I.
Chapter 13—The Progressive Movement (1890-1919)
Chapter 13 Section 1----The Roots of Progressivism
The Rise of Progressivism (pp. 418-420)
A. Progressive Era (1890-1920)
1. Progressivism---collection of ideas & activities about how to fix
the problems within American Society
2. Progressives believed that the government needed to take a more
active role in solving society’s problems caused by urbanization
& industrialization
a. Government had to be fixed first before it could be used to fix
other problems
3. Progressives were people who:
a. belonged to both political parties
b. were usually urban, educated middle-class Americans
B. Muckrakers---group of journalists who exposed social conditions &
political corruption
1. Jacob Riis---How the Other Half Lives---focused on poverty,
disease, & crime in New York City
2. Ida Tarbell---exposed Standard Oil
3. Upton Sinclair---exposed the meat-packing industry
4. Lincoln Steffens—exposed corrupt practices of urban political
machines
II.
III.
Making Government Efficient (page 420)
A. Use of Scientific Management in running governments
1. Government be more efficient if they were run by experts & not
elected officials
2. Commission Plan---city government is divided into different
parts with a different function, each placed under the control of
a commissioner (expert) hired by a city manager
a. Galveston, Texas (1901)—1st city to use the Commission
Plan
Democracy and Progressivism (page 421)
A. Robert La Follette—Governor of Wisconsin---More democracy in
society
1. Direct Primary---party election in which all party members vote
for a candidate to run in the general election
2. Initiative---allowed citizens to introduce legislation & required
the legislature to vote on it
3. Referendum—allowed proposed legislation to be submitted to
the voters for approval
4. Recall---allowed voters to demand a special election to remove
an elected official from office
5. 17th Amendment—Direct Election of Senators—People elect
rather than state legislature selecting them
IV.
The Suffrage Movement (pp. 421-423)
A. 2 Groups formed:
1. National Woman Suffrage Association (Elizabeth Cady
Stanton/Susan B. Anthony)
a. Focused on passing a constitutional amendment for woman
suffrage
2. American Woman Suffrage Association (Lucy Stone/Julia Ward
Howe)
a. wanted state governments to give women the right to vote
before trying to amend the U.S. Constitution
***2 groups united in 1890***----Led by Alice Paul—NAWSA
1. Used Protests & Picketing
B. 19th Amendment (1920)—Women given the right to vote
V.
Social Welfare Progressivism (pp. 423-425)
A. Social Welfare Progressives created charities to help the poor &and
disadvantaged, and pushed for laws to help fix social problems
1. Laws passed to end child labor laws & required children to be in
school (compulsory education laws)
2. Laws passed to make the work environment safer for workers
a. building codes, workers’ compensation laws, zoning laws, &
health codes
3. Temperance Movement—Called for the moderation or
elimination of alcohol
a. 1874—WCTU—Women led this movement
b. 18th Amendment---Banned the manufacture, sale, &
consumption of alcohol
VI.
