1. List the characteristics that distinguish fungi from members of other multicellular kingdoms.
2. Explain how fungi acquire their nutrients.
3. Describe the basic body plan of a fungus.
4. Describe the processes of plasmogamy and karyogamy in fungi.
5. Explain the significance of heterokaryotic stages in fungal life cycles.
6. Describe the evidence that suggests that Fungi and Animalia are sister kingdoms.
7. Explain the possible significance of the flagellated spores of members of the phylum Chytridiomycota.
8. Describe the life cycle of the black bread mold, Rhizopus stolonifer.
9. Describe two alternate hypotheses to explain the reduced mitochondria of the microsporidia.
10. Distinguish between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.
11. Distinguish among the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota.
Include a description of the sexual structure that characterizes each group and list some common examples of each group.
12. Describe some of the roles of fungi in ecosystems.
13. Describe the structure of a lichen. Explain the roles of the fungal component of the lichen.
14. Explain how lichens may act as pioneers on newly burned soil or volcanic rock.
15. Describe the role of fungi as agricultural pests.
16. Define mycosis, and describe some human mycoses.
17. Describe three commercial roles played by fungi.

1. Many students do not appreciate the unique structure and the important ecological roles of fungi. Emphasize to your students that terrestrial communities have always been dependent on fungi, not only as decomposers but also as mycorrhizal symbionts with plants. Plants and fungi evolved together, and together they colonized the land. The extensive underground network of fungal mycelia is an essential component of all terrestrial communities.
2. Students are most familiar with animal life cycles. As a result, they think of meiosis as a sexual process, one that produces gametes that quickly fuse in syngamy. In teaching the variety of fungal life cycles, point out to your students that for fungi, meiosis is an asexual process that restores the haploid condition with the production of spores.
3. Fungal life cycles also present an excellent opportunity to introduce fascinating and controversial questions about the evolution of sex and diploidy. Students may wonder about the significance of the heterokaryotic condition and the importance of the transient diploid stage that follows karyogamy in fungi. Discussion of these events can lead to discussion of current theories about the costs and benefits of sex and the possible advantages of the diploid condition in eukaryotic life cycles.
Transparencies
Figure 31.2 Structure of a multicellular fungus
Figure 31.3 Structure of hyphae
Figure 31.4 Specialized hyphae
Student Media Resource
Activity: Fungal reproduction and nutrition
Transparencies
Figure 31.5 Generalized life cycle of fungi (layer 1)
Figure 31.5 Generalized life cycle of fungi (layer 2)

arbuscular mycorrhizae
Figure 31.5 Generalized life cycle of fungi (layer 3)
Instructor and Student Media Resources
Video: Phlyctochytrium zoospore release
Video: Allomyces zoospore release
Transparencies
Figure 31.9 Phylogeny of fungi
Figure 31.11 Multiple evolutionary losses of flagella
Figure 31.12 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold)
Figure 31.17 The life cycle of Neurospora crassa, an ascomycete
Figure 31.20 The life cycle of a mushroom-forming basidiomycete
Transparency
Figure 31.24 Anatomy of an ascomycete lichen
Student Media Resource
Investigation: How does the fungus Pilobolus succeed as a decomposer?
Transparency
Table 31.1 Review of fungal phyla
For additional resources such as digital images and lecture outlines, go to the Campbell Media Manager or the Instructor Resources section of www.campbellbiology.com.

ascocarp ascomycete ascus basidiocarp basidiomycete basidium chitin chytrid club fungus coenocytic conidium deuteromycete dikaryotic ectomycorrhizal fungi endomycorrhizal fungi exoenzyme glomeromycete haustorium heterokaryon hypha imperfect fungi karyogamy lichen mold mycelium mycorrhizae mycosis opisthokont pheromone plasmogamy sac fungus septum soredia yeast zoospore zygosporangium
coeno 5 common; -cyto 5 cell ( coenocytic: referring to a multinucleated condition resulting from the repeated division of nuclei without cytoplasmic division) di 5 two; -karyo 5 nucleus ( dikaryotic: a mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent)

exo 5 out, outside ( exoenzymes: powerful hydrolytic enzymes secreted by a fungus outside its body to digest food) hetero 5 different ( heterokaryon: a mycelium formed by the fusion of two hyphae that have genetically different nuclei) myco 5 fungus; rhizo 5 root ( mycorrhizae: mutualistic associations of plant roots and fungi)
-osis 5 a condition of ( mycosis: the general term for a fungal infection) plasmo 5 plasm; -gamy 5 marriage ( plasmogamy: the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of syngamy) ## Instructor’s
Guide for Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh EditionChapter 31 Fungi ## Instructor’s Guide for
Campbell/Reece Biology, Seventh Edition