State Government
•“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, or prohibited by it
to the States, are reserved to the Stated respectively, or to the people.”
•This enables States to provide recreation and other welfare services.
Outdoor recreation and States
•State parks areas:
•State recreation sites
•State natural areas
•State historic sites
•State environmental education sites
•State scientific areas
•State trails
Outdoor recreation and States
•Large increase in state park holdings during the 1960’s and 1970’s with the help of the
Land and Water conservation fund
Other State Functions
•Just as the federal government assists states with recreation, states assist local
governments with recreation
•State fairs
•Therapeutic recreation services
•Green Valley
•Promotion and professional advancement
•You are in it!
•Development and enforcement of standards
County and Local Governments
•The local government is the closest to the people and therefore most able to meet the
widest range of recreational needs.
•County and special park districts
•Special areas set up with the intention of providing and integrated service approach
•Regional and special park districts
Municipal Recreation and Park Departments
•Municipal government: the local political unit of government
•Functions of municipal agencies
•Police department
•Welfare department
•Youth boards
•Health and hospital agencies
•Public housing departments
•Cultural departments
•School systems and local community colleges
Municipal Recreation and Park Departments
•What do they do?
•A better question would be what don’t they do?
•Fitness programming
Fee based programs
•With the fiscal cutbacks in the 1980’s and the “reinventing government” many agencies
don’t have the funding they once had
•To fee or not to fee? That is the question!!!
Nonprofit Organizations
•Nonprofit/voluntary organizations
•They can (and often do) charge a fee
•Nonprofit youth-serving agencies
•Nonsectarian youth-serving organizations
•Religiously affiliated
•Special interest
•Conservation and outdoor recreation
•Youth sports and games
•Arts councils
•Service and federal clubs
Nonprofit Organizations
•Nonsectarian youth-serving organizations
•Boy Scouts of America
•Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.
•Boys & Girls Clubs of America
•Police Athletic Leagues (PAL)
•Camp Fire USA
Nonprofit Organizations
•Religiously affiliates youth-serving organizations
•YMCA and YWCA
•Catholic youth organization
And now for something completely different
•Travel and tourism
•What is travel?
Movement from one location to another.
•What is tourism?
Tourism
•Activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business or other purposes.
Usually further than 50 miles
Other Tourism Definitions
•Demand Side
“… the action and activities of people taking trips to a place or places outside of their
home communities for any purpose except daily commuting to and from work.”
Other Tourism Definitions
•Supply Side
“… the aggregate of all businesses that directly provide goods or services to facilitate
business, pleasure, and leisure activities away from the home environment.”
Other Tourism Definitions
•Holistic Side
“Tourism is the study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which
responds to his needs, and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host’s
socio-cultural, economic, and physical environments.”
Tourism Factoids
•The U.S. generates more tourism revenues than any other country in the world
•Close to 7% of the GDP of the U.S. is tourism generated
•Travel and tourism is the second largest employer in the U.S.
•Tourism generates more revenue worldwide than the automobile industry
Tourism Factoids (cont)
•Between 65% and 75% of all leisure travel is accounted for by the family vacation
market
•64 million Americans take camping vacations annually
•Car travel accounts for 80% of all summer vacation travel
•International tourists spent 439 billion U.S. Dollars in 1998
Values of Tourism
•Enriching personal life quality through the provision of life transforming experiences
•Building community life quality and promoting peace and harmony among people
•Breathing new life into rural and urban economies
•Weaving greater environmental and social equity consciousness
Gunn’s Top 8 Tourism Fallacies
•Fallacy: Tourism is and industry
•Fact: Tourism does not meet the orthodox definition of “industry.”
•Fallacy: Hotels and airlines drive the tourism industry
•Fact: Hotels and airlines are facilitators, not causes
Gunn’s Top 8 Tourism Fallacies
•Fallacy: Tourism can be developed anywhere
•Fact: Some areas have greater potential
•Fallacy: Billboards and advertising can create tourism
•Fact: Only an improved product can create tourism
Gunn’s Top 8 Tourism Fallacies
•Fallacy: Tourism has no costs
•Fact: Tourism has several costs
•Fallacy: Tourism and environmentalism are incompatible
•Fact: Tourism can not exist without environmental protection
Gunn’s Top 8 Tourism Fallacies
•Fallacy: Rural areas and small towns should “go it alone.”