Progressives Versus Big Business (page 425)
A. Progressives disagreed if they should break-up big business or regulate
big business
B. Socialism—Idea that the government should own & operate industry
for the community as a whole (railroad & utilities)
1. Eugene Debs—1912 American Socialist Party Candidate
C. Most progressives & Americans believed in the American system of free
enterprise
Chapter 13 Section 2---Roosevelt in Office
I. Roosevelt Revives the Presidency (pp. 427-430)
A. Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” Program---Balance the needs of all groups in
American society
B. Taking on the Trusts
1. 1904—Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities violated the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
C. Coal Strike of 1902
1. Roosevelt threatened the owners to have the army run them if they did not
accept arbitration
D. 1903—Department of Commerce & Labor created
1. Bureau of Corporations—authority to investigate corporations & issue
reports on their activities
D. Hepburn Act (1906)—strengthened the Interstate Commerce
Commission by giving it the power to set railroad rates
II. Social Welfare Action (page 430)
A. 1905—Consumer protection became a National issue
B. Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle—described conditions in Chicago’s
slaughterhouses
1. Meat Inspection Act—required federal inspection of meat sold & set
standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants
2. Pure Food and Drug Act—prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment
of impure or falsely labeled food 7 drugs
III. Conservation (pp. 430-431)—Roosevelt’s Greatest achievement
A. Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)—authorized the use of federal funds
from public land sales to pay for irrigation & land development projects
B. Gifford Pinchot—Head of the U.S. Forest Service
1. Managed the Timber resources in the West
2. regulated s for controlling lumbering on federal lands
***Roosevelt’s Legacy---People looked to the federal government to solve the
nation’s economic & social problems & the executive branch increased its
power***
Chapter 13 Section 3---The Taft Administration
I. Taft Becomes President (pp. 434-437)
A. Hand Picked by Roosevelt to be the Republican Candidate in 1908 in which
he defeated William Jennings Bryan
B. Payne-Aldrich Tariff—raised some tariffs instead of lowering them
1. Speaker of the House Joseph Cannon had the power to push bills through
2. Taft stopped the Republican campaign against Cannon & Cannon pushed
the tariff bill through the House
3. Taft accepted the changes to protect high tariffs from the Senators
4. Progressives felt betrayed
C. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
1. Pinchot Charged Sec. of Interior Ballinger had tried to turn over valuable
public lands to a private business group for his own profit
2. Charges found to be groundless, but Pinchot leaked the story to the press
3. Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination
***Democrats gain control of both the House & Senate in the 1910
elections***
II. Taft’s Progressive Reforms (page 437)
A. Taft brought twice as many antitrust cases as Roosevelt & established the
Children’s Bureau to fight child labor
B. Roosevelt never criticized Taft until Taft brought an anti-trust suit against U.S.
Steel
Chapter 13 Section 4—The Wilson Years
I. The Election of 1912 (pp. 438-439)
A. Presidential Candidates:
1. Republican—William Howard Taft
2. Progressive Party(Bull Moose Party)—Theodore Roosevelt
a. New Nationalism--1. reforms that favored legislation to protect women & children in the
workforce & workers’ compensation for those injured on the job
2. Wanted a Federal Trade Commission to regulate industry
3. Democrats—Woodrow Wilson
a. New Freedom
1. supported free enterprise & criticized Roosevelt for a program that
supported monopolies
4. Result of 1912 Election:
a. Roosevelt & Taft split the Republican vote, giving Wilson the
victory
II. Regulating the Economy (pp. 439-441)
A. Underwood Tariff (1913)-1. reduced the tariff by 50%
2. levy an income tax on the earnings of individuals & corporations
B. Federal Reserve System (1913)—12 districts
1. establish interest rates—raise rates to fight inflation & lower interest rates to
stimulate the economy during a recession
C. Anti-Trust action:
1. Federal Trade Commission (1914)—set up to monitor American business
a. power to investigate companies & issued “cease & desist” orders
against companies involved in unfair trade practices
2. Clayton Anti-trust Act (Strengthened Sherman Anti-trust Act)
a. put a ban on tying agreements (required retailers who bought from one
company to stop selling a competitor’s products)
b. banned price discrimination
1. could not charge different customers different prices
2. Labor Unions were not illegal & gave them the right to exist
III. Federal Aid and Social Welfare (pp. 441-442)
A. Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916)---prohibited children
under the age of 14 from working in factories
B. Adamson Act---8 hour workday for railroad workers
C. Federal Farm Loan Act—provided farmers with long-term
loans at low interest rates
IV. The Legacy of Progressivism (page 442)
A. Americans looked to the government to play an active role in
regulating the economy & solving social problems
B. Limits to progressivism: Failed to address Black Reform issues
1. 1909—NAACP was founded thanks to the Niagara
Movement
***Progressives expanded democracy & improved life for many Americans***