MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 17: THE ATOM AND THE NUCLEUS
WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
1. The restriction that no more than one electron may occupy a given quantum state was first stated by:
(A) Bohr
(B) de Broglie
(C) Heisenberg
(D) Pauli
(E) Einstein
1A. (D) Pauli
2. When a cool gas is placed between a glowing wire filament source and a diffraction grating, the
resultant spectrum from the grating is:
(A) line emission
(B) red-shifted
(C) continuous
(D) monochromatic
(E) line absorption
2A. (E) line absorption
3. If the radius of the electron orbit in the n = 1 level of the hydrogen atom is 0.053 nm, what is the
radius for the n = 5 level ?
3A.
(1) rn = n2a0
(2) r5 = 52 (0.053 nm)
(3) r5 = 1.33 x 10-9 m
4. 13.6 eV is needed to ionize a hydrogen atom. From the ground state of an electron in a hydrogen
atom, what wavelength is needed if a photon accomplishes this task?
4A.
(1) E = (13.6 eV)(1.6 x 10-19 J / 1 eV)
(2) E = 2.176 x 10-18 J
(3) E = hf
(4) f = E / h
(5) f = 2.176 x 10-18 J / 6.63 x 10-34 J.s
(6) f = 3.28 x 1014 Hz
(7) v = f 
(8)  = v / f
(9)  = (3.00 x 108 m/s) / (3.28 x 1014 Hz)
(10)  = 9.14 x 10-7 m
(11)  = 914 nm
PHYSICS
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
5. When a glowing wire filament source is placed behind a diffraction grating, the resultant spectrum
from the grating is:
(A) line emission
(B) line absorption
(C) continuous
(D) monochromatic
(E) blue-shifted
5A. (A) line emission
6. A radioactive material initially has an activity of 1200 counts/sec. If six hours later it has an activity
of 300 counts/sec, what is its half life?
6A.
(1) 1200  600  300
(2) 2 half-lives have gone by, since each arrow represents one half-life.
(3) Let x = one half-life.
(4) Since the total time is 6 hours: 2x = 6 hours
(5) x = 3 hours
7. 88Ra-226 decays to 86Rn-222 by emitting what type of particle:
(A) beta
(B) proton
(C) gamma
(D) positron
(E) alpha
7A.
A= number of nucleons
Z = number of protons
(1) Parent particle:
A = 226 Z = 88
(2) Daughter particle: A = 222 Z = 86
(3) A = 4 Z = 2
(4) (E) alpha particle
8. How does the daughter nucleus differ from the parent in the beta emission process?
(A) atomic mass increases by one
(B) atomic number increases by two
(C) atomic number increases by one
(D) atomic mass decreases by two
(E) atomic charge increases by two
8A. (C) atomic number increases by one
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
9. What is the Q-value when one hydrogen atom and one neutron combine to form a deuterium atom?
(hydrogen 1.007825 u, neutron 1.009665 u, deuterium 2.014100 u)
9A.
Let mB = “mass before reaction”
Let mA = “mass after reaction”
(1) mB = 1 H + 1 n
(2) mB = 1.007825 u + 1.009665 u
(3) mB = 2.01749 u
(4) mA = 2H
(5) mA = 2.014100 u
(6) m = mB - mA
(7) m = 2.01749 u – 2.014100 u
(8) m = 0.00339 u
(9) E = mc2
(10) E = (m)c2
(11) E = (0.00339 u)(931.5 MeV / 1u)
(12) E = 3.16 MeV
10. If C-12 has 6 neutrons, how many neutrons are in C-14?
10A.
(1) A1 = Z + N1
(2) Z = A1 – N1
(3) Z = 12 – 6
(4) Z = 6 (number of protons in C)
(5) A2 = Z + N2
(6) N2 = A2 – Z
(7) N2 = 14 – 6
(8) N2 = 8 (number of neutrons in C-14)
11.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
What particle can be emitted when 15P-32 decays to 16S-32?
alpha
electron
neutron
gamma
proton
11A. (B) since the number of nucleons remains constant, and the atomic number increases by one, this
is a beta reaction.
