AQA Humanities GCSE 4070
Year 11 Humanities
January Exam guide
to success
Name:
Tutor Group:
Humanities Group:
http://www.uccrevision.co.uk/
GCSE January Exam Format
Paper 1
2016
-
Thursday 21st January
In this Paper students are required to answer all questions.
 Core 1: Culture & Beliefs
 Option 1: Work and People
This paper is marked out of 72 and you will have 75 minutes in the
exam to answer all questions
2
Revision ideas
Design a revision
timetable
Condense your
notes onto cue
cards
Practice revision
questions
Get someone to
test you
Set up a study
group
Create a revision
poster for each
topic
3
Key to exam success
Good subject
knowledge
Good time
management skills
Read and
understand what
the question is
asking you
to do
Look at the mark
scheme to see how
much you need to
write
Make sure you
structure your
answers
4
Answering 12 mark questions
Three different types of essays:
 Conventional Essay – Given a list of things to include but
only have to choose two and explain them e.g. paragraph for
each one.
 Comparative essay – Produce a paragraph for each side of
the argument e.g. Nature Vs Nurture; explaining two views
about a moral issue (euthanasia, abortion); etc
 Source based essay – Ensure you use the sources to reach
a Level 3/4 (7-12 marks) e.g. ‘In Source A it says that….’
Golden Rules:
 Your opening sentence should be a reframing of the question
e.g. ‘Nature is important in shaping who we are because...’
 Remember to use the PEEE chain! (Point, Evidence and
Explanation and Expand).
 Your explanation at the end of each paragraph should
always answer the question e.g. ‘This shows that nurture is
important in shaping who we are because humans need to
be socialised by other humans to learn correct norms of
behaviour’.
 Use Humanities terminology in your answers to reach a
Level 4 (10-12 marks).
 Use connectives to make your work flow better e.g. in
addition; in contrast; as a result; therefore; this shows that;
etc.
This is the grading system for 12 mark answers:
LEVEL 1 (1-3 marks): A simple answer, showing little
thought. A brief statement based on sources or your own
knowledge.
LEVEL 2 (4-6 marks): A descriptive answer based on
sources/your own knowledge. Evidence is given, but not
developed.
LEVEL 3 (7-9 marks): A detailed answer, using relevant
examples and generalising sources. Identifying a strand in
the question, and developing it.
LEVEL 4 (10-12 marks): A clear answer confronting the
question, which is sustained, developed and analytical. The
answer is judged on breadth (showing a wide understanding)
or depth (showing your thought.)
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Answering 4 mark Questions
There are three types of 4 mark questions which can arise in the
exam:
 Source based response e.g. where you have to recall
information from a particular Source. Ensure you explain two
points to achieve full marks.
 Recall questions asking for two ways e.g. ‘Briefly explain two
ways in which a large-scale ecosystem is being destroyed.’ One
mark is given for identification of method and one mark for
example / explanation (Deforestation is one way that the Amazon
Rainforest is being destroyed, as mahogany trees are cut down to
make furniture).
 4 mark recall questions e.g. where you have to provide a
paragraph response showing you understand terms and phrases
(see example below).
Sample Answer
From your own studies, explain how the family influences a person’s identity. (4 marks)
A family influences a person’s identity in two ways. First, the person’s family name and the people
he/she is related to are part of someone’s identity. This is how they are known by other people.
The other way a person’s identity is influenced by the family is by the way they are brought up. The
family teaches them basic social skills, like language and how to eat, but also the person copies the
way the family behave and learns their attitudes and beliefs.
They will think that the family’s ideas and attitudes are normal. So if a person is brought up in a polite
family they will be polite, and if the family is argumentative and violent they are likely to be the same. A
person’s identity comes from the way they behave with others, so the family will be a big influence.
Links Socialisation
to identity
Explanation of
Socialisation
Example and explanation
of effects of Socialisation
Socialisation
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Case Studies
Task 1
Make a mind map for each of the examples with as many points as
you can remember.
Task 2
Make up a question where you would need that case study to be
able to answer it.
Culture and Beliefs
 Yanomami Culture
 Amish Culture
 British Culture (multiculturalism)
