig. 38.1, p. 419
Oral orifice
Oral cavity (Mouth)
Teeth
Hard Palate
Pharynx (oropharynx and laryngopharynx)
Esophagus
Stomach
Greater omentum
Small intestine
Mesentery
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder
Large intestine
5. Identify the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes and the peritoneal
cavity on diagrams and preserved cats (cats are Instructor’s Option). State
the function of these membranes.
6. Define retroperitoneal. Name the GI structures that are retroperitoneal.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
7. Identify the following structures associated with the oral cavity on models and
diagrams and state the function of each.
Fig. 38.3, p. 421
Labia
Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula
Teeth
Tongue
Lingual frenulum
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
8. Differentiate between deciduous and permanent dentition and state the total
number of teeth in each.
P. 429
9. Identify and state the function of the alveoli of the mandible and maxillary
bones.
P. 96
10. Identify the major types of teeth on models and diagrams. Fig. 38.11, p. 429430 ....................................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Central incisors
Lateral incisors
Canines (eyeteeth)
1st premolars (Bicuspids)
2nd premolars
1st molars
2nd molars
3rd molars (wisdom teeth)
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Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
11. Identify and describe or state the function of the following tooth structures
on models, diagrams and slides (slides are Instructor’s Option).
Fig. 38.12, p. 430
Crown
Anatomical crown ........................................................................ Instructor’s Option
Clinical crown ............................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Enamel
Dentin
Root
Pulp cavity
Root canal
Gingiva (gum) ...................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Gingival margin................................................................................... Instructor’s Option
Alveolus (alveoli) ............................................................................... Instructor’s Option
12. Identify the following salivary glands on models and diagrams and explain their
role in digestion.
Fig. 38.1, p. 419
Parotid glands
Sublingual glands
Submandibular glands
13. Identify the following on models, slides and/or diagrams of stomach, esophagus,
small intestine, and large intestine (large intestine is Instructor’s Option).
Describe and/or state the function(s) of the following histological features. Fig.
38.2, p. 420
Lumen
Mucosa
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae
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Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
Submucosa
Lymph nodules
Muscularis externa
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer
Serosa or adventitia
14. Identify the following structures and features of the pharynx, esophagus and
stomach on models and diagrams. Describe and/or state the function of each.
Pharynx
Fig. 38.4 and 38.5, pp. 422-423
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Esophagus
Esophageal hiatus
Stomach
Cardiac region (Cardia)
Cardiac sphincter
Fundus
Body
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
Pyloric region
Pyloric sphincter
Rugae
Muscularis externa
Oblique layer
Circular layer
Longitudinal layer
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
15. Identify, describe, and state the functions of the following modifications of
the esophagus and stomach on slides and micrographs
(Plate 36 p735).
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Gastric pits
Muscularis
16. Identify the following structures of the small intestine on models and diagrams
and describe or state the function of each.
Fig. 38.7 and 38.8, pp. 425-426
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Mesentery (mesenteries)
17. Identify, describe, and state the functions of the following modifications of
the small intestine on slides*, micrographs and models.
Fig. 38.8, p. 426
Plicae circularis
Villi*
Microvilli (brush border)*
Lacteal
Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands*
Peyer’s patches
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
18. Identify the following structures of the liver and gall bladder on models and
diagrams and describe or state the function of each.
Fig. 38.14, p. 431-432
Marieb Fig. 23.20, p. 908
Falciform ligament
Ligamentum teres
Right and left lobes
Right and left hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Common bile duct
Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter
19. Identify, describe, and state the functions of the following features on slides,
micrographs and diagrams of the liver.
Liver lobule
Hepatic cells (hepatocytes)
Portal triad
Hepatic arteriole
Hepatic portal venule
Bile duct
Sinusoids
Kupffer cells
Central vein
20. Trace the flow of bile from the hepatocytes to the duodenum.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
21. Identify, describe, and state the functions of the following features on slides
and micrographs of the pancreas.
Acini (acinar cells)
Pancreatic ducts
Islets of Langerhans (endocrine function
22. Identify the main and accessory pancreatic ducts of the pancreas on models
and diagrams and state their functions.
