Lesson Plans
Crime Scene Investigation
Version 2.0
Table of Contents
Course Overview ................................................................................................................ 2
Section 1.1: Course Introduction ........................................................................................ 5
Section 1.2: Crime Scene Investigation .............................................................................. 6
Section 1.3: Using the Crime Scene Simulator ................................................................... 7
Section 2.1: First Responder ............................................................................................... 8
Section 2.2: Scene Assessment ......................................................................................... 10
Section 3.1: Preparation .................................................................................................... 11
Section 3.2: Documentation .............................................................................................. 12
Section 3.3: Processing ..................................................................................................... 13
Section 3.4: Closeout ........................................................................................................ 15
Section 4.1: Camera Equipment ....................................................................................... 16
Section 4.2: Photography Basics....................................................................................... 18
Section 4.3: Photographing the Scene .............................................................................. 19
Section 5.1: Written Notes ................................................................................................ 21
Section 5.2: Sketching ...................................................................................................... 22
Section 5.3: Report Writing .............................................................................................. 24
Section 6.1: Death Investigation Overview ...................................................................... 25
Section 6.2: Death Scene Processing ................................................................................ 26
Section 7.1: Probative Value............................................................................................. 27
Section 7.2: Contamination, Alteration, and Loss ............................................................ 28
Section 7.3: Evidence Packaging ...................................................................................... 29
Section 7.4: Collecting Evidence ...................................................................................... 30
Section 8.1: Trace Evidence ............................................................................................. 32
Section 8.2: Trace Evidence Collection ............................................................................ 33
Section 9.1: DNA .............................................................................................................. 34
Section 9.2: Bloodstain Patterns ....................................................................................... 35
Section 9.3: Blood Evidence ............................................................................................. 36
Section 9.4: Alternate Light Source .................................................................................. 38
Section 9.5: Seminal Fluid Evidence ................................................................................ 39
Section 9.6: Blood Enhancement ...................................................................................... 41
Section 10.1: Fingerprinting ............................................................................................. 42
Section 10.2: Finding Prints .............................................................................................. 44
Section 10.3: Processing Prints ......................................................................................... 45
Section 11.1: Impression Evidence ................................................................................... 47
Section 11.2: Casting and Lifting ..................................................................................... 48
Section 11.3: Tire and Tool Evidence............................................................................... 49
Section 12.1: Firearm Basics ............................................................................................ 50
Section 12.2: Firearm Evidence ........................................................................................ 52
Section 12.3: Gunshot Evidence ....................................................................................... 53
Section 12.4: Gunshot Residue ......................................................................................... 54
Section 12.5: Trajectory Documentation .......................................................................... 55
Section 13.1: Additional Practice ..................................................................................... 57
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Course Overview
This Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) course introduces students to the role of the crime
scene technician in collecting and processing evidence. Students will learn:
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The role of the crime scene technician in the criminal justice process.
Issues related to evidence handling that must be considered when collecting
evidence at the scene.
How to document and preserve evidence.
Approved techniques for collecting various types of evidence.
The accompanying LabSim manual provides step-by-step instructions for simulations in
the Crime Scene Investigation course. To help students successfully complete the
simulations the following forms are included in the manual for each simulation as
needed:
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Photo log
Graph
Sketch
Notes
Measurements
Evidence Package
Chain of Custody
Module 1 – Introduction
This module introduces the students to the course goals. It also discusses common CSI
roles and the responsibilities of each role. Students will learn how to use the Crime Scene
Simulator, which will prepare them to simulate crime scene technician tasks throughout
the rest of the course.
Module 2 – Initial Response
This module teaches the basics of the initial response at a crime. The tasks of the first
responder and investigator at the crime scene are to secure, protect, and document the
scene. It may also include interrogating and arresting suspects.
Module 3 – Scene Processing Overview
In Module 3 students receive an overview of the necessary actions to process the scene.
This involves preparing to process the scene by conducting an initial walkthrough,
identifying needed specialists, and controlling scene contamination. Documentation must
be complete and detailed to provide a record that can be used at a later date by criminal
justice personnel to understand the crime scene. Students will learn strategies for
processing the scene to identify and collect evidence. Also discussed is how to wrap up
the investigational activities of a crime scene before releasing the scene.
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Module 4 – Photography
In Module 4 students will learn the basics of photography and selecting the correct
camera, film and lenses depending upon the circumstances at the crime scene and the
equipment available. They will learn that aperture and shutter speed can be used to
control the amount of exposure of a picture to ensure a clear picture of a specific piece of
evidence. Students will also learn how to effectively document the crime scene by taking
photos.
Module 5 – Written Documentation
Module 5 provides the basics of creating written documentation of the crime scene.
Detailed notes must be written to provide a clear record and pull the crime scene
documentation together. Sketching the crime scene is a documentation tool that will help
show relationships between items of evidence and help criminal justice personnel in the
future to more fully understand the crime scene. To ensure that the final report is
complete, a series of questions are presented in this module to help the students recognize
