Final Exam Review
1.
What is the difference between an organic molecule and an inorganic molecule?
2.
Complete the following table:
Functional Group
Hydroxyl
Formula and/or Structure Biomolecule with Group
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
3.
Name the four major categories of biomolecules discussed in class and list their function(s).
4.
Describe the relationship between monomer and polymer. What are the monomers and polymers of each of the four major types of biomolecules?
5.
Which major organic group of biomolecules is not considered to have a true polymer?
6.
What is meant by the terms hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?
7.
Show the complete chemical reaction for each of the following using proper chemical structural formulas.
(A) the synthesis

digestion of maltose
(B) the formation  breakdown of a triglyceride
(C) the formation

digestion of a dipeptide
(D) a segment of DNA that reads 5’GATC3’
8.
Cellular organelles: Functions?

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cell membrane

Mitochondrion




Ribosome
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi




Lysosomes
Centrioles
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles/vesicles
9.
Briefly describe the following methods of cell transport – diagrams may help:

Diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Transport proteins

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Exocytosis using vesicles
10.
Enzymes? How do they work under normal conditions? (Diagram may help.)
11.
What is meant by enzyme inhibition? What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition?
12.
How are enzymes moderated using alosteric inhibitors and activators?
13.
What is meant by the term feedback inhibition? Describe this process.

Final Exam Review
1.
When two organic molecules are joined together and a water molecule is removed, the reaction is called ___________________________________.
2.
In the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, electrons are commonly transferred from one molecule to another. This type of reaction is known as _____________________.
3.
When free energy is released during a chemical reaction it is called an ________________.
4.
Acetyl-CoA, carbon dioxide, glucose, glyceraldehydes and pyruvate can be found at various stages during cellular respiration. Identify the stage where you would find each.
5.
Define: aerobic, anaerobic, catabolic, anabolic
6.
Where in the electron transport chain does the energy come from for the synthesis of ATP?
7.
During aerobic cellular respiration, what molecule activates Krebs cycle?
8.
Sketch a mitochondrion and label where the steps of cellular respiration occur.
9.
Detail the energy totals for respiration.
10.
In terms of the spectrum of white light, which is the most effective for photosynthesis? How do plants maximize the light available to them?
11.
Which element is found in a molecule of chlorophyll?
12.
Does carbon fixation occur in the light reactions? Explain.
13.
Photophosphorylation specifically refers to what?
14.
What do the electrons released as a result of photolysis do?
15.
What does carbon dioxide combine with during photosynthesis?
16.
Do plants photosynthesize at night? Do plants respire at night?
17.
Are plants the only organisms that photosynthesize? Explain.
18.
Sketch a chloroplast and label where the steps of photosynthesis occur.

Final Exam Review
UNIT 3: Molecular Genetics
1.
What is the relationship between the amount of adenine, thymine cytosine and guanine in
DNA?
2.
During DNA replication, one of the new strands of DNA is synthesized continuously, while the other is synthesized as a number of separate fragments of DNA that are subsequently linked by DNA ligase. This is because…?
3.
DNA Replication is semiconservative – what does this mean. How is this processes carried out and what enzymes are involved?
4.
Define each of the following mutations: nonsense mutation, missense mutation, insertion mutation, deletion mutation, translocation, point mutation.
5.
How is mRNA processed post-transcriptionally and why?
6.
What are restriction endonucleases and why are they useful in the lab? Restriction endonucleases existed before genetic engineers. Where did these enzymes originally come from?
7.
Dideoxynucleotides are employed in the course of the Sanger process of DNA sequencing. Why are dideoxynucleotides used?
8.
How does Gel electrophoresis separate fragments of DNA?
9.
Define the term “recombinant DNA”.
10.
Draw the recognition site for EcoR1 and show the cut that would be made by the appropriate restriction enzyme.
11.
What is the polymerase chain reaction and what roles do heat, primers and bacteria play in this process?
12.
A fragment of DNA with a primer attached, which is going to be sequenced using the
Sanger technique, is shown below.
5'ATGGAATTCGCCGATTGATT3'
3' TAA 5'
Show the steps followed to sequence this DNA
13.
This is a base sequence of a single strand of DNA
C T T A G C C A T C A G T G T
(A) Give the m-RNA base sequence read from the original DNA strand.
(B) What polypeptide sequence does this code for?
(C) Draw the structural relationship that exists between the first three amino acids.
14.
Outline the steps taken to incorporate a piece of DNA (like the gene for insulin) into a plasmid.

Final Exam Review
UNIT 4: Homeostasis
1.
The term used to describe the ability of a living organism to adjust to changing environmental conditions by regulating their internal processes is ____________________.
2.
What is negative feedback? Outline the parts and functions of a basic negative feedback system.
3.
Name a positive feedback mechanism. What hormone is regulated by this process?
4.
Which part(s) of the circulatory system are associated with the nephron? How does it clean our blood?
5.
Answer the following about hormones:
(A) Where are they produced?
(B) Where and how do they travel?
(C) Where do they work?
6.
How does thermoregulation occur?
7.
How is blood sugar regulated?
8.
Active vs. Passive Immunity. How does a vaccination help you?
9.
How do neurons receive and transfer impulses? Use structures of neurons – do not worry about the polarization/depolarization/repolarization details too much.
10.
Name and describe the three types of neurons.
11.
Name the major glands in your body and describe their main role(s).
12.
How do we see? Hear?
13.
What is the “fight or flight” response? What happens in your body?
14.
Describe the three lines of defense involved with immunity.
15.
What do the following do?

T Cells

B Cells

Macrophages



Antibodies
Antigen
Killer T Cells

Memory B Cells

Final Exam Review
1. The number of organisms of the same species living within the total area of their entire habitat is best known as ________________________________.
2. The maximum number of organisms that can be sustained by available resources over a given period of time is known as ________________________________.
3. Try #27 page 757 for practice in mark-recapture method.
4. Define: population density, carrying capacity, biotic potential, growth rate and logistic growth.
5. A population that grows rapidly during breeding season, then declines through the year until the next breeding season, exhibits what kind of growth?
6. A smooth curve showing the effect of carrying capacity on the growth of a population is usually what shape?
7. How does a logistic growth curve differ from exponential growth curve?
8. Define: competition, predation, parasitism, commensalisms.
9. What caused the change from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle for humans to its present form?
10. What kind of distribution of the world's human population do we have at present?
11. Describe (or sketch) a population pyramid showing rapid growth.
12. Southern Ontario is a rapidly growing region, requiring increased food production to meet the increasing population. What is happening to much of the agricultural land ?
13. Define ecological footprint & urban sprawl.
14. Review measuring population characteristics pgs 653 – 658. Decide which methods would be most effective for which types of populations.
15. Review practice problems for populations.
16. Define density dependent and density independent factors and give examples for each.
17. Review the ways in which human populations impact the earth. Review the human growth curve and the reasons why it has changed so much over time.