 Nature-Nurture - Jim Twins, William from Child of Our
Times, Oxana Malaya, The Gay Gene
 Euthanasia case study – know an example
Culture and Belief Keywords
Culture
The accepted way of living in a society or nation;
includes attitudes to and preferences for food,
work, education, family life, housing, etc.
Values
Principles or standards. Our judgements about
what is right or wrong. No culture is made up of
people who think exactly the same, but in most
cultures there are some things that are generally
agreed upon. For example, in the UK, most
people think it is wrong to kill or to steal.
Norms
Ways of behaving which are expected by other
members of a culture. If people do not follow
the norms they may be seen as strange,
threatening or mad. Examples of norms are
wearing clothes in public and saying thank you if
someone does something for you.
Beliefs
Something we hold to be true; when we talk
about beliefs we may be referring to religion,
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values, morals, traditions or ambitions.
Attitudes
A settled way of thinking or a state of mind. For
example, people from one culture may think that
the way other cultures live is less good than
their own; they may say others; lifestyles are
stupid or cruel
Customs and
traditions
Ways of behaving which have been handed
down from generation to generation for many
years. These are accepted as being the right
way to behave within a culture. UK examples
include eating Christmas dinner, sending cards
for birthdays, getting married following a set
ceremony.
Deviance
Not conforming to the norms of their culture.
Morals
Provide guidance on what is right and wrong.
religion
A system of beliefs about life, death and the
mysteries of the physical and spiritual world.
Ritual
An event that expresses some religious
meaning.
Rites of
passage
A ceremony or event that marks an important
stage in a person’s life.
subculture
A culture that exists within the dominant culture
and has many similarities, but also significant
differences.
Indoctrination
When someone attempts to make you accept
certain facts and ideas without question
Eugenics
The study of ways to improve human
inheritance.
Identity-giving
An act or process that defines part of a person’s
identity.
Gender identity
All of the attributes and characteristics that are
associated with belonging to one or the other of
the sexes.
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Ethnic group
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced
through history to a specific location.
Social Identity
When a person is identified or labelled as a
specific type of person.
Multiple
Identities
When a person has a number of identities in
different parts of their life.
Nature
When a person has a number of identities in
different parts of their life.
Nurture
when a person learns from their experiences,
environment or training
Issue
Something about which people have different
views
A viewpoint that a person or group has about an
issue
A person classed as a refugee fleeing
persecution. He or she is not an economic
migrant.
A group with a distinct culture that can be traced
through history to s specific location.
When two cultures combine and live alongside
each other in harmony.
When an ethnic group adopts the host culture as
their own.
A society which consists of the culture of several
different races.
A human child who has lived away from human
contact or bought up with little experience or
very poor care.
Perspective
Asylum seeker
Ethnic group
Integration
Assimilation
Multicultural
Feral child
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Unit 1:Culture & Beliefs
Appearance
Aesthetics
Religious beliefs
What makes
up a person’s
culture?
Roles
Traditions/customs
Morals
Values
Language
Attitudes
Definitions
Culture – The shared way of life of a particular society
Norms – Ways of behaving which are expected by other members of a
culture e.g. men do not wear make up in the UK.
Customs/Traditions – Ways of behaving which have been passed down
from generation to generation e.g. Christmas dinner.
Primary Socialisation – First stage of teaching people how to fit into
society (usually done by parents)
Secondary Socialisation – Other agents involved in socialisation.
Education
Family
Laws
Mass media
Agents of
Socialisation
Religious
groups
Role models
Workplace
Task: Learn the different agents of
socialisation and briefly explain how
each teaches us culture: norms,
values, beliefs and traditions shared
by a group of people
Peer groups
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Nature vs. Nurture debate
Case Study:
Kamala & Amala,
the ‘wolf girls’
Case Study:
Oxana Malaya
Nature