all the facts that need to be identified in the report.
Module 6 – Death Investigation
Module 6 discusses aspects of death investigation including who can perform death
investigation, medical specialties related to death investigation, and medical terminology
used in death investigation. Students will become aware of the duties of a medical
examiner or coroner and how to prepare the body for transport.
Module 7 – Evidence Collection
In Module 7 students will learn how to determine which evidence should be collected and
submitted to the laboratory for evaluation, how to collect evidence to prevent
contamination, alteration, and loss of evidence, and how to package, enclose and seal
evidence. They will also learn how to create a chain of custody to protect the integrity of
an item of evidence and account for the history of who has had custody of the evidence
since it was collected.
Module 8 – Trace Evidence
In this module students will learn about trace evidence (any evidence found in small
amounts). Five of the most common types of trace evidence are hair, fiber, paint, glass,
and soil. Students will learn what type of information can be obtained from a laboratory
analysis of trace evidence. Guidelines for obtaining standard samples of trace evidence to
be compared against the trace evidence collected at the crime scene are presented.
Methods to collect trace evidence and thoroughly document where trace evidence was
found are discussed.
Module 9 – Biological Evidence
This module teaches how to view, collect, and interpret biological evidence such as
DNA, blood and bloodstain patterns, occult evidence, and seminal fluid. It stresses the
importance of documenting biological evidence through photography before collecting
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biological evidence. Students will learn how to correctly perform Kastle-Meyer, luminal,
and Acid Phosphatase (AP) tests at the crime scene.
Module 10 – Fingerprinting
In Module 10 students will learn the basics of fingerprinting. They will become familiar
with three types of class patterns (common fingerprint features all individuals share) and
minutiae (individual characteristics) that are used to identify an individual’s fingerprints.
Students will learn how to locate and decide which fingerprints should be processed at
the crime scene. They will also learn various methods to develop and lift fingerprints.
Module 11 – Impression Evidence
Module 11 discusses documenting, collecting, and protecting impression evidence such
as tire, footwear, and toolmarks. Students will learn how to lift impressions with
electrostatic and gelatin lifters and how to cast impressions in sand, snow, or dirt.
Module 12 – Firearms
Module 12 provides an overview of firearms. Students will learn how to identify different
types of firearms and cartridges typically found at the crime scene. They will learn how
to photograph, render safe, and process firearms. Students will learn how to analyze
gunshot evidence, test for gunshot residue, and identify and document the trajectory path
of a bullet.
Module 13 – Additional Practice
This module provides an additional practice scenario for the student to complete.
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
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Section 1.1: Course Introduction
Summary
The video introduces the student to the Crime Scene Investigation course. The target
audience for this course includes the following individuals:
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Police Officers
Detectives
Crime Scene Technicians
Forensic Scientists
Students of Criminal Justice
Other Professionals
This course introduces students to the role of the crime scene technician in collecting and
processing evidence. Students will learn:
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The role of the crime scene technician in the criminal justice process.
Issues related to evidence handling that must be considered when collecting
evidence at the scene.
How to document and preserve evidence.
Approved techniques for collecting various types of evidence.
This course has been designed to teach the basics of crime scene response, assessment,
and processing. The course goals are to teach individuals how to:
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Recognize the evidence
Evaluate the probative value of the evidence
Practice correct documentation techniques
Follow proper evidence collection techniques
Four different instructors were used to properly cover the topics for this course. They
include:
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Jay Henry a Forensic Scientist for a State Crime Lab.
David Wakefield a Forensic Scientist and Certified Firearms Examiner
Tom Anderson a Medical Examiner’s Investigator
Todd Van Buren a Forensic Scientist for a State Crime Lab
Time
About 10 minutes
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
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Section 1.2: Crime Scene Investigation
Summary
In this section students will become familiar with different CSI roles and the
responsibilities of each role. These roles include:
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First responder
Detective
Crime scene technician (CST)
Laboratory scientist
Suggested educational requirements for each role are discussed.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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Why are there different roles and individuals involved in a crime scene
investigation?
Which individual is responsible for the crime scene investigation?
How do crime scene technicians and laboratory scientists work together?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
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Section 1.3: Using the Crime Scene Simulator
Summary
This section teaches the students how to use the crime scene simulator included in this
course. Experiment with the simulation in this section until you are familiar with how the
crime scene simulator works.
Note: Most of the scenarios will be scored with feedback. This lab is for practice only
and is not scored. You will recognize the simulations in this course by the mouse icon to
the left of the entry.
Students will learn how to:
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Move in the simulated crime scene environment, including looking up and
looking down.
Open various windows within the simulation to manage evidence and gain
information about the crime and the lab tasks.
Use tools to process evidence at the crime scene.
Move between the crime scene and the evidence processing table.
Time
About 10 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Practice
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Section 2.1: First Responder
Summary
In this section the students will learn the role of the first responder to secure the evidence
and document the crime scene.
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The initial actions of the first responder should:
o Record all time-related events
o Ensure the safety of all personnel on the scene
o Provide medical emergency personnel as needed
o Identify, secure and control individuals at the scene
Duties to complete before transferring the scene:
o Identify and establish the correct size for a crime scene’s boundary to
preserve evidence
o Begin an entry and exit log for all personnel at the crime scene
o Preserve and protect evidence
o Document the scene
Transferring the scene to the investigator
The labs will provide an opportunity for the students to interview the first responder,
conduct a walkthrough of the crime scene, and then answer questions about what they
heard and saw at the crime scene.
Students will learn how to:
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Identify the necessary actions of the first responder.
Establish the correct size for a crime scene's boundary.
Meet and debrief with the first responder.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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How can the first responder's actions affect the investigation?
Why should the crime scene be protected?
What is the purpose of an entry and exit log?
Why should witnesses be kept separate from other witnesses?
Time
About 45 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Case #AH682, Date Rape
Case #TL227, Domestic Homicide