•Fact: Rural areas and small towns have much to gain by cooperating with nearby larger
cities.
•Fallacy: Chambers of commerce provide the best tourism leadership
•Fact: New organizational structures serve tourism better.
Other areas of tourism
•Cultural and Historic areas
•Sports tourism
•Religious based tourism
•Health-related tourism
•Ecotourism
Resource-based tourism
•Hedonistic forms
Gambling
Drug culture
Sexual behavior
Commercial Recreation
•“A business, the primary purpose of which is to serve people while at the same time
making a profit. [It] has two characteristics. First, it creates and distributes leisure
services; second, it has as its primary goal, profit”
Commercial Recreation
•Characteristics
Seek to capitalize on recreational interests
Flexible and independent in their programmatic decisions
Seek to promote in a way that will attract/appeal to the public
Rely heavily on entrepreneurship
Commercial Recreation
•Categories of Service
Admission to facilities
Organized instruction
Membership in clubs (tennis, golf)
Hospitality (hotels, resorts)
Tours/cruises (travel and tourism)
Commercial manufacture (RV, ATV, boats)
Entertainment (theater, concerts, circuses, rodeos)
Commercial Recreation
•Outdoor recreation
Hunting preserves
Outfitters
Whitewater
Paintball???
Deep sea fishing
•Health spas and Fitness Clubs
Gold’s Gym
Day Spas
•Learning studio approach
Short intensive learning sessions (how to’s)
•Family
Fun Centers
Fun Adventures
Gymbore
•What else
Other areas of tourism
•Cultural and Historic areas
•Sports tourism
•Religious based tourism
•Health-related tourism
•Ecotourism
Resource-based tourism
•Hedonistic forms
Gambling
Drug culture
Sexual behavior
Commercial Recreation
•“A business, the primary purpose of which is to serve people while at the same time
making a profit. [It] has two characteristics. First, it creates and distributes leisure
services; second, it has as its primary goal, profit”
Commercial Recreation
•Characteristics
Seek to capitalize on recreational interests
Flexible and independent in their programmatic decisions
Seek to promote in a way that will attract/appeal to the public
Rely heavily on entrepreneurship
Commercial Recreation
•Categories of Service
Admission to facilities
Organized instruction
Membership in clubs (tennis, golf)
Hospitality (hotels, resorts)
Tours/cruises (travel and tourism)
Commercial manufacture (RV, ATV, boats)
Entertainment (theater, concerts, circuses, rodeos)
Commercial Recreation
•Outdoor recreation
Hunting preserves
Outfitters
Whitewater
Paintball???
Deep
sea fishing
•Health spas and Fitness Clubs
Gold’s Gym
Day Spas
•Learning studio approach
Short intensive learning sessions (how to’s)
•Family Fun Centers
Fun Adventures
Gymbore
•What else
Commercial Recreation
The Nature of Commercial Recreation
Profit motive is distinguishing characteristic
Categories of Service
Admission to facilities
Organized instruction
Membership in a commercially operated club
Provision of hospitality or social contacts
Commercial Recreation (cont’d)
Categories of Service, continued
Arrange tours or cruises
Commercial manufacture, sale and service of recreation equipment
Entertainment and special events
Provision of recreation experiences
•Water parks
•Theaters (movies and plays)
•Casinos
•And many others
Commercial Recreation (cont’d)
Outdoor Recreation
Hunting preserves and guides
Charter fishing
Marinas and boating
Ski centers and schools
Paintball centers
Commercial Recreation (cont’d)
Health Spas and Fitness Clubs
Aquatic and fitness centers
Exercise groups
Conditioning counseling
or remedial services
Physical therapy
Group therapy
Commercial Recreation (cont’d)
The “Learning Studio” Approach
Short term learning experiences for adults
Focus on specific and appealing subjects
Family Fun Centers
Play activities and equipment
Video games and computerized activities
Refreshments
Commercial Recreation (cont’d)
Other For-profit Ventures
Private golf or tennis clubs
Bowling alleys and billiard parlors
Contract bridge and chess clubs
Night clubs and dance halls
Dating services
Dancing halls
Differences and Similarities Among Agencies
Social Values in Recreation Planning
Commercial recreation must consider social impact
Subject to regulation of state, county, and municipal laws
Public attitudes can influence the direction of leisure agencies
Competition can improve quality
Partnerships Among Major Leisure-Service Agencies
•Cooperation between agencies and companies is common
•Promotes services to broader audience
•Maximizes limited funding
•“Land swapping” deals
•Professional societies developing partnership
Specialized Leisure-Service Areas
•Therapeutic Recreation
Utilizing recreation as a therapeutic modality enabling clients a better quality of life
(physically, emotionally, socially)
Early therapeutic recreation was found in
•Hospitals for those with physical disabilities
•Hospitals for those with mental illnesses
•Special schools for those with developmental disabilities
Models of Therapeutic Recreation
•Custodial Model
Long-term care settings little effort is made to provide rehabilitation or meaningful
education or other needed services
•Medical-clinical model
Most dominant pattern
Recreation is an important element in the treatment plan
•Therapeutic milieu model
Youth-at-risk
The clients become agents of the therapeutic plan
Models of Therapeutic Recreation
•Education and training model
Goal-oriented approach
Heavy emphasis on occupational therapy
•Community model
Part of the larger community.