Nurture

What you inherit e.g.
Genetic information such
as IQ, hair/eye colour.
Jim Twins Case Study

What you learn through
experiences (Agents of
Socialisation)
Oxana Malaya/ Wolf
Children Case Study
Importance of beliefs to a culture
Case Study - Amish



Do not wear buttons because they are seen as proud and they
want to remain humble.
Some Amish men grow beards as a sign that they are married
They do not join the army as they believe in peace
Beliefs and Practices
Case Study - Christianity


Believe in God (practice) to attend church on Sunday.
Believe Jesus born on 25th Dec (practice) to celebrate Christmas.
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Moral Issues
Other Examples
Case Study - Euthanasia
Abortion
Capital Punishment
War
Poverty
Global Warming
Human Cloning
Divorce
Plastic Surgery
Immigration
1.) Pro-life alliance (against)
- Life is a gift from god
- Change the role of a doctor
- Christianity teaches that life is sacred and
should be protected until a person dies naturally.
2.) Voluntary Euthanasia Society (for)
- People should have the right to decide
when and how they die
- It can quickly and humanely end a
patient’s suffering.
Diffusion of
ideas
Inventions &
new
technology
Wars &
revolutions
How do
Cultures
change?
Globalisation
Monarchy &
Governments
Multiculturalism
Environment
Migrants
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What is culture?
- Shared way of life in a community or group
- Norms, values, customs, traditions, beliefs, attitudes & practices
Case study - Plains Indians of North
America
• Few laws within the tribe
• Safety of whole tribe more important than individuals
• Very old sometimes left to starve
• Men in warrior clubs
• Sun dance linked to religious beliefs
• Ritual dances to bring buffalo back
Case Study - Yanomami of South
America
• live in rainforests and mountains of north Brazil
• 95% of the tribe will live in the rainforest
• 5% of the tribe will live by the river, to encourage trade and be able to
fish
• extended family units of between 150 - 400 people
• large huts known as SHABONOS
• men go on long distance hunting trips
• men are allowed to marry a numerous amount of wives
problems faced:
• gold miners pollute rivers
• cattle ranchers destroy vegetation
• number of cases of malaria is rising
How is order maintained in a culture?
Social Norms
• acceptable
• norms can change within a culture
• social deviants do not conform with society
Laws
• Enforcers of law include: government, judiciary, penal system, police
and army
• Common law may enforce norms
Morals
• guidance on what is right and wrong
• religion
Values
• what individuals believe to be important
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Interaction of cultures
- Britain is a multicultural society
- Minority cultures find it hard to maintain culture in Britain as they are
put under pressure by community.
Problems migrants face:
• unemployment
• nowhere to live
• racial discrimination
• can cause riots
- 3rd Race relations act of 1976 outlawed discrimination and established
the Commision for Racial Equality
What are Human Rights?
TASK: Read this information and make a mind map that includes
information on human rights and different organisations (including
Amnesty International) that works to promote and defend human
rights across the world.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oh3BbLk5UIQ
This is an excellent resource that summaries the history and
development of human rights.
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In 1945, after the horrors of World War II, an international organization
was established, the United Nations. It was dedicated to maintaining
peace and security and to solving humanitarian problems.
So in 1948, they developed a code of conduct for the protection of basic
human rights to be used across the world. This was called the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights.
It is not legally binding, but its content has been incorporated into the
laws of many countries and it has become a standard measure of human
rights across the world.
However, there are still many countries and people who abuse these
rights for example;-
The Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were set up to
protect people . In the UK they are included as part of our laws. Not all
countries do this!!!
There are 30 articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights- here
are the first 11 in order they appear in the Declaration
1. Right to Equality
2. Freedom from Discrimination
3. Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
4. Freedom from Slavery
5. Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
6. Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
7. Right to Equality before the Law
8. Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
9. Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
10.Right to Fair Public Hearing
11.
Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
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What is Amnesty International?
• Amnesty is an impartial organisation that works to defend
human rights by lobbying governments.
• Using the principle of “non-violent direct action”, Amnesty
asks people to write letters, or to send faxes and e.mails to
highlight the cases of prisoners of conscience or victims of
human rights abuses.
• Amnesty has more than one million members and supporters
in more than one hundred and forty countries
• Amnesty is an impartial organisation that works to defend
human rights by lobbying governments.
• Using the principle of “non-violent direct action”, Amnesty
asks people to write letters, or to send faxes and e.mails to
highlight the cases of prisoners of conscience or victims of
human rights abuses.
• Amnesty has more than one million members and supporters
in more than one hundred and forty countries
How Amnesty International Began
The organisation was launched in 1961 by Peter Benenson,
a British lawyer, after reading about two Portuguese students who
had been sentenced to seven years in prison for raising their
glasses in a toast to freedom.
After publishing a newspaper article on the case, he received
more than 1,000 offers of support for the idea of an international
campaign to protect human rights
How does AI work?
• Research is carried out to investigate possible violations of
human rights. This is carried out by expert staff who work in
a range of fields such as law, medicine, media and
technology.
• Amnesty then lobbies government(s) concerned in order to
highlight the case and to ask for an end to the human rights
abuse.
• Amnesty asks individuals to lobby governments by writing
letters etc.
• Amnesty also runs general campaigns to highlight issues.
The “STAMP OUT TORTURE” is an example of such a
campaign.
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Culture & Beliefs
Exam Questions: Below are some practise exam questions.
As part of your revision, try and answer a question before checking
your notes and then improve it to get full marks!