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
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Section 2.2: Scene Assessment
Summary
This section discusses the duties of the investigator when assessing the scene and
preserving evidence from the crime scene. This may include establishing a temporary
evidence storage area and an Incident Command Center (ICC). Details include:
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Conducting a scene walkthrough
Determining which specialists are needed
Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Protecting the crime scene against contamination
Ensuring tools are not contaminated
The lab will provide an opportunity for the students to interview the first responder,
conduct a walkthrough of the crime scene, and then answer questions assessing the scene
to determine the size of the crime scene boundaries, and the location of the ICC and
temporary evidence storage area.
Students will learn how to:
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Establish a temporary evidence storage area.
Establish the location of the incident command center.
Canvas the surrounding area of a crime scene.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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How does the first responder debriefing assist the primary investigator?
Why is the location of the evidence storage area important?
What is the purpose of the incident command center?
Time
About 20 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Assess the Scene
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
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Section 3.1: Preparation
Summary
This section discusses preparing to process the crime scene by:
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Conducting an initial walkthrough
Identifying needed specialists
Wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Controlling scene contamination
Ensuring clean tools
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What is the purpose of a crime scene walkthrough?
How does a crime scene walkthrough help determine what type of specialists are
needed?
Why should elimination standards be collected?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
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Section 3.2: Documentation
Summary
This section teaches the students how to effectively document the crime scene to provide
a record that will allow investigators, attorneys, judges, and juries to understand the crime
scene. Types of crime scene documentation include:
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Photographs
Videos
Sketches
Notes
Chain of custody
All documentation should coordinate and reference each other and the chain of custody
of the evidence should be established.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What is the purpose of the crime scene documentation?
How do the different types of documentation complement each other?
If videotape is used, why should the audio not be recorded?
Time
About 30 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 3.3: Processing
Summary
This section discusses the strategies for processing the scene to identify and collect
evidence. This will include:
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Common search methods include:
o Spiral
o Grid
o Strip or line
o Quadrant.
Guidelines for protecting the integrity of the evidence during evidence collection
are presented:
o Conducting a careful and methodical evaluation of each piece of evidence
o Collecting evidence from the crime scene in an intensive process
Collecting types of samples while at the crime scene:
o Standard or Reference
o Control
o Elimination
Note: After a student completes this lab, a simulation report with feedback will be
displayed. This report contains a Task Summary of all the actions the student was
required to perform and if the tasks were completed correctly. The report also contains an
explanation of all the evidence that should be collected and the steps to process the
evidence. This allows the students to evaluate their performance, learn the correct steps to
process the scene, and correctly complete the lab in another attempt. All of the labs in the
following sections will contain this report.
Students will learn how to:
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Search for evidence at the crime scene.
Place item of evidence markers adjacent to objects.
Collect standard, control, and elimination standards.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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Why should a system or method be used while searching for evidence?
What should be considered as each piece of evidence is evaluated?
What value do standard, control, and elimination samples provide?
Time
About 35 minutes
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Lab/Activity
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Search the Yard
Note: Some of the lesson plans will provide additional information for the instructor
under the Lab/Activities section that will identify the specific items of evidence that the
students will need to process to successfully complete the lab.
Evidence that should be processed at this crime scene includes:
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Footprint beside sidewalk
Cigarette butt near porch steps
Beer can in the yard
Cigarette butt behind the trailer
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 3.4: Closeout
Summary
In this section students will learn the factors that should be addressed when wrapping up
the investigational activities of the crime scene. This will include:
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The debriefing of everyone who has been involved in the investigation
Brief the person in charge
Final scene survey
Clean up of equipment and trash
Release of the crime scene.
The closeout documentation must be gathered and assembled to authenticate all
evidence collected.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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Why should everyone who has participated in the crime scene attend the
debriefing?
What is the purpose of a final scene survey?
Who determines how to release a crime scene?
Time
About 20 minutes
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Section 4.1: Camera Equipment
Summary
Because photos are an important form of documenting a scene, students will learn the
following:
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Types of cameras
o Polaroid
o Point-and-shoot
o Single-lens Reflex (SLR)
Methods used to record images
o Film
o Charge-coupled device (CCD)
Film Speed
o Slow film speeds (100 ISO or lower)
o Mid-range speed (200 ISO)
o Faster film speeds (400 ISO or higher)
Typical focal lengths
o 50mm
o Telephoto
o Wide-angle
o Macro
Lens designs, in regard to the focal length:
o Prime lenses
o Zoom lenses
o Macro lenses
Degree of scene captures on film:
o 35 mm captures 63 °
o 50mm captures 45 °
o 135 mm telephotos captures18 °
Recommended accessories
o Tripod
o Shutter release cord
o Detachable flash and sync cord
o Filters
o Sturdy case
o Extra batteries
Lecture Focus Questions:
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Why are single-lens reflex cameras used at crime scenes?
What is the difference between negative and positive film?
How does a digital camera capture images?
How does the film's speed affect exposure?
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How does focal length affect the captured image?
What benefit do tripods provide?
Why should a shutter release cord be used?
Time
About 35 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
12 questions
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Section 4.2: Photography Basics
Summary
This section examines the basics of photography. Details include:
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Two settings control the amount of light:
o Aperture
o Shutter speed
Types of light metering:
o Matrix
o Center-weighted
o Center-spot
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What is the purpose of an aperture?
How can the shutter speed affect the amount of light allowed into the camera?
What shutter speed should be used with still objects or objects in motion?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
6 questions
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Section 4.3: Photographing the Scene
Summary