(Fig. 23.20 p. 908 of Marieb)
23. Identify the following structures of the large intestine on models and/or
diagrams and describe and/or state the function of each.
Fig. 38.10, p. 428
Ileocecal valve
Cecum (caecum)
Vermiform appendix
Ascending colon
Hepatic (right colic) flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic (left colic) flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Internal anal sphincter
External anal sphincter
Anus
Teniae (taeniae) coli
Haustra (singular = haustrum)
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Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
24. Identify the large intestine on slides and micrographs. Locate and state the
function of goblet cells. .................................................................. Instructor’s Option
25. Identify on models, diagrams, and preserved cats* (cats are Instructor’s
Option) the following vessels that serve the digestive system and list the
structure(s) served by each. Explain the significance of the hepatic portal
system.
Fig. 32.5, p. 348, Fig. 32.13, p. 355
Aorta*
Celiac trunk*
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
Superior mesenteric artery*
Inferior mesenteric artery*
Hepatic portal system
Superior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein
Inferior mesenteric vein
Hepatic portal vein*
Hepatic veins
Inferior vena cava*
26. Trace the flow of blood from the appropriate ventricle of the heart to the liver
including the hepatic portal system and back to the appropriate atrium.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Digestive System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
Exercise 39B
Materials
 PhysioEx CD, computers
Objectives
1. Discuss the digestion of the following macromolecules. Write your answers in
the lab manual and summarize them here. (PhysioEx Exercise 39B Activities 1-4,
pp. P-86-P-95)
Animal Starch
Plant Starch:
Protein
Fat
2. Explain the action of bile salts in fat digestion. (PhysioEx Exercise 39B Activity
4)
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Digestive System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
3. Discuss the physiological significance of segmentation and peristalsis. PhysioEx
Exercise 39B Activity 5
Segmentation moves chyme slowly through the small intestine; peristalsis in the
small intestine is more rapid; peristalsis also occurs in esophagus and stomach
(where it’s modified by the presence of the oblique muscle layer)
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Digestive System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
URINARY SYSTEM ANATOMY
Exercise 40
Materials
 Urinary system models
 Kidney models
 Nephron models



Prepared kidney histology slides
Prepared ureter histology slides
Prepared urinary bladder slides
Objectives
1. State the functions of the urinary system.
p. 443
2. Describe the location of the kidney and define retroperitoneal. Fig. 40.1, p. 444
3. Identify the following structures of the urinary system on models and diagrams
and describe and/or state the functions of each.
Fig. 40.1, p. 444
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Trigone
Urethra
Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter
4. Identify the following on models and diagrams of the kidney. State the function
of each.
Fig. 40.3, p. 446
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
Renal column
Renal medulla
Medullary pyramid
Minor calyx (plural: calyces)
Major calyx (calyces)
Renal pelvis
Renal hilus
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Urinary System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
5. Identify the following structures on preserved cats. ............. Instructor’s Option
Kidney
Renal capsule
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urogenital sinus (female)
6. Identify the following structures on diagrams and models. Trace the pathway of
blood, filtrate, or urine through them.
Fig. 40.3, p. 446
Renal artery
Nephron (see objective #6)
Segmental arteries
Collecting ducts
Lobar arteries
Minor calyx (calyces)
Interlobar arteries
Major calyx (calyces)
Arcuate arteries
Renal pelvis
Interlobular arteries
Ureter
Afferent arteriole
Urinary bladder
Glomerulus
Urethra
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal vein
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Urinary System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
7. Identify the following structures of the nephron and its associated blood
vessels on models and diagrams. Trace the flow of blood, filtrate, or urine
through each.