Goal is to integrate clients into the community
Clinical Therapeutic Recreation
•Object is to carry out goals of rehabilitation within the overall treatment program
•National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS)
Standards of practice (pg. 238)
Shift to special recreation
•Providing recreation for those with a special need
An individual with a disability
•Large increase in sports and outdoor recreation participation by those with disabilities
•Technology Assistive Devices
Any device that enables a person with or without a disability to perform an activity
easier.
Shift to special recreation
•Move away from special recreation toward inclusion
Inclusion: the involvement and full acceptance of people with disabilities In a wide
range of community settings
Armed Forces Recreation
•Special services Division
Set up to provide recreational diversions for the military
•Shift toward an integrated approach of Morale, Welfare and Recreation
•MASH (R&R)
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•“Soldiers are entitled to the same quality of life as is afforded the society they are
pledged to defend. Keeping the Army ready to fight and win takes more than hard work
and training. Soldiers need a balance of work and play….”
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Program Elements
•Sports, fitness, social, creative, outdoor recreation, travel, entertainment
•Major elements of MWR programs
Instruction/basic sports skills
Self-directed phase (doing sports on your own)
Intramural program
Extramural program
Varsity program
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Fitness programs
•Outdoor Recreation
•Family recreation
•Community relations
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Fiscal support
•Nonappropriated funds
•Appropriated funds
•Mission-sustaining or business activities
Employee Recreation
•Formerly called Industrial Recreation expanded greatly after WWII
•In 1975, 50,000 companies were spending 2 billion dollars on recreation for employees
Goals of Employee Recreation
•Improvement of employer-employee relations
•Directly promoting employee fitness and efficiency
•Recruitment and retention
•Company image
Employee Recreation Program Areas
•Wellness programs and fitness centers
Health screenings
Exercise programs
Educational/awareness and possible interventions
Skill development
Campus Recreation
•Why do you have campus recreation?
Cocurricular enrichment
Maintaining campus control and morale
•In loco parentis
Enhancing the University Image
Contributing to student development
Campus Recreation Programs
•You tell me?????????
Private Membership Recreation Organizations
•A distinguished form of commercial recreation that limits use to members and their
families
•An important characteristic is their social exclusiveness
Types of clubs
•Residence-connected
•Vacation Homes
•Retirement Communities
Specialized Leisure-Service Areas
•Therapeutic Recreation
Utilizing recreation as a therapeutic modality enabling clients a better quality of life
(physically, emotionally, socially)
Early therapeutic recreation was found in
•Hospitals for those with physical disabilities
•Hospitals for those with mental illnesses
•Special schools for those with developmental disabilities
Models of Therapeutic Recreation
•Custodial Model
Long-term care settings little effort is made to provide rehabilitation or meaningful
education or other needed services
•Medical-clinical model
Most dominant pattern
Recreation is an important element in the treatment plan
•Therapeutic milieu model
Youth-at-risk
The clients become agents of the therapeutic plan
Models of Therapeutic Recreation
•Education and training model
Goal-oriented approach
Heavy emphasis on occupational therapy
•Community model
Part of the larger community.