In this section students will learn about photographing the scene. Concepts covered
include:
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Types of photographs:
o Overall (also known as witness photographs)
o Intermediate (also known as mid-range)
o Close-up (analysis quality)
Steps to photographing the crime scene:
o Create and photograph an identifier scene card
o Take pristine photographs
o Identify and mark all items of evidence
o Retake all photographs with markers and scales in place
Students will learn how to:
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Create and photograph a crime scene card.
Take overall, mid-range, and close-up pristine photographs.
Identify and mark items of evidence.
Retake mid-range and close-up photographs with scales and markers.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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Why should pristine photographs be taken?
Under which circumstances should overall photographs be taken?
What value do close-up photographs provide?
Why should standard scales be used while taking photographs?
Time
About 25 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Photograph Evidence
Evidence that should be photographed at this crime scene includes:
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The tire iron in the front closet.
The crowbar in the front closet.
The hotel bill on the floor next to the bar stools.
The phone bill on the couch in the living room
The knife in the kitchen.
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
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Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
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Section 5.1: Written Notes
Summary
This section discusses creating detailed notes to tie all the forms of the documentation
together and create a clear record of the crime scene. Details include:
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Note requirements:
o Ink
o Use a strikeout
o Time and date
o Only use common abbreviations
Top of first page:
o Location
o Requesting agency and agency case number
o Date and time
o Responding personnel
o Investigator in charge
o Brief description of scene
Subsequent pages:
o Your initials
o Agency case number
o Date
o Pagination of the entire set of notes
Record of crime scene observations:
o Each item of evidence should have:
o A unique item number
o A detailed observation of the evidence
o A record of presumptive test
o A record of actions taken when handling evidence
o Whether or not evidence has been photographed and location in the crime
scene sketch
Lecture Focus Questions:
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How do notes pull the crime scene documentation together?
Why should notes be clear and well-written?
What types of observations should be recorded in the notes?
Time
About 25 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 5.2: Sketching
Summary
In this section students will learn how to sketch the crime scene to show relationships
between items of evidence. They will become familiar with:
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Three different sketch views
o Overview
o Elevation
o Exploded or Cross-projected
Methods of sketching an indoor crime scene by measuring the location of
evidence with:
o Coordination
o Triangulation
Methods for measuring and sketching an outdoor crime scene:
o Coordination or triangulation
o Land surveyor equipment
o Metal T-posts and string
Students will learn how to:
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Measure the location of evidence with the coordination and triangulation
methods.
Sketch three different types of crime scene views.
Sketch an outdoor crime scene.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What is the difference between an overview and elevation sketch?
What is the difference between the coordination and triangulation methods?
How can outdoor crime scenes be sketched?
Time
About 60 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Sketch the Crime Scene
Students should sketch and map the location of the following items at this crime scene
using the triangulation method:
o
o
o
Entertainment center
Chair
Couch
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o
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Coffee table
Refrigerator
Table
Bed in first bedroom
Nightstand in first bedroom
Bed in second bedroom
Nightstand in second bedroom
Sketch Evidence
Students should sketch and map the location of the following items at this crime scene
using the coordination method:
o
o
o
o
o
The tire iron in the front closet.
The crowbar in the front closet
The hotel bill on the floor next to the bar stools
The phone bill on the couch in the living room
The knife in the kitchen
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 5.3: Report Writing
Summary
This section discusses writing a final report that will become public record and may be
used by investigators, attorneys, judge, and jury to make decisions concerning the
outcome of the case. Details include:
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Questions the report should answer:
o Why were you called to the scene or who requested your assistance?
o What was the date and time?
o What did you see?
o What evidence was collected?
o What happened to the evidence?
Items the report must contain:
o Case identifiers
o Unique item numbers for each piece of evidence
o Letterhead
o Chain of custody attachment
o Final sketch of the crime scene
o All photographs taken at the crime scene
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What type of questions are answered in the final report?
Who reads the final report?
What types of documentation are included in the final report?
Time
About 15 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 6.1: Death Investigation Overview
Summary
This section discusses how death investigation is used to answer the questions about a
person’s death. Details include:
 Type of system that can manage a death investigation:
o Coroner
o Medical examiner
 Sciences and specialists used in a death investigation:
o Toxicology
o Histology
o Odontology
o Entomology
o Archeology
 Common division of responsibility at the crime scene:
 Medical terminology used by a medical examiner or coroner:
o Mortem
o Mortis
 Livor
 Rigor
 Algor
o Decomposition
Lecture Focus Questions:
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What are the differences between the two systems that oversee death
investigations?
How does histology contribute to a death investigation?
What observations of the physical body can be seen post-mortem?
Time
About 25 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
13 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 6.2: Death Scene Processing
Summary
This section discusses the duties of a medical examiner or coroner in collecting
information to establish the timeline and cause of death. Students will learn how to
prepare the body for transport.
Students will learn how to:
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Cover the body's hands with bags.
Prepare the body for transport.
Recover all evidence that may be necessary to determine the cause of death.
Lecture Focus Questions:
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How can various types of decedent information assist the death investigation?
How does circumstantial information help the medical examiner or coroner?
How can the decedent be respected?
How do prejudices and assumptions hinder a death investigation?
Time
About 30 minutes
Lab/Activity
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Prepare a Body for Transport
At this crime scene students should measure the location of evidence, prepare the body
for transport, and transport the body:
o Measure the location of the five extremities of the body: head, each hand,
and each foot.
o Prepare a Body for Transport and Transporting a Body
 Bag the hands.
 Wrap the body in a sheet.
 Transport the body from the crime scene.
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
26
Section 7.1: Probative Value
Summary
In this section students will learn strategies to assess the probative value of evidence and
only collect and submit relevant evidence to the laboratory for evaluation. Submitting
everything found at the crime scene to the lab is too time consuming for the lab and too
expensive for agencies.
Lecture Focus Questions:



How is the probative value of evidence determined?
When does evidence have little or no probative value?
How is the laboratory affected when evidence with little or no probative value is
submitted for tests?
Time
About 12 minutes
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
27
Section 7.2: Contamination, Alteration, and Loss
Summary
This section examines different ways that evidence can be altered or lost:






Contamination
Cross-contamination
Deleterious or destructive change
Accidental alteration
Chemical change
Inadvertent loss of evidence.
Lecture Focus Questions:




How is the value of evidence affected when it is contaminated?
How could tools and equipment cross-contaminate evidence?
Which types of chemical changes occur to evidence?
How could new analysis techniques alter evidence?
Time
About 35 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
28
Section 7.3: Evidence Packaging
Summary
This section covers packaging of evidence. Students will learn tasks to properly package
evidence:





Bagging or packaging
Closing or taping
Sealing
Labeling
Chain of Custody
Lecture Focus Questions:




What size of packaging should be used for different items of evidence?
When is a package properly sealed?
Why is it important to reseal a package after it has been opened?
What value does a complete and accurate chain of custody provide?
Time
About 25 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
29
Section 7.4: Collecting Evidence
Summary
This section discusses packaging of common items of evidence. Packages may include
bags, boxes, envelopes, canisters, and cans.
Students will learn how to:




Use a druggist fold.
Package various types of evidence.
Label evidence packaging.
Complete a chain of custody for an item of evidence.
Lecture Focus Questions:




Which types of evidence should be packaged in a box?
When is a piece of evidence considered "sealed?"
What type of packaging should be used for objects with biological evidence?
What is the result from properly sealing the evidence package?
Time
About 65 minutes
Lab/Activity

Collect Evidence
Students should collect, bag, and label the following pieces of evidence at this crime
scene:
o
o
o
o
o

Tire iron
Crowbar
Knife
Phone bill
Hotel Bill
Document and Collect Evidence
Students should photograph, measure, sketch, and collect the following pieces of
evidence at this crime scene:
o The bra on the floor.
o The underwear on the floor.
o The beer can on the counter top.
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Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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o
o
o
o
o
The beer can on the coffee table.
The keys from the floor near the door.
The plate on the coffee table.
The knife on the counter top.
The remote control by the chair.
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
31
Section 8.1: Trace Evidence
Summary
In this section students will learn about the analysis of common trace evidence samples:


Methods of analyzing common trace evidence samples:
o Hair
o Fiber
o Paint
o Glass
o Soil
Methods for collecting standard samples
Lecture Focus Questions:






Why is Locard's Exchange Principle important in regards to trace evidence?
What type(s) of DNA testing are performed on hair?
Why does DNA testing differ when looking at the cuticle, cortex, or medulla?
When are standard or reference samples important?
Where are fiber standard samples found?
Why are soil standard samples collected at various locations?
Time
About 30 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
10 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
32
Section 8.2: Trace Evidence Collection
Summary
This section presents three major methods used to collect trace evidence:



Particle pick
Tape lift
Vacuum
Students will learn how to:



Use a particle pick method to collect evidence.
Lift trace evidence with the tape lift method.
Vacuum and seal trace evidence.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What determines which evidence collection method should be used?
What is a potential issue when using a vacuum to collect evidence?
When would collected evidence be given subset item numbers?
Time
About 40 minutes
Lab/Activity

Collect Trace Evidence
Students should document and collect the following trace evidence at this crime scene:
o The hair on the bed.
o The particles on the chair.
Number of Exam Questions
5 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
33
Section 9.1: DNA
Summary
This section provides a basic overview of DNA concepts to help students understand the
benefits and limitations of DNA testing. Details include:


DNA terms:
o Chromosome
o Gene
o Non-coding region
o Locus
o Allele
Techniques used to analyze the DNA
o PCR analysis
o STR analysis
o Y-STR analysis
o Mitochondrial analysis
Students will learn how to:


View DNA analysis results.
Identify and obtain DNA reference standards.
Lecture Focus Questions:





Where are chromosome pairs found?
What section of the chromosome determines character traits?
How can DNA analysis help distinguish between individuals?
What type of DNA analysis shows the relationship between individuals?
What is the main benefit of Y-STR analysis?
Time
About 80 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
34
Section 9.2: Bloodstain Patterns
Summary
This section discusses the observation of bloodstain patterns at the crime scene. Details
include:


Bloodstain patterns:
o Transfer or contact
o Low-velocity
o Medium-velocity
o High-velocity
o Cast-off
o Passive flow
o Projected or arterial spurting
Steps to map a blood stain pattern
Students will learn how to:



