批改作业：
1． 请在 Sheehy 中查找《辞海》是哪一年的版本？
Tz’u hai. [Ed. By] Tz’u hai pien chi wei yuan hui. [Rev. & enl. ed. ] Taipei,
Chung Hua shu chu, [1979]. 3v. (4915p.) il.
是 1979 年的版本。
出版年代
Searching path: Sheehy, 10th ed. |General Reference Works |Language
Dictionaries |Foreign Languages |China <pp166>
2． 美国中国学学者费正清（利用《近代来华外国人名辞典》查出其英文原名）编纂过何种
有关中国的书目？它在 Sheehy 中归入哪一类？
查《近代来华外国人名辞典》知费正清英文原名为 Fairbank, John King(1970-) 书名
(1) Fairbank, John King.Japanese Studies of Modern China, A Bibliographical Guide
to Historical and Social Science Research on the 19th and 20th Centuries. Tokyo, Rutland,
Vt. publ. for the Harverd-Yenching Institute by Tuttle,1955.331p.
DE87
书名 (2) Fairbank, John King and Liu, Kwang-Ching. Modern China; a
bibliographical guide to Chinese works, 1898-1937. Cambridge, Harverd Univ.
Pr.
1950.
608p.
(
Harverd-Yenching
Inst.
Studies,
v.1)
DE88
Searching path: Sheehy, 9th ed. |History and Area Studies |Asia |China
很好。有明确的检索路径。
对比一下两个不同的咨询员给用户提供的结果：
1.查找有关知识经济方面的书有哪些？
从 WorldCat---OCLC 世界图书馆书目中查。用高级搜索，键入搜索词 knowledge economy,
选经济类，在数据库 worldcat 中查找。
（WorldCat---OCLC 世界图书馆书目：http://first
search.global.oclc.org/WebZ/FSPage?pagename=home:sessionid=sp01sw03-61466-d7lv9
yn3-lhbes5:entitypagenum=11:0）
1）Regions, globalization, and the knowledge-based economy
著者: Dunning, John H. 出版: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2000
2）Malaysia and the k-economy : challenges, solutions, and the road ahead
著者: Abdulai, David. 出版: Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan,Malaysia: Pelanduk
Publications, 2001
3）The Guru guide to the knowledge economy : the best ideas for operating
profitably in a hyper-competitive world
著者: Boyett, Joseph H.; Boyett, Jimmie T. 出版: New York : Wiley, 2001
4）The Knowledge Economy Partnership :digital age information transfer :
process.
出版: [Charlottetown? : Prov. of Prince Edward Island, 2000
5）Skills for knowledge management : building a knowledge economy
出版: London, England : TFPL Ltd., 1999
归类
1)
Managing in a time of great change /
Author: Drucker, Peter Ferdinand, 1909Publication: New York : Truman Talley Books/Dutton, 1995
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 2211
2)
Building wealth :the new rules for individuals, companies, and nations
in a knowledge-based economy
Author: Thurow, Lester C.
Publication: New York, NY : HarperCollins, 1999
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 1306
FutureWork :putting knowledge to work in the knowledge economy
Author: Winslow, Charles D.; Bramer, William L.
Publication: New York : Toronto : New York : Free Press ; Maxwell Macmillan Canada ;
Maxwell Macmillan International, 1994
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 576
3)
两个咨询员提供的结果有差别，可以肯定计算机检索提供的结果不只是以上这些，就是说这
个结果是咨询员经过筛选后提供给我的（我的假设，也许是咨询员随便挑出来的）
，就是说，
在第一个环节之后，咨询员的创造性劳动体现在这个方面。那么，我们从结果上来判断咨询
员智力加工的水平高低。
上面两个同学都没有提供输入检索词后得到多少结果，为什么把这些从中挑出给用户？
我作为裁判员，而不是用户，并不关心你提供的书是 3 本，还是 5 本，甚至这些书的相关性
到底有多高，当然相关度的高低是我的一个重要判断依据，从你们学习这门课的技能来说，
我更关注你们完成这些案例的途径和方法。
你们的作业有两个层次，
1、 回答解决这些问题是给一个缺省的用户；
2、 回答解决这些问题是交给我来审查。
所以，你们不仅要提供结果，给用户使用，
而且还要给我演示你们提供的结果的来源、途径，让我们来判断你们是否达到了一定的专业
水准。
关于商业信息源方面的书：
2)Database used:GaleNet（用户可能不关心你使用了什么数据
库，但是我需要）
3)Searching method:
Using the keywords:information or library,and then select the subject
of Information Industry
4)Result:
Information Industry Directory
Edition 24
Published by Gale
很好。
我们的作业反映这个课有两个层次：
1、
用户驱动的，在工作中和用户接触、帮助解决问题时，
2、
面向工具书的，在这个课上，基本的“工具书”的使用法
1. 最新出版的关于流式媒体的书是哪一个？
1)
2)
INPUT：Streaming media
WorldCat 检索项目: kw: streaming and kw: media and yr: 2002-2002
and dt= "bks" 。