12. The binding energy of a nucleus is
(A) the energy needed to remove one of the electrons
(B) the average energy of any nucleon
(C) the energy needed to separate all the nucleons
(D) the mass of the nucleus times c2
(E) the mass of the nucleus divided by c2
2A. (C) the energy needed to separate all the nucleons.
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MR. SURRETTE
13.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
If controlled fusion becomes feasible, which would be the main source of fuel:
corn oil
air
coal
water
petroleum
13A. (D) water
14.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Nuclear fusion involves combining the nuclei of:
low atomic numbers
metals
non-metals
noble gases
high atomic numbers
14A. (A) low atomic numbers
15.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
The function of the moderator material in a nuclear fission reactor is to:
absorb neutrons
create new neutrons
accelerate neutrons
decelerate neutrons
destroy neutrons
15A. (D) decelerate neutrons
16. The energy released per fission event of U-235 is 208 MeV. This reaction is 30% efficient.
Approximately how many fission events occur in one second to provide the 2.00 kW electrical power
needs of a typical home? (1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J)
16A.
(1) Energy = (0.30)(208 x 106 eV)
(2) Energy = 6.24 x 107 eV
(3) 6.24 x 107 eV (1.6 x 10-19 J / 1 eV)
(4) Energy = 9.984 x 10-12 J
(5) Rate = (2000 J / 1 sec)(1 event / 9.984 x 10-12 J)
(6) Rate = 2.00 x 1014 events / sec
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MR. SURRETTE
17.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
Cadmium control rods used in a nuclear fission reactor serve what purpose:
absorb neutrons
create new neutrons
accelerate neutrons
decelerate neutrons
destroy neutrons
17A. (A) absorb neutrons
18. A proton and a neutron combine in a fusion process to form a stable deuterium nucleus. Which of
the following statements best applies to the mass of the deuterium nucleus?
(A) less than the sum of the proton and neutron masses
(B) equal to the sum of the proton and neutron masses
(C) greater than the sum of the proton and neutron masses
(D) equal to twice the proton mass
(E) equal to half the proton mass
18A. (A) less than the sum of the proton and neutron masses.
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTER 18: MODERN PHYSICS
WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
1. According to Einstein, what is true of the stopping potential for a photoelectric current as the
wavelength of incident light becomes shorter?
1A. (E) increases
(1) The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases as the frequency of incident photons
increases: hf = Kmax + .
(2) The speed of light is constant
(c = 3.00 x 108 m/s). Therefore, frequency increases as wavelength decreases: c = f .
2. What is the de Broglie wavelength for a proton moving at a speed of 6.15 x 107 m/s?
2A.
(1) p = mv
(2) p = (1.67 x 10-27 kg)(6.15 x 107 m/s)
(3) p = 1.03 x 10-19 kg.m/s
(4) p = h / 
(5)  = h / p
(6)  = (6.63 x 10-34 J.s) / (1.03 x 10-19 kg.m/s)
(7)  = 6.46 x 10-15 m
3. A nearby star’s surface temperature is 6200 K and the peak wavelength in its radiation is 475 nm.
What is the surface temperature of a distant star where the peak wavelength is 585 nm?
3A.
(1) T11 = T22
(2) T2 = (T11 / 2)
(3) T2 = [(6200 K)(475 x 10-9 m) / (585 x 10-9 m)]
(4) T2 = 5034 K
4. According to Einstein, increasing the brightness of a beam of light without changing its color will
increase:
4A. (C) number of photons
5. How much energy (in eV) does a photon of light ( = 700 nm) have?
5A.
