List of amendments of the Constitution of
India
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As of May 2013, there have been 98 amendments to the Constitution of India since it was
first enacted in 1950.[1][2] There are two types of amendments to the constitution which are
governed by article 368. The first type includes amendments that can be effected by
Parliament by a prescribed ‘special majority’; and the second type of amendments includes
those that require, in addition to such "special majority", ratification by at least one half of the
State Legislatures. The second type amendments made to the constitution are amendments #
3, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 51,
54, 61, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 79, 84 and 88.[3]
No.
1
Amendments
Amend articles 15, 19, 85, 87,
Enforced
Objectives
since
18 June
To fully secure the constitutional validity of
No.
Amendments
174, 176, 341, 342, 372 and
376.
Insert articles 31A and 31B.
Insert schedule 9.[4]
Enforced
Objectives
since
1951
zamindari abolition laws and to place
reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
A new constitutional device, called
Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that
are contrary to the Constitutionally
guaranteed fundamental rights. These laws
encroach upon property rights, freedom of
speech and equality before law
Removed the upper population limit for a
1 May
parliamentary constituency by amending
1953
Article 81(1)(b).
Re-enacted entry 33 of the Concurrent List
in the Seventh Schedule with relation to
include trade and commerce in, and the
production, supply and distribution of 4
22
classes of essential commodities, viz.,
February
foodstuffs, including edible oil seeds and
1955
oils; cattle fodder, including oilcakes and
other concentrates; raw cotton whether
ginned or unginned, and cotton seeds; and
raw jute.
Restrictions on property rights and inclusion
27 April
of related bills in Schedule 9 of the
1955
constitution
Empowered the President to prescribe a time
limit for a State Legislature to convey its
views on proposed Central laws relating to
the formation of new States and alteration of
24
areas, boundaries or names of existing
December
States. Also permitted the President to
1955
extend the prescribed limit, and prohibited
any such bill from being introduced in
Parliament until after the expiry of the
prescribed or extended period.
11
Amend the Union and State Lists with
September
respect to raising of taxes
1956
2
Amend article 81(1)(b).[5]
3
Amend schedule 7.[6]
4
Amend articles 31, 35 band
305.
Amend schedule 9.[7]
5
Amend article 3.[8]
6
Amend articles 269 and 286.
Amend schedule 7.[9]
7
Amend articles 1, 3, 49, 80, 81,
82, 131, 153, 158, 168, 170,
171, 216, 217, 220, 222, 224,
230, 231 and 232.
1
Reorganization of states on linguistic lines,
Insert articles 258A, 290A,
November abolition of Class A, B, C, D states and
298, 350A, 350B, 371, 372A 1956
introduction of Union Territories
and 378A.
Amend part 8.
Amend schedules 1, 2, 4 and
No.
Amendments
Enforced
since
Objectives
7.[10]
5 January
1960
8
Amend article 334.[11]
9
[12]
Amend schedule 1.
28
December
1960
10
Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[13]
11 August
1961
11 Amend articles 66 and 71.[14]
12
Amend article 240.
Amend schedule 1.[15]
13
Amend article 170.
Insert new article 371A.[16]
Amend articles 81 and 240.
14 Insert article 239A.
Amend schedules 1 and 4.[17]
Amend articles 124, 128, 217,
222, 224, 226, 297, 311 and
15 316.
Insert article 224A.
Amend schedule 7.[18]
19
December
1961
Extended the period of reservation of seats
for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled
Tribes and Anglo-Indians in the Lok Sabha
and the State Legislative Assemblies till
1970
Minor adjustments to territory of Indian
Union consequent to agreement with
Pakistan for settlement of disputes by
demarcation of border villages, etc.
Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as
a Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
from Portugal
Election of Vice President by Electoral
College consisting of members of both
Houses of Parliament, instead of election by
a Joint Sitting of Parliament. Indemnify the
President and Vice President Election
procedure from challenge on grounds of
existence of any vacancies in the electoral
college
Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a
Union Territory, consequent to acquisition
from Portugal
20
December
1961
1
Formation of State of Nagaland, with
December
special protection under Article 371A
1963
Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union
28
of India and creation of Legislative
December
Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura,
1962
Manipur and Goa
Raise retirement age of High court judges
5 October from 60 to 62 and other minor amendments
1963
for rationalizing interpretation of rules
regarding judges etc.
Make it obligatory for seekers of public
Amend articles 19, 84 and 173. 5 October office to swear their allegiance to the Indian
16
Amend schedule 3.[19]
1963
Republic and prescribe the various obligtory
templates
To secure the constitutional validity of
Amend article 31A.