找到记录: 11 排序： 日期
3)
CASE：Master
visually streaming media
Russell Shaw; Michael Bellomo
2002
英语
书 608 p. ; 24 cm.
New York : Chichester : Hungry Minds ; Wiley, ISBN: 0764516914
输入日期：20020814
更新日期： 20020917
很好，提供了检索的入口，知道使用时间和载体形式来缩小检索范围，基于用户“最新”要求，
指出了更新日期。
2. 最新出版的关于流式媒体的书是哪一个？
A magnetic resonance imaging study of dense nonaqueous phase liquid
dissolution from angular porous media
Author: Zhang, Changyong.
Publication: 2001
Document: English : Book : Thesis/dissertation/manuscript
Libraries: 1
1. 查找关于 IT 企业工具书，其收录范围如何？
Information Industry Directory/ Published by Gale.-- Edition 24
Details
Information Industry Directory tracks the companies that produce and provide
electronic systems, services and products. Each entry includes contact
information complete with e-mail address, thorough descriptions of organization
systems, services and products, data sources, computer- based products and
services and much more.
Published/Released: 2001
ISBN: 0-7876-5321-7
Page count: About 3,000 pp.
Number of vols. in set: 2
Shipping Weight: 10.00 lbs
4.54 kgs
Price: US $670.00
把检索结果给我了，而没有细化到具体问题的结果，例如指出收录范
围是“companies that produce and provide electronic systems, services and products”。
有同学的作业是这样：
网上作业
1.Special Libraries Association. Special library resources.
N.Y.Assoc.,[1941-47].4v. Z675.A2S65
3.Educational Resources Information Center Library & Information Science, an ERIC
Bibliography. ISBN:0-02-468630-1. $11.50
注意：我不是用户，我是老师，我不仅仅需要结果，我更注重过程
研究电子期刊的书
从 WorldCat---OCLC 世 界 图 书 馆 书 目 中 查 。 用 高 级 搜 索 ， 键 入 搜 索 词 electronic
periodical,
仅仅输入了一种检索入口，是很不够，人为的造成低查全率，有一些机器、系统、工具编制
本身的不全，我们无法克服，
关于检索词的拟定，检索词的拟定很重要，
一方面，检索词要准确，
另外，检索词要有效覆盖某一主题，electronic periodical，还有 electronic journal,
e-journal, E-serials 等，
如果希望进一步扩大检索范围，还可以输入 digitalised journal
关于网络化参考的书刊。
1 . 分析题目，采用 A r t i c l e F i r s t - - - O C L C 期 刊 索 引 数 据 库 / Wo r l d C a t ；
输 入 检 索 词 network and reference
显然，这个检索词的拟定是很不充分的。
另外一个同学的结果：
3. 关于网络化参考的书刊。
Books：
1．The Internet complete reference
Author: Hahn, Harley, 1952-; Stout, Rick.
Publication: Berkeley : Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1994
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 1801
1．Reference sources on the Internet :off the shelf and onto the Web
Author: D 韆 z, Karen R.
Publication: New York : Haworth Press, 1997
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 653
这应该说是关于网络化参考方面的背景资料，而不是专门研究网络化参考的书。
看看下面三种不同类型的工具，
s a tool for primary research
 a tool for background research
 a tool for checking known references
Periodicals:
1.Internet reference services quarterly.
Library: TEXAS A&M UNIV, KINGSVILLE; KINGSVILLE, TX Vol/No: v.1- 1996- Libraries: 330
2.Mecklermedia's official Internet world Internet yellow pages.
Library: LUTHER COL; DECORAH, IA Retain latest edition in Reference Services. Libraries:185
记住：计算机的智力是很低的，咨询员的分析和判断
没有指出输入的检索词
完整的 reference process 应该是这样：
得知用户需要关于网络化参考的资料，首先转换成为一个可检索的语句，
internet reference, 把这个作为检索词在***数据库中查找，起初是按题名（TITLE）来作为
检索入口，发现***，后调整为按关键词（KEYWORD）来检索，得到结果***，结果逐一
分析，用户需要的结果应该是***
然后，进一步扩大检索结果，输入下面这些近似检索词，把得到的结果逐一分析，最后确定
出用户所需的资料有哪些。
Digital reference
online reference
virtual reference
因为你所理解的“网络化咨询”这个概念，可能其他人在写作时所指是一回事，但是题目却
使用的类似术语。
就如同检索电子图书馆方面的资料，我们需要输入的检索词不仅仅是 electronic library,
还有: digital lib, virtual lib.,
再如关于喜马拉雅山的资料。
Himalayan
还有别名，
所以应该有两个检索语句，
有同学输入 Himalayas，没有结果
3． 美国出版的《心理学文摘》是如何编排的？有无累积主题索引？
Psychological Abstracts. Vol.72, Nos.8-9. Arlington, Va., American
Psychological Association, 1985. $600.00 /yr. (12 issues). ISSN 0033-2887.
The abstracts continued in PA are arranged in 16 major classification