(1) v = f 
(2) f = v / 
(3) f = (3.00 x 108 m/s) / (700 x 10-9 m)
(4) f = 4.29 x 1014 Hz
(5) E = hf
(6) E = (4.14 x 10-15 eV.s)(4.29 x 1014 Hz)
(7) E = 1.77 eV
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
6. Light of wavelength 415 nm is incident onto the surface of a metal whose work function is 1.85 eV.
6a. What is the frequency of the light wave in petahertz?
A.
(1) v = f 
f = v / 
(3) f = (3.00 x 108 m/s) / 415 x 10-9 m
(4) f = 7.23 x 1014 Hz
(5) f = 0.723 PHz
6b.
A.
(1)
(2)
(3)
Compute the photon energy in eV.
E = hf
E = (4.14 x 10-15 eV.s)(7.23 x 1014 Hz)
E = 2.99 eV
6c. Will these photons eject electrons from the metal’s surface?
A.
Yes, the photon energy (2.99 eV) is greater than the minimum energy needed (1.85 eV), the work
function().
6d.
A.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
What is the predicted value of the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons?
E = Kmax + 
Kmax = E – 
Kmax = 2.99 eV – 1.85 eV
Kmax = 1.22 eV
6e. Would photons of wavelength 830 nm produce photoelectrons?
A.
No. Doubling the wavelength halves the photon energy:
(1) v = f 
(2) f = v / 
(3) f = (3.00 x 108 m/s) / (830 x 10-9 m)
(4) f = 3.61 x 1014 Hz
(5) E = hf
(6) E = (4.14 x 10-15 eV.s)(3.61 x 1014 Hz)
(7) E = 1.50 eV
Since the work function ( is 1.85 eV, photons of 1.50 eV will not release photoelectrons.
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
7. If a hydrogen atom in the state n = 4 makes a transition to the state n = 2, what is the energy of the
photon that is emitted?
7A.
(1) E = (13.6 eV / (n2)2) – (13.6 eV / (n4)2)
(2) E = (13.6 eV / 22) – (13.6 eV / 42)
(3) E = 3.4 eV – 0.85 eV
(4) E = 2.55 eV
8. The observed relativistic length of a super rocket moving by the observer at 0.875 c will be what
factor times that of the measured rocket length at rest?
8A.
(1) L = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(2) L = L’ [1 – (0.875 c)2/(1.0 c)2]1/2
(3) L = L’ (0.125)1/2
(4) L = (0.35) L’
(5) factor = 0.35
9. How fast would a rocket have to move past a ground observer if he observed a 12% length
contraction in the rocket length?
9A.
(1) L = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(2) (0.88 L’) = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(3) (0.88 L’) = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(4) 0.88 = (1 – v2/c2)1/2
(5) (0.88)2 = 1 – v2/c2
(6) - v2/c2 = (0.88)2 -1
(7) v2/c2 = 1 - (0.88)2
(8) v2/c2 = 0.0226
(9) v2 = (0.0226)(c2)
(10) v2 = (0.0226)(3.00 x 108 m/s)2
(11) v = [(0.0226)(3.00 x 108 m/s)2]1/2
(12) v = 1.42 x 108 m/s
10. An unknown particle in an accelerator moving at a speed of 2.85 x 108 m/s has a measured
relativistic mass of 3.2 x 10-26 kg. What is its rest mass?
10A.
(1) m = mo / [1 – (v2/c2)]1/2
(2) mo = (m)[1 – (v2/c2)]1/2
(3) mo = (3.2 x 10-26 kg)[1 – (2.85 x 108 m/s)2/(3.00 x 108 m/s)2]1/2
(4) mo = 1.6 x 10-27 kg
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
11. An astronaut whose heart rate on Earth is 70 per minute increases his velocity to
v = 0.980 c. What is his heart rate now as measured by an Earth observer?
11A.