Fig. 40.4, p. 447; Marieb Fig. 25.5, p. 1003
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Capsular space
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle’
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Peritubular capillaries
Vasa recta
8. Identify the following structures on slides and micrographs of the kidney:
Cortex
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus/visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
Tubules
Medulla
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Urinary System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
9. Identify the following structures on slides and micrographs of the ureter:
Mucosa
Transitional epithelium
Muscularis
10. Identify the following structures on slides and micrographs of the urinary
bladder:
Mucosa
Transitional epithelium
Muscularis
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Urinary System Anatomy
BIOL 221
A&P II
URINARY SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY
Exercise 41B & Ward’s Urinalysis
Materials
 Artificial urine
 Ward’s Simulating Urinalysis Kit
 PhysioEx CD and computers

Videos (Instructor’s option):
“Work of the Kidney”
Histology video series Vol. 18
Objectives
1. Define the processes involved in the formation of urine:
pp. 451-452
Glomerular filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular secretion
2. Describe the physical characteristics of urine.
P. 452
3. Determine the pH of the urine samples; record in the Analysis pages of Ward’s
Simulating Urinalysis. State the normal pH and specific gravity ranges of urine.
pH
Specific gravity
4. Test artificial urine for pH, glucose, and protein. Record your answers in the
Analysis pages of Ward’s Simulating Urinalysis. Name the tests that are used
for sugar and protein, indicate what solute each is testing for, and indicate
what a positive and a negative test look like.
Test
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Solute
Positive
Negative
Urinary System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
5. Perform microscopic observation of the urine samples. ........... Instructor’s option
6. Answer the “Assessment” questions included with the Ward’s Student Study
Guide. ..................................................................................................... Instructor’s option
7. Define the following urinary conditions and state the implications and possible
causes of each:
Albuminuria
Bilirubinuria
Glycosuria
Hematuria
Hemoglobinuria
Ketonuria
Pyruria
Calculi
Casts
8. Examine and explain the effect of blood vessel radius and blood pressure on
glomerular filtration. Write your answers in the appropriate places in the
exercise and summarize them here. (PhysioEx Exercise 41B; Activities 1-3)
Vessel Radius
Blood Pressure
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Urinary System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
9. Examine and explain the effect of solute concentration, glucose carrier
proteins, and the hormones aldosterone and ADH on urine formation. (PhysioEx
Exercise 41B; Activities 4-6)
Solute concentration
Glucose carrier proteins
Aldosterone
ADH
10. Examine and explain how the respiratory system affects acid-base balance.
Write your answers in the lab manual and summarize the results here. (PhysioEx
Exercise 47B; Activities 1-3)
11. Examine and explain how the renal system compensates for respiratory changes.
Write your answers in the lab manual and summarize the results here. (PhysioEx
Exercise 47B; Activities 4-6)
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Urinary System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
12. Examine and explain the mechanisms by which the respiratory system
compensates for metabolic changes. Write your answers in the lab manual and
summarize the results here. (PhysioEx Exercise 47B; Activities 7-9)
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Urinary System Physiology
BIOL 221
A&P II
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Exercise 42
Materials
 Male reproductive system models
 Preserved male cats
 Histology slides: Testis Epididymis Penis
 Videos ............................................................................................ Instructor’s Option
o The Human Reproductive System
o Shares In the Future
o Coming Together
o A New Life
o Into the World
Objectives
1. Identify the following structures of the male reproductive system on models
and diagrams. Describe and/or state the function of each. Identify right and
left as appropriate.
Fig. 42.1, p. 459
Scrotum
Testis (testes)
Epididymis
Spermatic cord
Vas (ductus) deferens
Ampulla
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
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Male Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
Penis
Penile (spongy) urethra
Corpora cavernosa (singular = corpus cavernosum)
Corpus spongiosum
Glans penis
Prepuce
2. Identify the following structures on a preserved male cat. Identify right and
left as appropriate ............................................................................ Instructor’s Option
Scrotum
Testis
Vas (ductus) deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Penis
3. Describe the events of spermatogenesis. Identify the following cells on
micrographs and/or diagrams of seminiferous tubules and relate them to the
events of spermatogenesis including whether each is diploid or haploid.
Fig. 43.2, p. 469
Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatozoa (sperm)
Head
Midpiece
Flagellum
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Male Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
4. Identify the following structures of the testis on diagrams, prepared slides,
micrographs, and models, if available. State the function(s) of each. Fig. 42.2, p. 461
Tunica vaginalis
Tunica albuginea
Septum
Lobule
Seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells
Rete testis
Efferent ductule
5. Identify the epididymis on prepared slides and micrographs and describe its
structure.
6. Identify the corpus spongiosum, corpora cavernosa (corpus cavernosum) and
spongy urethra on prepared slides, micrographs and diagrams of the penis.