categories, which are further subdivided into more specific topics. One of the
possibilities of a user’s search strategy is to follow the area of one’s interest by
scanning the abstracts in relevant categories.
Since 1927, the format and organization of PA have changed several times.
The format currently in use was introduced in 1984; from that time on 12
monthly issues constitute a volume. A brief subject index and an author index
are published in each monthly issue. Cumulated indexes appear quarterly
within the covers of each third issue. Two expanded and integrated annual
indexes (i.e., one author and one subject index) are published at the end of each
volume (after all 12issues of the volume have been published). Three-year
cumulative indexes to PA are also available. It is worth mentioning that PA is
part of a database (PsycINFO from 1967-present).
内容安排见引文。有累积主题索引。应该简练地翻译出来。
Searching path: Best Reference Books 1986-1990: Titles of Lasting Valued
Selected from ARBA, 1992nd ed. |Psychology |General Works |Abstract
<pp230>
1. 查找关于专业图书馆的工具书；
1)
American War Library
Published by Lucent Books
"The text is supplemented by quotes from primary-source materials such as letters, diaries,
and published accounts written by soldiers, nurses, and civilians."
——School Library Journal (September 2001)
5．英国出版的《中国季刊》被哪几种检索工具收录？
951
UK
ISSN
0009-4439
CHINA QUARTERLY. 1960.0 London, School of Oriental and African Studios.
Thornhaugh St., Russell Sq., London WCAH OXG, England. Ed. Rrian Hook.
Adv. Bk. Rev. bibl. Chat. Maps. Index. circ.3000. (also avail. in microfilm from
UMI) Indexed: Curr. Cont. Hist. Abstr. M.L.A. P.A.I.S. SSCI Soc. Sci. Ind.
A.B.C. Pol. Sci. ASSIA. Amer. Hist. & Life. Acad. Ind. E.I. Int. Lab: Doc.
Key to Econ. Sci. Mid. East: Abstr. & Ind. Ref. Sour. Rural Recreat. Tour.
Abstr. World Agri. Econ. & Rural Sociol. Abstr.
收录此刊的检索工具
1) Curr. Cont.——Current Contents
Hist. Abstr.——Historical Abstracts
Searching path: Ulrich’s international periodicals
|Abstracting and Indexing Services <ppxxv--xxxvi>
directory,
29th
ed.
提供给用户的不仅仅是缩写，还对照书前缩略语表查出全名，这就是 value-added 服务
4. 关于网络传播的著作是如何分布的？
Information dissemination via the internet : development of a homepage for the
nist time and frequency division
Lib: REGIS UNIV.
Internet retrieval and dissemination of engineering documentation :
prelude to the World Wide Web technological mall
Lib: NOVA SOUTHEASTERN UNIV
Economies of scale in information dissemination over the Internet
Lib:COLORADO STATE UNIV
没有拟定合适的检索词，online communication, internet communication, networked
communication, online information and communication,
题目有一个关键“分布”
，文献信息的分布是多载体、多形式的，书、刊、学位论文、
网站资源、会议录等蕴涵的相关信息都应该揭示出来，
5. 关于网络书店的书。
1) Electronic bookstore.
Publication: [Boston, Mass. : Office of Secretary of State, Public Information Bureau, 1993
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 4
2）Mailorder bookselling /
Author: Griffith, Simon W.
Publication: Conwy (Tynygroes, Conwy, Gwynedd [LL32 8BR]) : Bookworm, 1984
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 5
主题不切合，看出版年，应该筛选出去
3）On-line book ordering, the future :an informal paper /
Author: Armstrong, Alan.
Publication: [S.l. : s.n., 1983
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 5
6. 研究电子书的书。
1） Further developments of the electronic book an update to BNBRF
Report 46, The emergence of the electronic book
Author: Feldman, Tony.; Feldman, Tony.
Publication: London : Chicago, Ill. : British National Bibliography Research Fund ;
Distributed by the American Library Association, 1991
