AP BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
1.) What happens to NAD+ during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
2.) How is ATP made during glycolysis? (HINT: answer includes the words “level”
and “phosphorylation”)
3.) Which step(s) of cell respiration are anaerobic? Aerobic?
4.) After glucose is converted to pyruvate, it must enter the mitochondrion. How does
it do that?
5.) During the electron transport chain, protons are pumped into a different location.
Where do the protons get pumped?
6.) What is the overall balanced equation for cell respiration?
7.) How are cell respiration and fermentation similar? (Looking for a similar pathway
here).
8.) What are the products of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
9.) Where in the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle take place?
10.)
What are the products of linear (non-cyclic) photophosphorylation?
For questions 11-14: answer photosynthesis, cell respiration or both
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ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis.
Oxygen is reduced to form water.
Reduction on NADP+
Proton gradients are generated.
Why are CAM plants able to keep the stomata closed during the daytime,
preventing CO2 from entering the cell?
A copied chromosome is known as a ______________.
If there are 30 chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there?
During which phase of the cell cycle are chromosomes first visible?
Which phases of the cell cycle contain chromosomes that have two
chromatids?
What reproductive mechanism controls reproduction in gametes?
What reproductive mechanism controls reproduction in somatic cells?
What is a locus?
What characteristics are controlled by the autosomes?
What characteristics are controlled by X & Y chromosomes?
If your diploid number is 46, how many homologous pairs of
chromosomes do you have?
When a sperms makes an egg, the fertilized ovum is called a __________.
If 2n = the possible chromosome combinations that can exist, how many
combinations are possible if n = 23?
If a tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant, the resulting offspring
are tall. What does this tell you about the inheritance pattern?
Be able to complete punnett squares.
B ____6____C_2__D_______9______E : Between which two genes
would you expect the most recombination?
What 2 mechanisms produce the greatest amount of genetic
recombination?
In DNA, what type of chemical bond connects thymine to adenine?
What does antiparallel mean?
What does DNA ligase do?
Why do Okazaki fragments exist? (Think DNA polymerase and limits)
What is added to mRNA to stabilize it and prevent degradation?
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What are introns? Exons?
Be familiar with mutation types.
A Zoonosis is a disease transmitted to humans via other vertebrates. Give
an example of such a disease.
Contrast the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycles.
How do you prevent a viral infection?
What are prions?
How are Lamarck’s views on evolution different from Darwin’s?
Explain the main rules for natural selection (what observations did Darwin
make that led him to the Theory of Evolution via Natural Selection?)
Explain the different types of selection that can occur (directional,
stabilizing, disruptive) .
How is allopatric speciation different from sympatric speciation?
Know the Hardy Weinberg equation and how to use it.
Know the 5 things that must be true for a population to be in equilibrium.
Give an example of convergent evolution.
What are the two main theories of speciation?