Theoretical questions to credit N1
MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BACTERIA. ANTIBACTERIAL SUBSTANCES
AND DRUGS. INFECTION. IMMUNITY.
1.
The structure of bacterial cell. Its differences from eukaryotic cell. Methods for studying of
bacterial morphology. Rules of the immersion microscopy.
2.
Morphology of bacteria. Morphological groups, the examples of medical important bacteria
belonging to certain morphological group.
3.
The structure of bacterial cell wall. Chemical composition. The differences in cell wall
structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The functions of cell wall, methods of its
examination. Gram technique of staining.
4.
The capsule of bacteria. Significance. The methods of examination of bacterial capsule.
Examples of causative agents which form capsule.
5.
Bacterial flagella. Their structure. The classification of bacteria according to a pattern in the
attachment of flagella. Wet-mout and hanging-drop technique.
6.
Acid-fast bacteria. Features of their cell wall composition. Ziehl-Neelsen’s staining.
Examples of medical important acid-fast bacteria.
7.
The fimbriae of bacteria. Their types, significance.
8.
Spore and sporulation in bacteria. The mechanism of sporulation, stages. Methods of
examination of spores. The significance of sporulation. Examples of medical important sporeforming
bacteria.
9.
Bacterial inclusion body, chemical structure, significance. Volutin granules of bacteria.
Chemical structure, property (metachromasia). The examples of bacteria, which forms metachromatic
granules. The method of their examination.
10.
Bacterial genetics. The structure of bacterial genome. Extrachromosomal genetic elements,
their characteristics.
11.
Bacterial variety. Genotypic and phenotypic variation. Modification and dissociation.
12.
Bacterial recombination: transformation, transduction, conjugation.
13.
The action of physical factors on microorganisms: light, high pressure, mechanical injury,
temperature, desiccation, ultrasound. Classification of bacteria according to the optimal temperature
for their propagation.
14.
Sterilization, methods of sterilization, their employment in laboratory and medical practice.
15.
Disinfection, methods, classification of disinfectants.
16.
Asepsis and antisepsis. Classification of antiseptics. Antiseptic fabrics.
17.
Bacterial growth and reproduction. The phases of growth curve of batch culture.
18.
Bacterial metabolism. Classification of bacteria according to the source of the major
organogens.
19.
Bacterial respiration. Classification of bacteria types according to the type of respiration.
20.
Basic methods of creation of anaerobic conditions. Culture media for anaerobs.
21.
Cultivation of medical important bacteria, requirements to culture media. Growth factors,
examples. Auxotrophs and prototrophs.
22.
Mechanisms of nutrient transport in bacterial cell.
23.
Classification of bacterial enzymes. Value and functions of bacterial enzymes. Practical use
of different enzymatic properties of bacteria.
24.
Classification of nutrient media.
25.
The basic principles and methods of pure culture isolation. The stages of pure cultures
isolation of aerobic bacteria.
26.
The isolation of anaerobic pure culture by Zeissler’s and Veinberg’s technique.
27.
Cultural properties of bacteria. Definition of “colony”. Morphological features of colonies.
28.
The methods of identification of pure cultures. Major criteria.
29.
Chemotherapeutic agents. The main groups of drugs according to the action and spectrum of
susceptible microorganisms.
30.
action.
Antibiotics. Classification of antibiotics according to their origin, spectrum, mechanism of
31.
The studying of susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics by the serial dilution method. MIC,
MBC. The determination of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics by standard disks method.
32.
Bacterial resistance. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development. Possible ways to
overcome bacterial resistance.
33.
The main principles of the rational chemotherapy. Complication of antibiotic therapy. Side
effects of antibiotics.
34.
Concepts of “infection”, “infectious process”, “infectious diseases”'. Infectious disease
development and their periods.
35.
Pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria. Units of virulence.
36.
Virulent factors of bacteria: adhesions, virulent enzymes, their characteristics and examples.
Methods for virulent enzyme detection (hemolysins, plasmocoagulase, lecitinase).
37.
Classification of bacterial toxins. The characteristic of bacterial endotoxins. Their role in
pathogenesis of infectious disease.
38.
Classification and characteristics of bacterial exotoxins. Examples of medical important toxigenic
bacteria.
39.
Epidemiology of infectious diseases. A source of an infection, way and factors of infection
transmission.
40.
Types of infection. Bacteriemia, sepsis, septicemia, septicopyemia, toxaemia, virusemia.
41.
Types of infection: exogenous and endogenous, primary, secondary, acute, chronic,
autoinfection. Examples.
42.
Types of infection: mixed, superinfection, reinfection, relapse , latent, persistent, abortive..
Examples.
43.
Types of infection: Examples.
44.
Nonspecific defense factors. Anatomic barriers and adaptive factors.
45.
Complement and its structure, biological action. Pathways for its activation. A technique of
determination of complement activity.
46.
Humoral factors of the non-specific defence: lysozyme, бета-lysins, transferrin and
lactoferrin, properdine, etc.
47.
Role of resident microflora and its colonization resistance in maintenance of a non-specific
resistance.
48.
Phagocytic cells, their function and classification. Phagocytosis, its stages and types, value,
the methods of examination.
49.
Immunity, types of immunity, forms of immunity.
50.
Types of immune response, their characteristics.
51.
Antigens. Their characteristics. Classification. Differences between complete antigens and
haptens. Examples
52.
Antigenic structure of bacterial cells. Features of definite antigens. Practical value.
53.
The structure of immune system. Central and peripheral organs of immune system, their
function. Т - and B - immune system , their difference, value.
54.
Principle structure of immunoglobulin. Scheme. Short description of each significant part.
55.
Biological function of immunoglobulin, its classes, concentration into the blood.
56.
IgG and Ig М structure, functions, concentration into the blood.
57.
Ig A structure, differences between secretory and serum IgA, functions, concentration into
the blood.
58.
IgЕ and IgD structure, function, concentration into the blood.
59.
Humoral immune response.. Differences between primary and secondary immune response.
60.
Cellular cooperation in an immune response. Limphokines, their role.
61.
Hypersensitivity. Four types of allergic reactions, short characteristics, examples.
62.
Classification of immunodeficiencies: primary and secondary. Factors influencing onto the
secondary immunodeficiency development.
63.
Vaccines. Their classification, examples of the vaccines for children vaccination.
64.
Live and inactivated vaccines, their advantages and disadvantages. Examples of alive and
inactivated vaccines.
65.
Chemical vaccines and toxoids, their characteristics, methods of creation.
66.
Immune sera and immunoglobuluns, their classification, principles of obtaining. Examples.
67.
Monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology. Usage of the monoclonal antibody in the
medical practice.
68.
Agglutination test, its modifications. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics. Definition of the
antibody titer.
69.
Precipitation test, its modification. Usage in the laboratory diagnostics and medical practice.
70.
Complement fixation test, usage and characteristic of the necessary components.
71.
Immunofluorescence: direct and indirect, their usage.
72.
ELISA: direct and indirect, their usage.