(1) t = (t)’ / [1 – (v2/c2)]1/2
(2) t =(t)’ / [1 - (0.980 c)2/(1.00 c)2]1/2
(3) t = (t)’ / 0.0199
(4) t’ = (0.0199) t
(5) t’ = (0.0199)(70 per minute)
(6) t’ = 13.9 per minute
12. The short lifetime of muons created in the upper atmosphere of the Earth would not allow them to
reach the surface of the Earth unless their lifetime increased by time dilation. From the reference system
of the muons, the muons can reach the surface of the Earth because:
12A. (D) length contraction decreases the distance to the Earth
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
CHAPTERS 17 - 18: THE ATOM, NUCLEUS, AND MODERN PHYSICS
QUIZ SOLUTIONS
1. The restriction that no more than one electron may occupy a given quantum state was first stated by:
1A. Pauli
2. The equation E = hf was first formulated by:
2A. Planck
3. If the radius of the electron orbit in the n = 1 level of the hydrogen atom is 0.053 nm, what is the
radius for the n = 2 level ?
3A.
(1) rn = n2a0
(2) r3 = 22 (0.053 nm)
(3) r3 = 2.12 x 10-10 m
4. A vapor lamp gives off light. Determine the wavelength of light given off if the energy difference
Ef – Ei = 2.10 eV.
4A.
(1) E = (2.10 eV)(1.6 x 10-19 J / 1 eV)
(2) E = 3.36 x 10-19 J
(3) E = hf
(4) f = E / h
(5) f = 3.36 x 10-19 J / 6.63 x 10-34 J.s
(6) f = 5.07 x 10-14 Hz
(7) v = f 
(8)  = v / f
(9)  = (3 x 108 m/s) / (5.07 x 10-14 Hz)
(10)  = 592 nm
5. 12.1 eV is needed to ionize an unknown atom. From the ground state of an electron in a hydrogen
atom, what wavelength is needed if a photon accomplishes this task?
5A.
(1) E = (12.1 eV)(1.6 x 10-19 J / 1 eV)
(2) E = 1.94 x 10-18 J
(3) E = hf
(4) f = E / h
(5) f = 1.94 x 10-18 J / 6.63 x 10-34 J.s
(6) f = 2.92 x 1015 Hz
(7) v = f 
(8)  = v / f
(9)  = (3 x 108 m/s) / (2.92 x 1015 Hz)
(10)  = 103 nm
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
6. A radioactive material initially has an activity of 1200 counts/sec. If eight hours later it has an
activity of 200 counts/sec, what is its half life?
6A.
(1) 1200  600  300
(2) 3 half-lives have gone by, since each arrow represents one half-life.
(3) Let x = one half-life
(4) The total time is 8 hours
(5) 3x = 8 hours
(6) x = 8/3 = 2.67 hours
7. If there are 129 neutrons in X-205, how many neutrons are in X-208?
7A.
(1) A1 = Z + N1
(2) Z = A1 – N1
(3) Z = 205 – 129
(4) Z = 76
(5) A2 = Z + N2
(6) N2 = A2 – Z
(7) N2 = 208 – 76
(8) N2 = 132
8. What is the Q-value for the reaction 9Be +   12C + n? (m = 4.0026 amu, mBe = 9.01218 amu,
mc = 12.0000 amu, mn = 1.008665 amu, and c2 = 931 MeV/amu)
8A.
(1) mB = mBe +  m
mamu4.0026 amu
(3) mB = 13.01478 amu
(4) mA = mc + mn
(5) mA = 12.0000 amu + 1.008665 amu
(6) mA = 13.008665 amu
(7) m = mB – mA
(8) m = 0.006115 amu
(9) E = mc2
(10) E = (m)c2
(11) E = (0.006115 amu)(931 MeV/amu)
(12) E = 5.69 MeV = Q-value
9. The energy released per fission event of U-235 is 195 MeV. This reaction is 37% efficient.
Approximately how many fission events occur in one second to provide the 1.99 kW electrical
power needs of a typical home? (1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J)
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
9A.