From your own studies, name two religions. (2)

How may religious beliefs influence a person’s behaviour? Briefly
explain, using your own studies. (2)

What do you understand by ‘the media’? Use your own studies to
answer. (2)

Give the meaning of the term ‘culture’. (2)

Give an example of two different cultures. (2)

Explain one way in which a person’s beliefs may influence how they
behave. (2)

Explain two ways in which the media may influence a person’s
behaviour. Use your own studies to answer. (4)

Explain why mutual respect and understanding are important in
multicultural societies. (4)

Explain two effects of immigration. (4)

Choose a moral or a social issue. Write a short essay to explain at
least two different views on the issue. In your answer you should:
Name the issue; describe the different views; explain why people hold
these views. (12)

People have different views about the importance of nature and nurture
in shaping who we are. Write a short essay about the nature/nurture
debate. In you answer you should: Explain the different views; use
examples from your studies; give your own conclusion on the debate.
(12)

Explain why Britain might be described as a multicultural society. Use
information from your own studies in your answer. You could include:
Language; art; music; signs and symbols; religions. (12)
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Option 1: People and Work
Q 1a
18
Q 1b
What are Satisfaction Factors?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Working conditions
Ability to use our own creativity & initiative
Opportunities for promotion
Level of wages
Attitude of employer/superiors
Technological support
Holiday entitlement
Perks/Benefits
Helping others/ serving the public
Danger, excitement and challenge
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Q 1c
Unemployment - A person is classed as unemployed if not only out of work,
but also actively looking for work and available to start work within a
fortnight.
• Unemployment figures are based on a survey carried out by the Office
for National Statistics (ONS). They show the average number of people
unemployed over a three-month period. BBC link
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Why do Jobs Disappear?
Q 1d
Questions:
• Define what we mean by being
UNEMPLOYED. (Give examples) 2marks
• Why might unemployment suddenly
increase? 4 marks
• Explain the impact of unemployment on:
an individual/ family/ community.
12 marks
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Q 1e
5. Mechanisation
5. The move from craft
production to making
things by machine production e.g.
textile industry.
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Q 1f
Now try out these questions…
i)What are the main differences between car production in the 1900s and modern day
car production? Use your own studies.
ii)How has technology made a difference to businesses over the last 10 years? Use
your own studies to answer.
iii)Explain and evaluate how information technology has affected people’s attitude to
work.
What case studies & sources have we used?
Mini
Foot and Mouth
2009 Floods
Unemployment Statistics – Penrith
Coal Mining
Shipbuilding
Abraham Maslow
Traditional V Modern Farming
Trade Unions and Conflict in
Business
Q 1g
CONFLICT IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS- WHY
DOES IT HAPPEN?
 Less efficiency
 Changes in terms and conditions for employees- i.e. have to
work more hours for less pay/ changes to pensions (think
about teachers and firefighters strikes)
 High levels of absenteeism
 High labour turnover (% of employees leaving in a year)
 INCREASED Customer complaints
FORMAL GRIEVANCE AND DISPUTE PROCEDURES SHOULD
BE ADOPTED TO AVOID CONFLICTS
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SOURCES OF CONFLICT
Some of the issues that can cause conflict between individuals and
groups at work include:
Q 1h