Map bloodstain patterns.
Identify representative drops.
Distinguish between various patterns found at a crime scene.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What value do bloodstain patterns provide?
What are the differences between high-, medium-, and low-velocity bloodstain
patterns?
At the crime scene, what would produce a passive flow bloodstain pattern?
Time
About 15 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
35
Section 9.3: Blood Evidence
Summary
In this section students will learn the process to collect and test blood evidence. They will
learn how to conduct Kastle-Meyer (also known as phenolphthalein) control tests and
also perform Kastle-Meyer tests on blood samples from the crime scene. Details include:



The Kastle-Meyer test requires three separate cotton swabs to control and test for:
o Positive control
o Negative control
o Suspected blood sample
Steps to collect and package the blood sample and the negative control sample
Elements that may produce false positive in the Kastle-Meyer test results:
o Animal blood
o Cobalt nitrate and nickel nitrate
o Horseradish, potatoes, apples, apricots, and dandelion root
Students will learn how to:



Conduct Kastle-Meyer control tests.
Perform Kastle-Meyer tests on blood samples.
Collect blood samples which have positive Kastle-Meyer test results.
Lecture Focus Questions:



Why does the Kastle-Meyer test require three swabs?
What are other substances which produce positive Kastle-Meyer test results?
Why should a substrate control be collected?
Time
About 45 minutes
Lab/Activity

Collect Blood Evidence
Students should perform a Kastle-Meyer control test to verify if reagents are reactive of
the following stains at this crime scene:
o
o
o
o
o
Test the stain on the wall.
Test the stain by the bar stool.
Test the stain on the floor by the closet door.
Test the stain on the bathroom floor.
Test the stain on the floor by the couch
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Collect, bag and label the stains that test positive at this crime scene.
o Stain on the wall
o Stain on the floor by the closet door
o Stain on the bathroom floor
Collect, bag and label substrate control swab for each stain collected.
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
37
Section 9.4: Alternate Light Source
Summary
This section examines using an Alternate Light Source (ALS) to locate hidden (occult)
trace evidence. Details include:


Alternate light source requires the use of two components:
o Light source
o Barrier filter
Substances that can be detected using an alternate light source
Students will learn how to:


Find occult evidence with an alternative light source.
Photograph evidence revealed by the alternative light source.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What produces specific light frequencies?
What is the purpose of the barrier filter?
What substances will the alternative light source reveal at the crime scene?
Time
About 30 minutes
Lab/Activity

Find Hidden Evidence
Students should identify and document the following stains:
o
o
o
o
o
The stain on the bed in the bedroom
The stain on the floor in the bedroom
The stain on the couch in the living room
The stain on the carpet in the living room
The stain on the coffee table in the living room
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
38
Section 9.5: Seminal Fluid Evidence
Summary
In this section students will learn how to collect suspected seminal fluid samples and how
to conduct Acid Phosphatase (AP) control tests and presumptive tests on seminal fluid
samples. Details include:



An AP test uses the following reagents to chemically react with seminal fluid:
o Alpha Naphthyl
o Fast Blue B
The AP test involves the following tests:
o Positive control
o Negative control
o Suspected seminal fluid sample
Methods to collect a suspected seminal fluid sample:
o Obtain the whole object
o Cut the sample out of the object
o Swab the sample from an unmovable object
Students will learn how to:


Swab or collect suspected seminal fluid samples.
Conduct AP control tests and presumptive tests on seminal fluid samples.
Lecture Focus Questions:


How does the Acid Phosphatase (AP) test react with seminal fluid?
When collecting seminal fluid samples, when is the cutting method preferred over
swabbing?
Time
About 45 minutes
Lab/Activity

Collect Seminal Fluid Evidence
Students should perform AP presumptive tests on samples of the following stains:
o The stain on the coffee table.
o The stain on the couch.
o The stain on the carpet.
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Collect, package, label and complete the chain of custody for stains that have a positive
presumptive test.
o The stain on the couch.
o The stain on the coffee table in the living room.
Number of Exam Questions
6 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
40
Section 9.6: Blood Enhancement
Summary
This section discusses using luminol to make blood visible, especially on dark
backgrounds. The instructor warns that luminol is often over-used. Details include:




Reasons to use Luminol:
o To help find blood after you have exhausted all other methods
o To document intentional crime scene clean up
o To document or illustrate blood on difficult-to-see surfaces
Quality control tests include:
o Positive control
o Negative control
Photographing Luminol reactions
Aside from human blood, Luminol will display luminescence with:
o Blood from animals
o Metals
o Kiwi, lilac, and dandelions
o Drano and bleach
Students will learn how to:


Conduct luminol control tests.
Photograph luminol reactions.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What value does a luminol quality control test provide?
When should luminol be used?
When should you cease using luminol at the crime scene?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
41
Section 10.1: Fingerprinting
Summary
This section teaches the students about fingerprinting, which has been used for over one
hundred years to identify individuals. Details include:










Properties of fingerprints:
o Permanence
o Uniqueness
Types of landmarks that contribute to class patterns:
o Delta
o Core
Class patterns include:
o Loop
o Whorl
o Arch
Individual ridge characteristics (also known as minutiae):
o Ridge ending
o Ridge bifurcation
o Short ridge, island, or independent ridge
o Ridge enclosure
o Bifurcation
o Crossover or bridge
An Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) identifies and matches
unknown fingerprints against a database of known prints.
The FBI’s Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), is the
largest biometric database in the world with more than 47 million subjects.
Fingerprint standards include:
o Ten print cards
o Major case prints
Types of ink used to make standards:
o Ink
o Inkless
How to make a ten print card
How to make a major case print
Students will learn how to:



Identify the different types of class patterns and minutiae.
Capture fingerprints on a ten print card.
Make a major case print.
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Lecture Focus Questions:





How do class patterns exclude potential suspects?
Why is minutiae used to compare fingerprints?
How can fingerprint databases assist investigators?
What is the difference between ten print cards and major case prints?
What considerations should be made when choosing an ink type?
Time
About 45 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
5 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
43
Section 10.2: Finding Prints
Summary
This section discusses finding prints at the crime scene.





