WHE
Hutchinson/Huh
Korea and Japan
Review:
Notes and Handouts
SAWs 17:2, 17:3, Traditional Japan SAWs (18:2, 18:3, 19:4)
Sections from the textbook
Political and Physical Features for the Map of Korea and Japan:
Honshu Hokkaido
North and South Korea
Ryukyu Islands
Korea Strait
Mount Fuji
Yokohama
Cheju Island
Kyushu
Seoul
Panmunjom
Sea of Japan/East Sea
Tokyo Yalu River
Nagoya Kawasaki
Nagasaki
Taekbaek Mtn Range
Hiroshima
Inchon Kanto Plain
Kobe
Korea Bay
Shikiku
Pusan
Pyongyang
Sapporo
Tumen River
Osaka
Kyoto
Inland Sea
Flag: Tae Guk Gi
Flower: Rose of Sharon – symbol of the country – resistant
Language: Hangul – by King Sejong
Dynamics of Change

Korea absorbed many Chinese traditions, but at the same time, kept their own identity.

Ideas of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Chinese written script were borrowed.

How did the Chinese culture spread? (p. 378)
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Three Powerful Dynasties
1.
Silla (668-918)

Golden Age

Traders from all over Asia and the Middle East

Buddhist beliefs influenced architecture, sculpture, and literature.
2.
Koryo (918-1392)

Civil service exams: only sons of aristocrats were allowed to take the exam.

What religion influenced this dynasty?____________________________________________.


1 st Ruler Wang Kon built capital at Kaesong and encouraged arts and culture

Religious writing increased; improved printing with movable metal type

Celadon: greenish glaze used for porcelain
3.
Choson (1392 – 1910)

Yi family rule (set up by General Yi Song-Gye)

Capital at Seoul

_________________________________ replaced Buddhism

Relationships with any other country besides China were discouraged

became known as “Hermit Kingdom”

Developed Korean language – Hangul developed by King Sejong who also encouraged advances in agriculture, government, science, music, medicine, and astronomy
Invasions and Isolation

1592 Japan attacks Korea. Korea spends 6 years fighting them off.
 What are “Turtle Boats”?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Finally defeats Japan, but greatly weakens Korea

Mongol invasion and rule over Korea

Define Isolationism :
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Japan annexed Korea in 1905: What does this mean?
_________________________________________________________

Japan harshly forced Korea to build factories, roads, and railroads.

Encouraged education and improved farming methods – took half of the crops to Japan
Nationalism in Korea

Korea resented Japan

In 1919 Koreans held a peaceful demonstration, but the Japanese responded by killing 2,000 Koreans and jailing many more thousands. They also forbade them from their language and culture (1930s-40s)
The Korean War (“The Forgotten War” – 1950)
Cold War rivalries between the U.S. and Soviet Union resulted in SU support in the North for Communism, and US in the South for Democracy
Course of the war: o NK attacks SK to reunite the country o US in SK, SU in NK o Seesaws back and forth, towards to northern part of NK and the southern part of SK
Result: agree to an armistice (an end to fighting) and divided K at the 38 th parallel; millions of deaths and many refugees
-
Called the “Forgotten War” because:

o nothing was accomplished o there was no winner o the U.S. was embarrassed about the mistakes they made (they left the
South with no weapons) o not many knew that Korea even existed
Kim Il Sung : the leader chosen in North Korea after the K war – built heavy industry and isolated the country – “juche” and self-reliance

current leader is Kim Jong Il
Obstacles in reunifying NK and SK:
Fear and suspicion of overthrowing the government
-
NK’s nuclear weapons and threatening peace of the world
North Korea
Social
Economic
Political
South Korea

Early Japanese Society

Japanese society was organized into clans. Define Clans :
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

By 400 A.D. several clans formed a union and settled in the district called
Yamato.

The Tenno clan led the union of the clans. In time, the Tenno set up Japan’s first and only ruling dynasty.
Adapting Chinese Patterns
 During the 500’s, Korea introduced Buddhism and Chinese culture to Japan.
 Korea also introduced Chinese script which became Japan’s first written language.

In 607, Prince Shotoku of the imperial family sent a group of Japanese nobles to
China.

Japanese modeled their government on Chinese ideas.

Japanese scholars studied Confucian and Daoist philosophies.

Peasants learned to use Chinese tools and farming methods

Absorbed Chinese ideas about music, dance, sculpture, and architecture.

Japanese discarded the Chinese civil service system and never accepted the
Mandate of Heaven.

They did not change dynasties—emperor was a divine figure from the sun goddess

Accepted Buddhism, but they kept their traditional beliefs as well.
Heian Court

In 794, the emperor moved his court to Heian, present-day Kyoto. There they blended Chinese and Japanese ideas, creating a rich new culture.

Major achievement was development of ___________________________, a set of written symbols that represent syllables.
 By 800’s, great court families controlled Japan.
Fujiwara family had a great control over the land and ruled Japan for over 200 years
Japanese Feudalism

During 1100’s, Strong warrior families challenged the power of the Heian Court.
The Samurais , or the warrior knights, waged fierce battles for control of the land.

