W15 D170 Anatomy
Williams
Cumulative Exam Study Guide
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This guide is to focus your studying; it is not a legal document. I have made an honest attempt to list
everything that I may include on the comprehensive portion of the final exam, but if something
appears on the exam that you don’t think was on this list, it will still count as a valid question.
If a figure is listed, I mean that you should understand text associated with that figure as well as the
labels in the figure. Other figures may also be useful – I’m just highlighting a few I like.
The reading notes are still the maximum you need to learn. If I say, “be able to label nerves on a
figure,” I mean the nerves listed in your notes only.
Orientation and Imaging
 Anatomical regions (Fig 1.3)
 Anatomical directions and planes
 Name the cavity of any organ
Tissues
 Four tissue types of the body
 Locations of 8 epithelial tissues as listed
in Fig 4.3, and function of each
 The difference between cilia and
microvilli, with examples
 Cell types and main fibers In connective
tissue proper, cartilage, and bone
Integument
 Structures of the skin (Fig 5.1), including
sensory receptors
 Layers of the epidermis
 Skin pigmentation
Cartilage and Bone Tissue
 Anatomy of long bones (Fig 6.4)
 Structure of compact bone (Fig 6.7)
Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
 Bones of the skull and their features
 Five major regions of the spinal column
 Structure of a vertebra and the sternum
 True, false and floating ribs
 All appendicular bones and their
landmarks except wrists, hands and feet
Joints
 Structural characteristics of joints
 Body movements
 Types of synovial joints at shoulder, hip
and knee
 Anatomy of the shoulder and knee joint
Muscle tissue
 Membranes and connective tissues of
muscle (Fig 10.1)
 Definition of origin and insertion
 Anatomy of a motor neuron end plate
Muscles
 Muscle position determines action (Fig
11.5)
 Muscles of mastication, shoulder and
knee as listed in reading notes
 For these muscles, be able to find them
on a diagram, know their primary
action, recognize them based on their
origin and insertion.
Nervous Tissue
 Organization and vocabulary of the
nervous system (Fig 12.3)
 Anatomy of a neuron (Fig 12.4, 12.5)
 Classification of neurons by structure
and function
 Gray and white matter
 Structure of a nerve (Fig 12.9)
W15 D170 Anatomy
CNS
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Anatomy of the ventricles, brain stem,
diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum
Number and location of spinal nerves
Anatomy of the spinal cord (cross
section), including horns, roots, and
other parts of white and gray matter
PNS
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All info from the cranial nerve table in
your notes, except skull foramina
Rest of spinal nerve anatomy, including
rami, rami communicantes, and
sympathetic trunk and ganglia (Fig
14.6a)
All the info on the key spinal nerve
table in your notes, including being able
to label key nerves in a figure
Distinguish between visceral and
somatic sensory and motor functions
Autonomic NS
 Compar the autonomic nervous system
to somatic motor system
 Functional, structural, biochemical
differences between sympathetic and
parasympathetic systems (Fig 15.2)
 Effects of the sympathetic and
parasympathetic system on their organs
 Three general pathways for the
sympathetic preganglionic axons,
including splanchnic nerves
Williams
Senses
 All info from the nine general sensory
receptors table in your notes
 All structures involved in smell and
vision, but not the physiology of
focusing light or seeing
Neural Pathways
 Ascending and decending spinal tract
pathways
 Be able to complete a sensory –
processing / motor pathway, such as
touching a hot stove to running cold
water over your finger.
Heart
 Coverings and cavity of the theart
 All chambers, valves, vessels of the
heart plus direction of blood flow
 Systole and diastole, when valves are
open and shut
Blood Vessels
 How blood moves through arteries,
capillaries and veins, plus what
structures support this function.
 All arteries and veins listed in the tables
in the reading notes
Lymph
 Understand what lymph fluid is and
how it enters the lymph system
 Anatomy of a lymph node
 Where lymph fluid enters the venous
system
The remaining lectures (respiration, digestion, urination, reproduction) will be tested at normal “full
strength” in the non-cumulative section of the final exam.