Introduction to
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy
(the what and where)
• Describes the structures of the body:
– what they are made of
– where they are located
– associated structures
Physiology
(the how and why)
• Is the study of:
– functions of anatomical structures
– describes the chemistry of function
Learning Goals:
• Understand that ALL physiological
functions are performed by specific
anatomical structures.
• Understand that these functions follow
standard physical and chemical
principles.
Learning Goals:
• Know the 11 organ systems in the
human body.
• Understand that all organ systems work
together and many organs work in
more than 1 organ system
Learning Goals:
• Know the anatomical terms used to
describe body sections, regions, and
relative positions?
Specialties of Anatomy
• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic
anatomy examines large, visible
structures:
Specialties of Anatomy
• systemic anatomy - groups of organs
working together.
• developmental anatomy - from egg
(embryology) to maturity
• clinical anatomy - medical specialties
Specialties of Anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy - examines cells
and molecules:
• cytology: cells and their structures
• histology: tissues and their structures
Organization Levels
of the Human Organism
• Atoms:
– are the smallest chemical units
• Molecules:
– are a group of atoms working together
• Organelles:
– are a group of molecules working together
Organization Levels
of the Human Organism
• Cells:
– are a group of organelles working together
• Tissues:
– are a group of similar cells working
together
• Organs:
– are a group of different tissues working
together
Organization Levels
of the Human Organism
• Organ systems:
– are a group of organs working together
• Human Being:
– is an individual
Organizing a Muscle
•
•
•
•
•
Protein molecules
Protein filaments
Muscle cells
Cardiac muscle tissue
Heart
chemical level
organelle level
cellular level
tissue level
organ level
HOMEOSTASIS
• Homeostasis: All body systems working
together to maintain a stable internal
environment
• Systems respond to external and
internal changes to function within a
normal range (body temperature, fluid
balance)
Mechanisms of Regulation
• Autoregulation (intrinsic):
– automatic response in a cell, tissue, or
organ
• Extrinsic regulation:
– responses controlled by nervous and
endocrine systems
Maintaining Normal Limits
Figure 1–3
Maintaining Normal Limits
• Receptor:
– receives the stimulus
• Control center:
– processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector:
– carries out instructions
Negative Feedback
• The response of the effector negates
the stimulus
Figure 1–4
Positive Feedback
• The response of the effector reinforces
the stimulus
Figure 1–5
Working Together
Table 1–1
Anatomical Landmarks
Figure 1–6
Quadrants and Regions
• 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around
umbilicus
Figure 1–7a
Quadrants and Regions
• 9 abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7b
Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3)
• Internal organs associated with
abdominopelvic regions
Figure 1–7c
Which Direction?
Figure 1–8
3 Dimensions
Figure 1–9
The Ventral Body Cavity
• divided by the
diaphragm into
the thoracic
cavity and the
abdominopelvic
cavity
Figure 1–10a
Isolating the Organs
• Serous membranes:
– consist of parietal layer and visceral layer
Figure 1–10b
Dividing the Cavities
• Thoracic cavity:
– divided by the mediastinum into 2 pleural
cavities
Figure 1–10c
30
31
32
33
34
35