(1) Energy = (0.37)(195 x 106 eV)
(2) Energy = 7.22 x 107 eV
(3) 7.22 x 107 eV (1.6 x 10-19 J / 1 eV)
(4) Energy = 1.15 x 10-11 J
(5) Rate = (1990 J / 1 sec)(1 event / 1.15 x 10-11 J)
(6) Rate = 1.73 x 1014 events / sec
10. How fast would a rocket have to move past a ground observer if he observed a 17% length
contraction in the rocket length?
10A.
(1) L = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(2) (0.83 L’) = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(3) (0.83 L’) = L’ [1 – v2/c2]1/2
(4) 0.83 = (1 – v2/c2)1/2
(5) (0.83)2 = 1 – v2/c2
(6) - v2/c2 = (0.83)2 -1
(7) v2/c2 = 1 - (0.83)2
(8) v2/c2 = 0.311
(9) v2 = (0.311)(c2)
(10) v2 = (0.311)(3 x108 m/s)2
(11) v = [(0.311)(3x108 m/s)2]1/2
(12) v = 1.67 x 108 m/s
11. Light of wavelength 489 nm is incident on a metallic surface with a resultant photoelectric stopping
potential (work function against an electron) of 0.8 V. What is the maximum kinetic energy of the
emitted electrons?
11A.
(1) v = f 
(2) c = f 
(3) f = c / 
(4) f = (3 x 108 m/s) / (489 x 10-9 m)
(5) f = 6.13 x 1014 Hz
(6) Kmax = hf – 
(7) hf = (6.63 x 10-34 J.s)(6.13 x 1014 Hz)
(8) hf = 4.07 x 10-19 J
(9) hf = 4.07 x 10-19 J (1 eV / 1.6 x 10-19 J)
(10) hf = 2.54 eV
(11) Kmax = 2.54 eV – 0.8 eV
(12) Kmax = 1.74 eV
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MR. SURRETTE
VAN NUYS HIGH SCHOOL
12. An astronaut whose heart rate on Earth is 58 per minute increases his velocity to v = 0.899c. What
is his heart rate now as measured by an Earth observer?
12A.
(1) t = (t)’ / [1 – (v2/c2)]1/2
(2) t =(t)’ / [1-(0.899c)2/(1.00c)2]1/2
(3) t = (t)’ / 0.438
(4) t’ = 0.438 t
(5) t’ = (0.438)(58 per minute)
(6) t’ = 25.4 per minute
13. What is the wavelength (in nanometers) of a monochromatic light beam where the photon energy is
2.89 eV?
13A.
(1) E= (2.89 eV) (1.6 x 10-19 J / eV) = 4.62 x 10-19 J
(2) E = hf
(3) f = E / h
(4) f = (4.62 x 10-19 J) / (6.63 x 10-34 J.s)
(5) f = 6.97 x 1014 Hz
(6) v = f 
(7) c = f 
(8)  = c / f
(9)  = (3 x 108 m/s) / (6.97 x 1014 Hz)
(10)  = 4.30 x 10-7 m
(11)  = 430 nm
14. When one ton of an explosive detonates, approximately 4.27 x 1010 J of energy is released. How
much mass does this represent in a mass-to-energy ratio?
14A.
(1) E = mc2
(2) m = E / c2
(3) m = (4.27 x 1010 J) / (3 x 108 m/s)2
(4) m = 4.74 x 10-7 kg
15. What is the de Broglie wavelength for a particle (m = 3.21 x 10-26 kg) moving at a speed of 7.12 x
107 m/s?
15A.
(1) p = mv
(2) p = (3.21 x 10-26 kg)(7.12 x 107 m/s)
(3) p = 2.29 x 10-18 kg.m/s
(4) h = p 
(5)  = h / p
(6)  = (6.63 x 10-34 J.s) / (2.29 x 10-18 kg.m/s)
(7)  = 2.90 x 10-16 m
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