20 June
acquisition of Estates and place land
17
[20]
Amend schedule 9.
1964
acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the
constitution
[21]
18 Amend article 3.
27 August Technical Amendment to include Union
No.
Amendments
19 Amend article 324.[22]
20 Insert article 233A.[23]
21 Amend schedule 8.[24]
Amend article 275.
22 Insert articles 244A and
371B.[25]
23
Amend articles 330, 332, 333
and 334.[26]
24 Amend articles 13 and 368.[27]
Amend article 31.
Insert article 31C.[28]
Amend article 366.
Insert article 363A.
26
Remove articles 291 and
362.[29]
Amend articles 239A and 240.
27 Insert articles 239B and
371C.[30]
25
28
Insert article 312A.
Remove article 314.[31]
29 Amend schedule 9.[32]
Enforced
Objectives
since
1966
Territories in Article 3 and hence permit
reorganisation of Union Territories
11
Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial
December
of election petitions by regular High Courts
1966
Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees,
orders and sentences passed by judges and
to validate the appointment, posting,
22
promotion and transfer of judges barring a
December few who were not eligible for appointment
1966
under article 233. Amendment needed to
overcome the effect of judgement
invalidating appointments of certain judges
in the state of Uttar Pradesh
10 April
Include Sindhi as an Official Language
1967
25
Provision to form Autonomous states within
September
the State of Assam
1969
Discontinued reservation of seats for the
Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, both in the
Lok Sabha and the State Legislative
Assembly and stipulated that not more than
23 January one Anglo-Indian could be nominated by the
1970
Governor to any State Legislative
Assembly. Extend reservation for SC/ST
and Anglo Indian members in the Lok
Sabha and State Assemblies for another ten
years, i.e. up to 1980.
5
Enable parliament to dilute fundamental
November rights through amendments to the
1971
constitution
20 April Restrict property rights and compensation in
1972
case the state takes over private property
28
Abolition of privy purse paid to former
December rulers of princely states which were
1971
incorporated into the Indian Republic
15
February
1972
Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union
Territory with a legislature and council of
ministers
Rationalize Civil Service rules to make it
29 August
uniform across those appointed prior to
1972
Independence and post independence
9 June
Place land reform acts and amendments to
No.
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Enforced
Objectives
since
1972
these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution
Change the basis for appeals in Supreme
27
Court of India in case of Civil Suits from
Amend article 133.[33]
February
value criteria to one involving substantial
1973
question of law
Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545
seats. Increased seats going to the new states
Amend articles 81, 330 and
17 October
formed in North East India and minor
332.[34]
1973
adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation
exercise
Amend article 371.
Protection of regional rights in Telengana
1 July
Insert articles 371D and 371E.
and Andhra regions of State of Andhra
1974
[35]
Amend schedule 7.
Pradesh
Prescribes procedure for resignation by
19
May
members of parliament and state legislatures
Amend articles 101 and 190.[36]
1974
and the procedure for verification and
acceptance of resignation by house speaker
7
Place land reform acts and amendments to
[37]
Amend schedule 9.
September these act under Schedule 9 of the
1974
constitution
Amend articles 80 and 81.
1 March Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation
Insert article 2A.
1975
of Sikkim into the Union of India
Insert schedule 10.[38]
Amend articles 80 and 81.
Insert article 371F.
26 April Formation of Sikkim as a State within the
Remove article 2A.
1975
Indian Union
Amend schedules 1 and 4.
Remove schedule 10.[39]
Amend articles 239A and
3 May
Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative
[40]
240.
1975
assembly
Amend articles 123, 213, 239B, 1 August Enhances the powers of President and
352, 356, 359 and 360.[41]
1975
Governors to pass ordinances
Amendment designed to negate the
judgement of Allahabad High Court
Amend articles 71 and 329.
10 August invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's
Insert article 329A.
1975
election to parliament. Amendment placed
Amend schedule 9.[42]
restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of
Prime Minister
Enable Parliament to make laws with
respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and
vest the mineral wealth with Union of India
Amend article 297.
27 May
[43]
Amend schedule 9.
1976
Place land reform & other acts and
amendments to these act under Schedule 9
Amendments
No.
Amendments
41 Amend article 316.[44]
Enforced
since
of the constitution
Raise Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen
7
and Members of Joint Public Service
September
Commissions and State Public Service
1976
Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
Amend articles 31, 31C, 39, 55,
74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 100, 102,
103, 105, 118, 145, 150, 166,
170, 172, 189, 191, 192, 194,
208, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228,
311, 312, 330, 352, 353, 356,
1 April
42 357, 358, 359, 366, 368 and
1977
371F.