Three types of fingerprints:
o Patent
o Plastic
o Latent prints
Type of surfaces fingerprints can be found on:
o Porous surfaces
o Semi-porous surfaces
o Non-porous surfaces
o Poor surfaces
Use oblique lighting to help see and find prints
Locating fingerprint evidence in a home
Locating fingerprint evidence in a vehicle
Lecture Focus Questions:



Which type of fingerprints can easily be seen and which type need powders or
chemicals to be seen?
How does oblique lighting help reveal the presence of fingerprints?
Where are fingerprints typically found?
Time
About 15 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
44
Section 10.3: Processing Prints
Summary
This section teaches students how to process fingerprints. Details include:









Recommendations for sending object to the lab for processing
Guidelines for when to process fingerprints at the crime scene
Guidelines for photographing fingerprints
Types of powder to create contrast between the fingerprints and the surface:
o Black or carbon powder
o Dichromatic
o Fluorescent powder
o Magnetic powder
o White powder
Brushes to apply the proper powder to the fingerprint:
o Fiberglass brushes
o Magnetic brushes
o Camel hair brushes
o Feather brushes
Types of lift cards:
o Typical lift card (3 by 5 card (white or black))
o Lift cards of various sizes
o Hinge lifters
o Rubber lifters
How to powder prints with black powder and a fiberglass brush
How to lift a developed print with tape
How to use magnetic powder to develop and lift a fingerprint on a textured
surface
Students will learn how to:



Photograph processed latent fingerprints.
Powder and lift fingerprints on smooth surfaces.
Develop and lift a fingerprint with magnetic powder on a textured surface.
Lecture Focus Questions:



Where should a fingerprint be processed?
What determines which type of powder is needed to process fingerprints?
Why are there several types of brushes?
Time
About 55 minutes
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Lab/Activity

Find and Lift Prints
Students should find and lift the following fingerprints:
o
o
o
o
The fingerprint on the front door
The fingerprint on the toilet seat
The fingerprint on the coffee table
The fingerprint on the refrigerator
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
46
Section 11.1: Impression Evidence
Summary
This section examines collecting and evaluating impression evidence. Details include:



Characteristics used to evaluate the degree of distinction include:
o Class characteristics
o Individual characteristics
Types of impressions:
o Two-dimensional (2-D)
o Three-dimensional (3-D)
Methods to collect standards:
o Ink
o Powder
o Pressure-sensitive substrates
o Impression-type media and casts
Lecture Focus Questions:



Which areas of the crime scene will most likely yield impression evidence?
How does a working path protect impression evidence?
Which types of characteristics are unique to individual impressions?
Time
About 15 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
47
Section 11.2: Casting and Lifting
Summary
This section provides information about casting and lifting to collect impression
evidence. Details include:






Photographing 3-D impressions
Different mediums used to cast 3-D impressions
o Dental stone
o Sulfur
o Plaster of Paris
How to cast 3-D impressions
Photographing 2-D impressions
Methods for lifting impressions:
o Electrostatic
o Fingerprint powder and gelatin lifters
Methods to enhance the 2-D impressions that are contaminated with blood:
o Leucocrystal Violet (LCV)
o Amido Black
Students will learn how to:



Photograph two- and three-dimensional impressions.
Lift impressions with electrostatic and gelatin lifters.
Cast impressions in sand, snow, or dirt.
Lecture Focus Questions:



Why should impressions be enhanced?
In which cases should gelatin lifters be used?
What types of material are used to cast impressions?
Time
About 60 minutes
Lab/Activity



Cast a Footprint
Lift a Footprint
Perform a Static Lift
Number of Exam Questions
5 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
48
Section 11.3: Tire and Tool Evidence
Summary
This section discusses the collection of tire and toolmark evidence. Details include:


Tire impressions:
o Documenting tire impressions
o Photographing each individual impression
o Using dental stone to cast and collect each individual impression
Toolmark evidence:
o Common types of toolmarks
 Impressions
 Striations
o Casting a toolmark using Mikrosil
Students will learn how to:






Document tire impressions found at the crime scene.
Photograph each individual tire impression.
Cast tire impressions with dental stone.
Determine if a toolmark is an impression or striation.
Recover toolmark evidence to submit to the laboratory.
Cast toolmark evidence at the crime scene.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What value do tire prints bring to a crime's investigation?
What is the difference between impression and striation toolmarks?
When should a toolmark be cast at the crime scene?
Time
About 25 minutes
Lab/Activity

Lift a Toolmark Impression
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
49
Section 12.1: Firearm Basics
Summary
This section examines the basics of firearms. Students will learn how to identify different
types of firearms and cartridges typically found at the crime scene. Details include:









Types of firearms typically found at the crime scene:
o Handgun
 Revolver
 Semi-automatic pistols
 Derringer
o Rifle
o Shotgun
Components of a cartridge
o Bullet
o Casing
o Wad
Characteristics of various weapon types:
o Revolver
o Derringer
o Bolt-action and lever-action rifle
o Semi-automatic pistol or rifle
o Pump-action shotgun
o Break-open shotgun
Elements of rifled barrels:
Lands are the raised portions between the grooves
Grooves are the low-lying
Class characteristics
Unique to each weapon
Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS)
Students will learn how to:



Identify firearms typically found at the crime scene.
Identify the basic components of a cartridge.
Distinguish between right-hand and left-hand rifled barrels.
Lecture Focus Questions:



How does a rifled barrel affect the bullet?
Which types of firearms eject the casing after firing a round?
Which type of cartridge has a wad?
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
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Time
About 25 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
6 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
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Section 12.2: Firearm Evidence
Summary
This section discusses how to process firearm evidence at the crime scene. Details
include:


Photographs to take of a firearm at the crime scene
Rendering safe different types of firearms at the crime scene:
o Semi-automatic pistol
o Revolver
o Derringer
o Shotgun
o Semi-automatic rifle
Students will learn how to:



Properly photograph firearm evidence found at the crime scene.
Render a firearm safe.
Document cartridges and casings found in a revolver's cylinder.
Lecture Focus Questions:


At which angles should firearms be photographed?
What is the purpose of indexing a revolver's cylinder?
Time
About 15 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
52
Section 12.3: Gunshot Evidence
Summary
In this section students will learn how to analyze gunshot evidence at the crime scene.
Details include:








Determining the direction in which the bullet traveled
Determining the sequencing of bullet holes in glass
Patterns to determine the approximate distance between the gun barrel and an
object:
o Stellate
o Stippling
o Sooting
o Shotgun spread
o Hydrostatic shock
Determining how many guns are involved at the crime scene
What is a bullet wipe?
Reagants of a Sodium Rhodizonate test:
o Acetic acid
o Sodium Rhodizonate solution
Performing a Sodium Rhodizonate test
o Perform a positive control test
o Perform the test on the suspected bullet hole
A greiss test is an alternate test
Students will learn how to:



Identify the sequence of bullet holes in glass.
Perform a base-to-base comparison.
Determine whether bullet holes have the presence of bullet wipe.
Lecture Focus Questions:



How do you determine the direction in which a bullet traveled?
How can the distance between a struck object and a fired gun be determined?
What information does a base-to-base comparison yield?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
53
Section 12.4: Gunshot Residue
Summary
This section covers the basics of gunshot residue (GSR). Students should be aware that
gunshot residue test results are not conclusive. Details include:




Issues regarding GSR contamination and collection
Methods to test for the presence of GSR:
o Instant shooter ID kits
o Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
Factors GSR analysis cannot determine
Factors a negative GSR test result could indicate
Lecture Focus Questions:




What produces gunshot residue (GSR)?
How can GSR contamination be prevented?
Which methods are used to test for the presence of GSR?
Why are GSR analysis results not conclusive?
Time
About 20 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
54
Section 12.5: Trajectory Documentation
Summary
This section discusses documenting the crime scene trajectories using ballistics, which is
the study of the motion of a projectile. Details include:


To document crime scene trajectories requires:
o Two points (typically bullet holes) with sufficient distance between them
o Angle finders
o Protractors
o Plumb-bobs to observe and record vertical and horizontal angles
o Lasers (to document trajectories over long distances)
Consider documenting trajectory of multiple bullet holes using a tabulation sheet
Students will learn how to:


Document trajectories at the crime scene.
Discover the trajectory path.
Lecture Focus Questions:


What tools and equipment are needed to document trajectories?
How can the trajectory path be tracked over long distances?
Time
About 20 minutes
Lab/Activity

Process Shooting Evidence
Students should process the firearm including:
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Take pristine photographs.
Take photographs with evidence marker and ABFO scale.
Measure and record the location of the firearm.
Set the safety on the firearm.
Remove the magazine from the firearm.
Package the firearm in a box.
Package the magazine in a box.
Package and label the firearm.
Package and label the magazine.
Students should collect and process the following casings:
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o The South-East casing
o The North-East casing
o The West casing
Students should document the following bullet holes:
o
o
o
o
o
The South bullet hole on the West wall
The middle bullet hole on the West wall
The North bullet hole on the West wall
The South bullet hole on the East wall
The North bullet hole on the East wall
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
56
Section 13.1: Additional Practice
Summary
This section provides additional practice to perform evidence collection. All of the logs,
notes, and forms are provided in the LabSim Manual for this crime, but unlike the other
sections the step-by-step instructions are not included. After completing the previous
sections students should be familiar enough with correct processes and the crime scene
simulator to be able to perform this lab on their own.
Time
About 25 minutes
Lab/Activity

Case #JN375, Domestic Homicide or Suicide
Students should process the following pieces of evidence:
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The body in the front room
The stain on rug by the front door
The North carpet stain in the living room
The South carpet stain in the living room
The stain on the North wall in the living room
The stain on the toilet in the bathroom
The firearm
The cartridge casing
The bullet hole in the front room’s North wall
The striation toolmark on the bathroom window
The hair on the bathroom window
The footprint on the toilet seat
The North fingerprint on the bathroom window
The South fingerprint on the bathroom window
The fingerprint set on the front door
The flashlight in the front room
©2007 TestOut Corporation (Rev 06/07)
Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) Ver. 2.0
57