Goal is to integrate clients into the community
Clinical Therapeutic Recreation
•Object is to carry out goals of rehabilitation within the overall treatment program
•National Therapeutic Recreation Society (NTRS)
Standards of practice (pg. 238)
Shift to special recreation
•Providing recreation for those with a special need
An individual with a disability
•Large increase in sports and outdoor recreation participation by those with disabilities
•Technology Assistive Devices
Any device that enables a person with or without a disability to perform an activity
easier.
Shift to special recreation
•Move away from special recreation toward inclusion
Inclusion: the involvement and full acceptance of people with disabilities In a wide
range of community settings
Armed Forces Recreation
•Special services Division
Set up to provide recreational diversions for the military
•Shift toward an integrated approach of Morale, Welfare and Recreation
•MASH (R&R)
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•“Soldiers are entitled to the same quality of life as is afforded the society they are
pledged to defend. Keeping the Army ready to fight and win takes more than hard work
and training. Soldiers need a balance of work and play….”
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Program Elements
•Sports, fitness, social, creative, outdoor recreation, travel, entertainment
•Major elements of MWR programs
Instruction/basic sports skills
Self-directed phase (doing sports on your own)
Intramural program
Extramural program
Varsity program
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Fitness programs
•Outdoor Recreation
•Family recreation
•Community relations
Morale Welfare and Recreation
•Fiscal support
•Nonappropriated funds
•Appropriated funds
•Mission-sustaining or business activities
Employee Recreation
•Formerly called Industrial Recreation expanded greatly after WWII
•In 1975, 50,000 companies were spending 2 billion dollars on recreation for employees
Goals of Employee Recreation
•Improvement of employer-employee relations
•Directly promoting employee fitness and efficiency
•Recruitment and retention
•Company image
Employee Recreation Program Areas
•Wellness programs and fitness centers
Health screenings
Exercise programs
Educational/awareness and possible interventions
Skill development
Campus Recreation
•Why do you have campus recreation?
Cocurricular enrichment
Maintaining campus control and morale
•In loco parentis
Enhancing the University Image
Contributing to student development
Campus Recreation Programs
•You tell me?????????
Private Membership Recreation Organizations
•A distinguished form of commercial recreation that limits use to members and their
families
•An important characteristic is their social exclusiveness
Types of clubs
•Residence-connected
•Vacation Homes
•Retirement Communities
Leisure Profession?
•What do engineers do?
•What do physicians do?
•What do leisure service professionals do?
•Professionalism
What is it?
How do we become professional if we are not?
Criterion for professionalism
•Social value and purpose
•Does society value what we do?
•Would society be worse off if we did not exist?
•How do we measure Quality of Life?
•You can see a bridge!!!!
•Public recognition
•We are not Physical Education!
•Perception that we don’t do anything but play
•Specialized professional preparation
•Education
•Trade School
•Specialized body of knowledge
Criterion for professionalism
•Social value and purpose
•Does society value what we do?
•Would society be worse off if we did not exist?
•How do we measure Quality of Life?
•You can see a bridge!!!!
•Public recognition
•We are not Physical Education!
•Perception that we don’t do anything but play
“I am afrain the public sees us either as ex-athletes, or gregarious, fun-and-game
leaders wearing short pants, knee socks, and an Alpine hat, calling for all to join in”
Criterion for professionalism
•Specialized professional preparation
•Accreditation in higher education.
•Professional preparation in parks and recreation
•Two year degrees, four year degrees, Graduate work.
•Specialized body of knowledge.
•Journal of Leisure Research,
•Leisure Sciences
•Schole
•www.nrpa.org
•Existence of a professional culture
•NRPA www.nrpa.org
•Regulate and set standards
•Promote legislation for the advancement of field
•Develop programs for public information/education
•Sponsor conferences/publications
•Advocate for higher standards in training/accrediting
•American Camping Association (ACA)
•National Intramural Recreational Sports Association (NIRSA)
•National Therapeutic Recreation Association
•Credentialing and standards for screening personnel
•Credentials are qualifications that individuals must have that are established through a
formal review process (CTRS)
•Indicates a certain level of skill and knowledge to be attained
•Agency accreditation
•Standards in Nonpublic leisure-service agencies
•Code of ethics
•A published manual on how professionals should act/behave
•Where are we as a profession?
•How can we improve?
•What can you do as a student?