Bio 504
Name :
Part 1- Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
1.
How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of: size, DNA, reproduction, # cells, and organelles. Prepare a table that contains this information.
Size
DNA
Reproduction
Prokaryote
1-10um
Not in nucleus
Asexual
Eukaryote
100-1000um
Nucleus
Sexual (except protists)
# of Cells
Organelles
Unicellular
No organelles
Multicellular organelles
2.
Why are viruses not considered alive? Cannot live independently, require a host, not cellular (not made up of cells), replicate-don’t reproduce!!!
3.
What is a capsid? Protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus
4.
How are viruses classified? Capsid and diseases they cause
5.
Draw and label the lytic cycle of a virus.
Lytic cycle includes: 1) attachment, 2) insert dna (entry) 3) Replication
4) Assembly 5) Lysis (Release)
6.
Describe the lysogenic cycle of replication in a virus.
Lysogenic: Attach to a host, enters, viral DNA becomes part of host cell’s chromosome (provirus formation), onset of disease at lytic cycle.
7.
What is a prion? How can they cause diseases?
Prion-protein, no DNA or RNA, harmful when it changes molecular shape.
8.
Briefly describe 3 ways viruses are used in biotechnology.
Gene Therapy – addition of a specific gene into virus, deliver and force organism to replicate gene “typos” corrected.
Bacteriophages- virus attacks bacteria
Reovirus – kills cancer cells

Part 2- Bacteria vs Archaea
1.
What are the 3 most common shapes of bacteria and archaea. What name is associated with each of these shapes?
Rod-bacilli
Cocci-spherical
Spiral-Spirilli
2.
How do autotrophic bacteria make their food?
Photosynthesis, chloroplasts, sunlight
3.
How do autotrophic archaea make their food?
Methane-methanogenesis
4.
What are mesophiles? Give an example.
Bacteria-grow best in environments with moderate conditions, not extreme
5.
What are extremophiles? Give an example.
Archaea- live in extreme habitats, hot springs, deep sea vents, salt lakes, volcanic craters.
6.
How do binary fission and conjugation differ?
Replication/Reproduction
Binary Fission: cells with same genetic info, makes copies of single chromosomes, cell elongates, builds separation
Conjugation: less optimal conditions, ability to exchange DNA, cells with new genetic info
7.
What is an endospore?
Bacteria- can withstand extreme conditions and heat.
8.
Differentiate between a Gram positive and a Gram negative strain of bacteria.
Gram positive: purple, thick protein layer, absorbs stain
Gram negative: pink stain, thin protein layer
9.
Name 3 ways bacteria and/or archaea are detrimental to our health.
Refer to SMALL SMALL WORLD
Any Bacterial Infections ex: Strep
10.
Name 3 ways bacteria and/or archaea are useful to us.
Sewage treatment, enzyme production, produce antibiotics, produce vitamins
Biotechnology: food production, antibiotics, natural pesticides.

Part 3- Protists
1.
Name 3 ways protists differ from bacteria and archaea? How are they similar?
Different
Protists
Eukaryote
Bacteria & Archaea
Prokaryote
Same
Nucleus No Nucleus
Asexual + Sexual Asexual
Single-cell Unicellular
2.
Name the 3 categories of protists.
Animal-like, plant-like, Fungus-like
3.
What are the 2 roles of pseudopods? Name a protist that has these structures.
Pseudopods: ingestion + movement
Ex: amoeba
4.
What are the 2 roles of cilia? Name a protist that has these structures.
Cilia: ingestion and movement
5.
What is the role of a flagellum?
Movement
6.
Name 2 characteristics of sporozoa.
No movement, parasitic
7.
How are slime moulds and water moulds like fungi? Why are they not considered fungi?
Fungi: like moisture (absorb)
Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Not like Fungi: Not complicated enough
8.
What is phytoplankton?
Plant like protest, autotroph, photosynthesis
9.
What is particular about the cell walls of diatoms?
Cell wall made of silica
10.
What is special about the flagella in dinoflagellates? 2 flagella
11.
What is a red tide? Bioluminescent, causes red color, toxic, growth out of control
12.
What is bioluminescence? Produces light-grow green blue

13.
Why is it difficult to categorise the euglena? Both plant and animal like, undergoes photosynthesis and moves and eat (heterotroph)
14.
Name 3 types of seaweed. Red green and brown algae (Kelp,
Spirogyra, fucus
15.
Explain why seaweed is considered a protist and not a plant even though it is multicellular. Holdfast, no roots, no cell differentiation
16.
What is a holdfast? No roots so attach to rocks