Document: English : Book :
Libraries: 3
Microform
2) Electronic manufacturer and component selection directory
Publication: San Diego, CA : D.A.T.A. Inc., 1985
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 1
主题不切合，查询、检索结果需要参考咨询员的进一步筛选，注意：参考咨询员的筛选工作
是非常重要的，这正是体现参考咨询员工作价值所在，是不同于检索工作的重要方面，参考
咨询员的工作一部分是检索，更重要的是检索结果的筛选和分析。
7. 研究视频信息的书。
The complete handbook of video :everything you need to know about
video - from home entertainment to every day office use /
Author: Owen, David Elystan.; Dunton, Mark.
Publication: Harmondsworth ; New York : Penguin, 1982
Document: English : Book
Libraries: 50
这是关于视频的书，而不同于 visual information
1)
请不要使用中文数据库来查询资料，我们是西文工具书
盲文或盲文书，来历
首先利用***查出盲文的英语表达形式，
然后在 GALE 数据库的传记资源中心中查找，查找路径是在 name search 中输入 Braille，
得到结果如下，经过阅读传记内容，判断出该条目的确是本题要求的内容。
最后，摘录出有关语句，说明其来历。
Louis Braille
(French teacher, 1809-1852)
Louis Braille (1809-1852) designed the coding system, based on patterns of raised dots,
by which the blind can read through touch.
Braille designed a coding system, based on patterns of raised dots, which the blind could
read by touch. Born in Coupvray, France, Braille was accidentally blinded in one eye at
the age of three. Within two years, a disease in his other eye left him completely blind.
In 1819, Braille received a scholarship to the Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
(National Institute of Blind Youth), founded by Valentin Haüy (1745-1822). The same
year Braille entered the school, Captain Charles Barbier invented sonography, or
nightwriting, a system of embossed symbols used by soldiers to communicate silently at
night on the battlefield. Inspired by a lecture Barbier gave at the Institute a few years later,
the fifteen-year-old Braille adapted Barbier's system to replace Haüy's awkward
embossed type, which he and his classmates had been obliged to learn.
In his initial study, Braille had experimented with geometric shapes cut from leather as
well as with nails and tacks hammered into boards. He finally settled on a fingertip-sized
six-dot code, based on the twenty-five letters of the alphabet, which could be recognized
with a single contact of one digit. By varying the number and placement of dots, he coded
letters, punctuation, numbers, diphthongs, familiar words, scientific symbols,
mathematical and musical notation, and capitalization. With the right hand, the reader
touched individual dots and, with the left, moved on toward the next line, comprehending
as smoothly and rapidly as sighted readers. Using the Braille system, students were also
able to take notes and write themes by punching dots into paper with a pointed stylus
which was aligned with a metal guide.
At the age of twenty, Braille published a monograph describing the use of his coded
system. In 1837, he issued a second publication featuring an expanded system of coding
text. Despite the students' favorable response to the Braille code, sighted instructors and
school board members, fearing for their jobs should the number of well-educated blind
individuals increase, opposed his system.
Braille grew seriously ill with incurable tuberculosis in 1835 and was forced to resign his
teaching post. The Braille writing system--though demonstrated at the Paris Exposition of
Industry in 1834 and praised by King Louis-Philippe--was not fully accepted until 1854,
two years after the inventor's death. The system underwent periodic alteration; the
standardized system employed today was first used in the United States in 1860 at the
Missouri School for the Blind.
CHRONOLOGY