As a result of the struggle was the development of the feudalism.

Define feudalism :
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

In 1192, Yoritomo had emerged as the strongest military figure in Japan. The emperor gave him the title of “Shogun”, or the chief General of the Army.

 By 1400’s Japan was in a constant state of war between the samurai lords.
Achieving Unity
 During 1500’s, ____________________________ brought Japan under his control and build a foundation for united Japan.

Under the centralized feudalism, Tokugawa Ieyasu claimed the title of shogun and created a peaceful, orderly society which lasted until 1868.
 He brought the great samurai, now called “daimyo” under their control.

Centralized feudalism brought economic and social changes—growth of cities, improvement in roads, new markets, money-economy developed, expanded trade .
An Isolated Nation

In 1639, the shogun closed Japan to the world. Foreigners were forbidden to enter the country. Japan practiced isolation for 200 years but in 1800’s United States and the industrialized nations of Europe had begun to pressure Japan to open its ports.
Japanese Tradition
Religious Traditions

Shinto and Buddhism have influenced the beliefs and practices of the Japanese.

______________________________ is belief in spirits that control natural world and natural forces.

Buddhism divided into many sectors. Commoners believed that anyone can enter the paradise where Samurais practiced Zen Buddhism

Define Zen Buddhism:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Family

Confucian traditions guided Japanese family life.

Marriages were family alliances, not love matches .
Feudal Tradition

_____________________, “the way of the warrior” was developed by the samurai. It emphasized bravery, self-discipline, loyalty, and honor.

______________________ is a ritual suicide performed when a samurai dishonors his lord or the family.

Module Three: Modern Japan and World War II
An End to Isolation

Mid-1800’s, western countries forced Japan to end the policy of isolation.

Japan had to sign _________________________ with the United States and other nations.

In 1868, reform-minded samurai re-established the emperor as the rightful ruler of the country. This reign is called Meiji .

During the Meiji restoration , Japan sent many Japanese abroad to study western government, industry and military organizations.
Meiji Restoration

1868 rebels forced shogun to step down

Samurai reformers wanted to put Japan on course for modernization

Had to modernize to keep up with the West.

Wanted to create a strong central government

Had to learn new technologies
Government under the Meiji

Wanted to create a strong central government.

Reformers wrote a constitution.

Created a court and legal system and abolished torture.

Set up departments within the government: education, finance, etc.
Economic Modernization
 Meiji also worked to modernize Japan’s economy and to learn new technology.

To raise money for the industrialization, the government taxed peasants and borrowed from the merchants.
 By the late 1800’s, large family organizations known as
___________________________ controlled majority of the economy.
Social Changes

Meiji reformers believed that modernization should include social changes.

Abolished _______________________ classes and made everyone equal before the law.

All men, not just the Samurai had to serve in the military.

With the industrialization, millions of people moves from the rural areas to city.

Many women started to work outside their homes.

The government required all children to attend elementary school.

New political parties were formed and made moves toward democracy.
Japanese Expansion in Asia

By 1900, Japan had become a modern industrial nation and these changes enabled them to negotiate with western nations.


In 1895, Japan defeated China and gained control of Korea & Taiwan.

In 1904-1905, Japan fought Russia and won. Russia had to leave Korea and gave
Japan a foothold in Manchuria.

With the expansion, Japan sought equal political standing with western powers.
Japan also gained scarce raw materials for its industries.
Growth of Extreme Nationalism
 During the 1920’s, Japan benefited from years of peace and prosperity until 1929 when the Great Depression began.

Poor economy led to domestic unrest and extremist attracted a large following.
 Japan gradually became military dictatorship in 1930’s.

New leaders promoted militarism , the glorification of the military and readiness for war.
The War in the Pacific

Japan launched a major drive into China in 1937.

In 1940, Japan joined the alliance, called Axis, and World War II.

On December 7, 1941, Japanese bombed _______________________________.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Joined the World War and the
Allies.

Kamikaze attacks and Bonzai attacks
 After the defeat of Germany and Italy, Japan’s military leaders refused to surrender. August 6

Japan surrendered th
, 1945 USA dropped Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima

Three days later they dropped another Atomic Bomb on Nagasaki
Japan Today

Democratic

Arranged marriages are less common

Family remains center of Japanese life

Define Juku :
_______________________________________________________
 Since the 70’s, leading producer of TV’s, radios, VCR’s, CD’s, and stereo equipment

Largest producer of automobiles

Define Pacifism :
__________________________________________________________________
 During the 1980’s and 1990’s,
Trade Imbalance occurred because Japan exported more goods than they were receiving imports.

Japan has close ties with China, USA, and South Korea
 Worry about North Korea’s missiles and nuclear weapons.

Japan strengthening ties with Russia and Southeast Asia

Literature and the Arts

How did China influence Japan in the Arts?
__________________________________________________________________

How has Zen Buddhism influenced Japanese traditions?
__________________________________________________________________

Define Haiku:
__________________________________________________________________

Kabuki : Exciting and colorful drama that portrays themes of love and revenge.
* Please also review the articles on Unit 731 and Comfort Women – both were reviewed in class.