Describe their structure and function.
7. Identify the testicular arteries and veins on models, diagrams and cats (cats
are Instructor’s Option).
8. Trace the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules through the penile
urethra. Indicate the points at which material is added to the semen by the
accessory glands and state the function of these materials.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Male Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Exercise 42
Materials
 Female reproductive system models
 Preserved female cats
 Histology slides: Ovary Endometrium
 Videos ............................................................................................ Instructor’s Option
o The Human Reproductive System
o Shares In the Future
o Coming Together
o A New Life
o Into the World
Objectives
1. Identify the following structures of the female reproductive system on models
and diagrams. Describe and/or state the function of each. Indicate right or
left, as appropriate.
Fig. 42.5, p. 464
Ovary (ovaries)
Uterine (fallopian) tube (oviduct)
Fimbriae
Infundibulum
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Fornix
Clitoris
Vestibule
Hymen
Vaginal oriface
Greater vestibular glands
Labia minora (Labium minus)
Labia majora (Labium majus)
Mons pubis
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Female Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
2. Identify the layers of the uterus on models and diagrams. State the function of
each.
Fig. 42.5, p. 464
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
3. Describe the structure and function of the muscles of the perineum. Marieb
Table 10.7, p. 351
4. Identify the following structures on a preserved female cat. Identify right and
left as appropriate (pp. 802-803) ................................................. Instructor’s Option
Ovary (ovaries)
Uterine tubes
Uterine horns
Body of uterus
Urogenital sinus
5. List and describe the structure and function of the ligaments associated with
the ovaries and uterus. Identify these structures on diagrams.
Broad ligament
Mesometrium
Mesosalpinx
Mesovarium
Round ligaments
Uterosacral ligaments
Ovarian ligaments
Suspensory ligaments
6. Identify the layers of the endometrium (stratum functionalis and stratum
basalis) and myometrium on prepared slides, diagrams, and models. Describe the
structure and function of each. ..................................................... Instructor’s Option
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Female Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
7. Identify the blood vessels serving the ovary on models, diagrams and preserved
cats (cats are Instructor’s Option.)
Ovarian artery
Ovarian vein
8. Describe the events of oogenesis. Identify the following on diagrams and
prepared slides of the ovary and relate them to the events of oogenesis
including whether each is diploid or haploid. Fig. 43.4, p. 472 (Plate 55, p. 738).
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginea
Cortex
Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Primary oocyte
Secondary follicle
Antrum
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle
Secondary oocyte
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
Medulla
9. Trace the pathway the oocyte follows from the ovary to the uterus. Describe
how the oviduct aids the movement of the oocyte.
Lathrop-Davis / Gorski / Kabrhel
Female Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
10. Identify the following structures of the mammary glands on diagrams and
models, if available. Describe or state the function of each.
Fig. 42.7, p. 466
Lobe
Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous sinus
Nipple
Areola
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Female Reproductive System
BIOL 221
A&P II
DEVELOPMENT
All of these objectives are at the Instructor’s Option and should be completed if
time permits.
Materials
 Early human development models
 Fetal human model
 Pregnant uterus models
Objectives
1. Describe the events of fertilization.
P. 477
2. Define ectopic pregnancy.
3. Describe the stages of development from the zygote through the morula and
blastocyst.
pp. 478-480
4. Identify stages of development from the zygote through the morula and
blastocyst on models and diagrams. Identify the trophoblast cells and inner cell
mass of the blastocyst ..................................................................... Instructor’s Option
5. Describe the structure of the placenta and explain the maternal and fetal
structures associated with it.
p. 482
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Development
BIOL 221
A&P II
6. Identify the placenta on microscope slides and micrographs Instructor’s Option
7. Name and describe the locations and functions of the extraembryonic
membranes.
pp. 479-480
8. Distinguish between the “embryo” and the “fetus.”
9. List the three primary germ layers and the body systems associated with each.
Germ layer
Body System(s)
10. Identify the following fetal modifications of the circulatory system on models
and diagrams. Explain their function(s) and what they become after birth.
(Optional, since they were covered with the circulatory system.)
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical arteries
Umbilical cord
Placenta
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
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Development