The Life and Times of Louis Braille (1809-1852)

At the time of Braille's birth:

Thomas Jefferson was president of the United States

Elizabeth Ann Seton founded first American parochial school

Moses Rogers made first ocean voyage by steamboat

Malvern Hill completed by English painter John Constable

Napoleon told wife Josephine that he was divorcing her for political reasons

At the time of Braille's death:

Millard Fillmore was president of the United States

Louis Napoleon proclaimed second French Empire

Uncle Tom's Cabin published by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Aristide Boucicaut joined a small piece-goods store in Paris; he will turn Bon
Marché into the world's first department store

Massachusetts adopted compulsory school-attendance law

The times:

1792-1848: The First Republic of France

1812-1814: War of 1812

Braille's contemporaries:

Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) French artist

Honore de Balzac (1799-1850) French novelist

Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) American educator

Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875) Danish writer

Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) German composer

P.T. Barnum (1810-1891) American circus owner

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896) American writer

Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901) Italian composer

Elias Howe (1819-1867) American inventor

Selected world events:

1815: Napoleon defeated at Battle of Waterloo

1822: Egyptologist Jean François Champollion deciphered the Rosetta stone

1827: Frederick William Herschel invented contact lenses

1828: Noah Webster completed American Dictionary of English Language

1836: Arc de Triomphe completed in Paris

1839: Kirkpatrick MacMillan invented bicycle

1846: William Morton pioneered modern anesthesiology

1848: American Association for the Advancement of Science founded
FURTHER READINGS
books

Bickel, Lennard, Triumph Over Darkness: The Life of Louis Braille, Allen & Unwin
Australia, 1988.

Bryant, Jennifer, Louis Braille: Inventor, Chelsea House, 1993.