Insert articles 31D, 32A, 39A,
43A, 48A, 131A, 139A, 144A,
226A, 228A and 257A.
Insert parts 4A and 14A.
Amend schedule 7.[45]
Amend articles 145, 226, 228
and 366.
13 April
43 Remove articles 31D, 32A,
1978
131A, 144A, 226A and
228A.[46]
Amend articles 19, 22, 30, 31A,
31C, 38, 71, 74, 77, 83, 103,
105, 123, 132, 133, 134, 139A,
150, 166, 172, 192, 194, 213,
217, 225, 226, 227, 239B, 329,
6
352, 356, 358, 359, 360 and
44
September
371F.
1978
Insert articles 134A and 361A.
Remove articles 31, 257A and
329A.
Amend part 12.
Amend schedule 9.[47]
45 Amend article 334.[48]
Amend articles 269, 286 and
46 366.
Amend schedule 7.[49]
47 Amend schedule 9.[50]
48 Amend article 356.[51]
Objectives
Amendment passed during internal
emergency by Indira Gandhi. Provides for
curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes
fundamental duties and changes to the basic
structure of the constitution by making India
a "Socialist Secular" Republic
Amendment passed after revocation of
internal emergency in the Country. Repeals
some of the more 'Anti-Freedom'
amendments enacted through Amendment
Bill 42
Amendment passed after revocation of
internal emergency in the Country. Provides
for human rights safeguards and
mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive
and legislative authority. Annuls some
Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
25 January nomination of Anglo Indian members in
1980
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
ten years i.e. up to 1990
Amendment to negate judicial
2 February
pronouncements on scope and applicability
1983
on Sales Tax
Place land reform acts and amendments to
26 August
these act under Schedule 9 of the
1984
constitution
1 April
Article 356 amended to permit President's
No.
49
Amendments
Amend article 244.
Amend schedules 5 and 6.[52]
50 Amend article 33.[53]
51 Amend articles 330 and 332.[54]
Amend articles 101, 102, 190
52 and 191.
Insert schedule 10.[55]
53 Insert article 371G.[56]
54
Amend articles 125 and 221.
Amend schedule 2.[57]
55 Insert article 371H.[58]
56 Insert article 371I.[59]
57 Amend article 332.[60]
58
Insert article 394A.
Amend part 22.[61]
59
Amend article 356.
Insert article 359A.[62]
60 Amend article 276.[63]
61 Amend article 326.[64]
Enforced
since
1985
11
September
1984
Objectives
rule up to two years in the state of Punjab
Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and
enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas
Autonomous District Council
Technical Amendment to curtailment of
11
Fundamental Rights as per Part III as
September prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security
1984
Personnel protecting property and
communication infrastructure
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
16 June
Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1986
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Anti Defection Law - Provide
1 March disqualification of members from parliament
1985
and assembly in case of defection from one
party to other
20
Special provision with respect to the State of
February
Mizoram.
1987
Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India
1 April
& other Judges and to provide for
1986
determining future increases without the
need for constitutional amendment
20
Special powers to Governor consequent to
February
formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
1987
30 May
Transition provision to enable formation of
1987
state of Goa
21
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
September Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and
1987
Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
Provision to publish authentic Hindi
9
translation of constitution as on date and
December
provision to publish authentic Hindi
1987
translation of future amendments
Article 356 amended to permit President's
rule up to three years in the state of Punjab,
30 March Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to
1988
permit imposing emergency in state of
Punjab or in specific districts of the state of
Punjab
20
Profession Tax increased from a minimum
December
of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/1988
28 March Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
No.
Amendments
62 Amend article 334.[65]
63
Amend article 356.
Remove article 359A.[66]
64 Amend article 356.[67]
65 Amend article 338.[68]
66 Amend schedule 9.[69]
67 Amend article 356.[70]
68 Amend article 356.[71]
69
Insert articles 239AA and
239AB.[72]
70
Amend articles 54 and
239AA.[73]
71 Amend schedule 8.[74]
72 Amend article 332.[75]
73 Insert part 9.[76]
74 Insert part 9A.[77]
75 Amend article 323B.[78]
76 Amend schedule 9.[79]
Enforced
since
1989
Objectives
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
20
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
December
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
1989
ten years i.e. up to 2000
Emergency powers applicable to State of
6 January
Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per
1990
amendment 59 repealed
Article 356 amended to permit President's
16 April
rule up to three years and six months in the
1990
state of Punjab
National Commission for Scheduled Castes
12 March and Scheduled Tribes formed and its
1990
statutory powers specified in The
Constitution.