ineffective or insufficiently trained management

unfair treatment

unclear job roles

poor communications

poor work environment

lack of equal opportunities

bullying and harassment

unresolved problems from the past

an increase in workload.
MAJOR UK ORGANISATIONS INVOLVED IN
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
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TRADES UNION CONGRESS (TUC)
The TUC is the voice of Britain at work.
With 58 affiliated unions representing 6.2 million working people
from all walks of life.
Campaign for a fair deal at work and for social justice at home and
abroad.
They negotiate in Europe, and at home build links with political
parties, business, local communities and wider society.
TRADES UNION CONGRESS….AIMS




ACT AS A PRESSURE GROUP
REPRESENT TRADE UNION VIEWS IN GENERAL
INFLUENCE EMPLOYERS ASSOCIATIONS
INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT POLICIES
CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY (CBI)
Premier lobbying organisation for UK business on national and
international issues.
The Confederation of British Industry's mission is to help create
and sustain the conditions in which businesses in the United
Kingdom can compete and prosper for the benefit of all.
Q 1i
Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas)
What they do:
ACAS provides information, advice, training, conciliation and other services for
employers and employees to help prevent or resolve workplace problems.
Disputes and conflict in the workplace
Conflicts at work take many forms. It might be an individual with a grievance, a
problem between an employee and a manager or conflict between two co-workers.
Any conflict can get in the way of work and make your business less productive.
Dealing with conflict at an early stage to nip it in the bud and stop the situation
developing into a full-blown dispute will save time, money and stress later on, for
both the employer and employees.
SERVICES PROVIDED BY ACAS
 ADVICE AND INFORMATION: TO EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES
ON ALL AREAS OF EMPLOYMENT
 CONCILIATION: TALK TO BOTH SIDES AND SETTLES DISPUTES
AMICABLY.
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 ARBITRATION: IF A SITUATION HAS REACHED A ‘DEAD LOCK’,
ACAS ARRANGES FOR AN INDEPENDENT GROUP TO LISTEN TO
BOTH SIDES AN ARRIVE AT A FAIR SETTLEMENT.
Trade Unions- Representing Workers
Q 1j
A trade union is an organisation with members who are usually
workers or employees. It looks after their interests at work by
doing things like:




negotiating agreements with employers on pay and
conditions
discussing big changes like large scale redundancy
discussing members’ concerns with employers
going with members to disciplinary and grievance
meetings
How Are Trade Unions Financed?
 Each trade union member pays a subscription
People pay their subscription fees in different ways
 It may be collected by direct debit from your bank account
 deducted directly from your wages
 paid in cash or by cheque to your union representative or full time
official.
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27
Q 1k
28
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Useful Websites
Humanities Exam Board - http://www.aqa.org.uk/
Ensure you look at the New Humanities Specification if you enter this
website.
School website – http://www.ullswatercc.co.uk/
Culture & Beliefs
1.) www.abortionrights.org.uk
2.) www.dignityindying.org.uk
3.) www.amnesty.org.uk
People and Work
1) http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=P
eople+in+Work
2) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2743430/Britains-economy-storms-ahead-Number-people-work-UKrises-rest-EU-together.html
3) http://www.hse.gov.uk/youngpeople/
4) http://www.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=1461
5) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-34915820
Junior doctor dispute 'to go to Acas'
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