Roblin, Jean, Louis Braille, Royal National Institute for the Blind.
关于波音客机：
查出波音的英语表达式，
输入 boeing
得到
Boeing, Marcia Delano Comley (1946-)
Boeing, William Edward (American aircraft manufacturer, 1881-1956)
选第二个，
BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY
Boeing, William Edward (Oct. 1, 1881 - Sept. 28, 1956), aviation pioneer and business
executive, was born in Detroit, Mich., the only son of Wilhelm and Marie Ortman Boeing.
competition of war surplus planes, however, discouraged further building of transports at
this time.
On Sept. 27, 1921, Boeing married Bertha Potter Paschall, a widow; they had one child.
Boeing's interests were now focused on the aircraft company. Its principal business
through most of the 1920's was making fighter planes for the United States Army, but
Boeing continued to believe in the potential of commercial aviation. His chance came in
the latter part of the decade, provided first by the Kelly Air Mail Act of 1925, transferring
the transport of air mail from the Post Office to private carriers, and second by the
stimulation of public interest in aviation by Charles A. Lindbergh's transatlantic flight in
1927. In addition, the boom atmosphere of the period encouraged investment in
speculative enterprises. In July 1927 Boeing Air Transport began flying mail and
passengers between San Francisco and Chicago, using the M-40, designed by Boeing
for this purpose.
Seeking an integrated combination of air transport and aircraft manufacturing companies,
Boeing organized the Boeing Aircraft and Transport Corporation in Delaware late in 1927;
it was renamed United Aircraft and Transport in February 1928. Boeing worked in close
cooperation with two brothers, Fred B. Rentschler, president of the aircraft engine
manufacturer Pratt and Whitney, and Gordon Rentschler, president of the National City
Bank, which handled the financing. When completed, the United structure included the
Boeing enterprises; other airlines providing access to New York, the Pacific Northwest,
and San Diego; Pratt and Whitney; Hamilton Standard Propeller; and the Stearman,
Chance Vought, and Sikorsky airframe firms. It was the most powerful and profitable
aviation combine formed during this period.
United was materially aided by the high quality of Boeing planes. In particular the
Monomail 200, first flown in 1930, introduced the all-metal, low-wing monoplane to
American airways, although its single engine limited its utility. Its successor, the
twin-engine 247 brought into service in 1933, was the first genuinely modern transport
airplane. It was so superior to any existing type that United's competitors had to match it
to survive, and their search resulted in the Douglas DC series. The all-metal, low-wing
design was also incorporated into Boeing's military aircraft, notably the B-9
bomber--which, however, was outmatched by the Martin B-10.
Boeing himself was a less active participant in aircraft design than he had been in his
company's early days because his attention was necessarily absorbed by United Aircraft
and Transport. During the Hoover Administration he was a somewhat reluctant
participant in Postmaster General Walter F. Brown's plans for using airmail contracts to
create a stable and financially sound system of air transport. Allegations of scandal in
Brown's operations led Franklin D. Roosevelt to cancel all airmail contracts early in 1934,
and a subsequent investigation by a Senate committee resulted in the Air Mail Act of
1934, which among other provisions required the separation of manufacturing and
transport companies in aviation; United was divided into Boeing Aircraft, United Aircraft,
and United Airlines.
Boeing had decided to give up active management in mid-1933, but he was so
embittered by the outcome of the airmail controversy that in 1934 he withdrew from
aviation altogether. In that year he was awarded the Guggenheim Medal for "successful
pioneering in aircraft manufacturing and air transport." For the rest of his life he devoted
himself to deep-sea cruising, fishing, and raising thoroughbred horses and cattle. For this
last purpose he bought an estate, Aldarra Farms, in Fall City, Wash., in 1946 and gave
his former home in Seattle to the children's Orthopedic Hospital. He had been in failing
health for several years when he died aboard his yacht Taconite in Puget Sound.
-- John B. Rae
在 Name search 中 输入 darwin，得到 148 个检索结果，
调整，利用
来检索，
name: Darwin
occupation: biologist
得到：
Charles Darwin
(English naturalist, 1809-1882)
Also known as: Charles Robert Darwin
三篇：
Darwin, Charles
"Charles Darwin," in Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed. 17
Vols. Gale Research, 1998. (An in-depth profile of the individual's life
and career.)
Darwin, Charles
"Charles Darwin," in Explorers and Discoverers of the World. Gale
Research, 1993. (An in-depth profile of the individual's life and
explorations.)
Darwin, Charles
"Charles Darwin," in World of Scientific Discovery, 2nd ed. Gale
Group, 1999. (A concise summary of the scientist's life and
discoveries.)
GALE 杂志文章：
Documents 1-10 of 67 displayed below.
The origin of specious: and why reductionists are winning the Darwin wars. (Technology
And Culture). The American Prospect Sep 23, 2002.
Intelligent design? (Special Report). (disputing Darwinism) Natural History Apr 1, 2002.
On Darwin & sociological theory today. Daedalus Mar 22, 2002.
关于拜伦，
在 Name search 中 输入 Byron，得到 738 个检索结果，
通过其他工具书先找出全名，或者在 GALE 中在职业这个检索入口中输入 POET 缩小检索
范围。
George Gordon Byron
George Gordon Noel Byron was born, with a clubbed right foot, in London on 22 January
1788,
美国第一任国防部长：
在 高级检索中输入：
1st minister
America
Defense
得到 15 个结果，
根据时间选择，判断
Birth: February 23, 1751 in New Hampshire, United States
Death: June 6, 1829
Occupation: Congressman, Secretary of War, Soldier
Source: Dictionary of American Biography Base Set. American Council of Learned
Societies,
Dearborn, Henry (Feb. 23, 1751 - June 6, 1829), soldier, secretary of war,
When Jefferson became president, Dearborn was appointed secretary of war, and in this
position he served through Jefferson's eight years of office
Ingrid Bergman
(Swedish actor, 1915-1982)
Documents 1-5 of 5 displayed below.
布朗分类法
Your search, (Name= brown AND Full-Text= classification) returned the
following results.
有 7 个结果，逐一判断
Brown concentrated on the classification of plants until 1827 when he made
an unusual discovery. Using a microscope, he began observing grains of
orchid pollen suspended in fluid. To his astonishment he saw that particles
within the grain were moving. After ruling out the fluid and its gradual
evaporation as possible causes for the movement, he proposed that the
particle itself might be "alive." He tested fresh pollen from a variety of other
plants--all with the same result. When he expanded his experiment to test
powdered glass, coal, rocks and metals, he found the same movement. All
minuscule particles that could be suspended in water exhibited what is now
called Brownian motion