Place land reform acts and amendments to
7 June
these act under Schedule 9 of the
1990
constitution
4 October Article 356 amended to permit President's
1990
rule up to four years in the state of Punjab
12 March Article 356 amended to permit President's
1991
rule up to five years in the state of Punjab
To provide for a legislative assembly and
1 February council of ministers for Federal National
1992
Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a
Union Territory
21
Include National Capital of Delhi and Union
December Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college
1991
for Presidential Election
31 August Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as
1992
Official Languages
5
Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in
December
Tripura State Legislative Assembly
1992
24 April Statutory provisions for Panchyat Raj as
1993
third level of administration in villages
Statutory provisions for Local
1 June
Administrative bodies as third level of
1993
administration in urban areas such as towns
and cities
15 May
Provisions for setting up Rent Control
1994
Tribunals
31 August Enable continuance of 69% reservation in
1994
Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil
No.
Amendments
Enforced
since
77 Amend article 16.[80]
17 June
1995
78 Amend schedule 9.[81]
30 August
1995
79 Amend article 334.[82]
25 January
2000
80
Amend articles 269 and 270.
Remove article 272.[83]
9 June
2000
9 June
2000
8
82 Amend article 335.[85]
September
2000
8
[86]
83 Amend article 243M.
September
2000
21
Amend articles 55, 81, 82, 170,
84
February
330 and 332.[87]
2002
81 Amend article 16.[84]
85 Amend article 16.[88]
4 January
2002
Amend articles 45 and 51A.
86
Insert article 21A.[89]
12
December
2002
87
Amend articles 81, 82, 170 and 22 June
330.[90]
2003
Amend article 270.
88 Insert article 268A.
Amend schedule 7.[91]
89
Amend article 338.
Insert article 338A.[92]
90 Amend article 332.[93]
Objectives
Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the
constitution
A technical amendment to protect
reservation to SC/ST Employees in
promotions
Place land reform acts and amendments to
these act under Schedule 9 of the
constitution
Extend reservation for SC / ST and
nomination of Anglo Indian members in
Parliament and State Assemblies for another
ten years i.e. up to 2010
Implement Tenth Finance Commission
recommendation to simplify the tax
structures by pooling and sharing all taxes
between states and The Centre
Protect SC / ST reservation in filling
backlog of vacancies
Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and
other criteria in reservation in promotion for
SC / ST candidates
Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation
for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj
institutions
Extend the usage of 1971 national census
population figures for statewise distribution
of parliamentary seats
A technical amendment to protect
Consequential seniority in case of
promotions of SC/ST Employees
Provides Right to Education until the age of
fourteen and Early childhood care until the
age of six
Extend the usage of 2001 national census
population figures for statewise distribution
of parliamentary seats
15 January To extend statutory cover for levy and
2004
utilization of Service Tax
The National Commission for Scheduled
28
Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated
September into The National Commission for
2003
Scheduled Castes and The National
Commission for Scheduled Tribes
28
Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to
No.
Amendments
Amend articles 75 and 164.
91 Insert article 361B.
Amend schedule 10.[94]
92 Amend schedule 8.[95]
93 Amend article 15.[96]
94 Amend article 164.[97]
95 Amend article 334.[98]
96 Amend schedule 8.[99]
97
Amend Art 19 and added Part
IXB.[100]
98
To insert Article 371J in the
Constitution[2]
Enforced
Objectives
since
September Bodoland Territory Area
2003
Restrict the size of council of ministers to
1 January
15% of legislative members & to strengthen
2004
Anti Defection laws
7 January Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithali as
2004
official languages
To enable provision of reservation(27%) for
20 January other backward classes (O.B.C.) in
2006
government as well as private educational
institutions
To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare
12 June
in newly created Jharkand and Chhattisgarh
2006
States including Madhyapradesh, Orissa.
To extend the reservation of seats for SCs
25 January and STs in the Lok Sabha and states
2010
assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy
years
23
September Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
2011
Added the words "or co-operative societies"
after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c)
and insertion of article 43B i.e., Promotion
of Co-operative Societies and added PartIXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies.
12 January
The amendment objective is to encourage
2012
economic activities of cooperatives which in
turn help progress of rural India. It is
expected to not only ensure autonomous and
democratic functioning of cooperatives, but
also the accountability of the management to
the members and other stakeholders.[101]
To empower the Governor of Karnataka to
2 January
take steps to develop the Hyderabad2013
Karnataka Region.[2]
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