Name
_________________________
Ch. 6 - Cellular Structures Table
Cell Structure
or Organelle
Structure
Function
Gel-like substance
Cytoplasm
(pg. 98)
Plasma
Membrane
(pg. 99)
Metabolic activities such
as glycolysis (sugar
splitting) occur here.
Membrane that separates
the interior of all cells
from the outside
environment.
The plasma membrane is
selectively permeable to
ions and organic
molecules and controls
the movement of
substances in and out of
cells.
Found in Plants
Animals. or
Prokaryotes
Animals
Plants
(Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes
Animals
Plants
Prokaryotes
Nucleus
(pg. 102)
Contains most of the
cell's genetic material,
organized as multiple
long linear DNA
molecules in complex
with a large variety of
proteins (i.e. histones) to
form chromosomes.
Plants
Animals
(Eukaryotes)
Function—transcription
occurs here (mRNA is
transcribed from DNA)
Chromosome
(pg. 102)
Nucleolus
(pg. 102)
Organized structure of
DNA and protein
(histones) found in cells.
It is a single piece of
coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory
elements and other
nucleotide sequences.
Non-membrane bound
structure composed of
proteins and nucleic acids
found within the nucleus
of cells.
Its function is to
transcribe ribosomal
RNA (rRNA) and
assemble it within the
nucleolus. Ribosomes are
created here.
Plants
Animals
(Eukaryotes)
Plants
Animals
(Eukaryotes)
Cell Structure
or Organelle
Ribosomes
(pg. 102)
Structure
Function
Complex of rRNA
and protein which
catalyzes protein
translation, the
formation of proteins
from individual
amino acids using
messenger RNA as a
template. This
process is known as
translation.
Ribosomes are found
in all living cells.
Protein synthesis
occurs here
** No membrane
around this
‘organelle’
Prokaryotes—70S
Eukaryotes—80S
Found in Plants
Animals or
Prokaryotes
ALL
Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(pg. 104)
Synthesis of lipids,
including oils,
phospholipids and
steroids, metabolism
of carbohydrates,
regulation of calcium
concentration and
detoxification of
drugs and poisons.
Think of a body
builder—smooth
(shave), put oil on
them in competitions,
take steroids to get
big, metabolize lots of
food. Help detoxify
all the drugs
(steroids) that they
take
Plants and
Animals
(Eukaryotes)
Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(pg. 104-105)
Plants and
forms an
Animals
interconnected
(Eukaryotes)
network of tubules,
vesicles, and
cisternae. Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum are
involved in the
synthesis of proteins
and is also a
membrane factory for
the cell.
Proteins made here
are sorted according
to their destination.
Proteins made here
either are secreted
out of the cell or are
destined for the
plasma membrane,
golgi apparatus, and
lysosomes.
Golgi
apparatus
(pg. 105)
Lysosomes
(pg. 107)
Integral in modifying,
sorting, and
packaging
macromolecules for
cell secretion
(exocytosis) or use
within the cell.
Primarily modifies
proteins delivered
from the rough
endoplasmic
reticulum but is also
involved in the
transport of lipids
around the cell, and
the creation of
lysosomes
Contain acid
hydrolase enzymes
that break down
waste materials and
cellular debris. These
are non-specific.
Plants and
Animals
(Eukaryotes)
Animals
Maintains the turgor
pressure of a plant cell. It
stores food for the cell.
Vacuoles
a membrane-enclosed
cell vacuole with a
digestive function,
containing material taken
up in by the process of
phagocytosis.
Cell Structure
or Organelle
Structure
Function
Central vacuole
in Plants only
(large)
Tonoplast
surrounds the
central vacuole
Sap vacuole
(plants only)
Food vacuoles
(animals and
plantssmall)
Found in Plants
Animals or
Prokaryotes
Mitochondria
(pg. 109-110)
“cellular power
plants"--Generate
most of the cell's
supply of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP),
used as a source of
chemical energy.
Other processes-signaling, cellular
differentiation, cell
death, as well as the
control of the cell
cycle and cell growth.
**Cellular
respiration occurs
here.
Has own DNA
Has own Ribosomes
Can replicate on its
own.
Double membrane
Plants and
animals
(Eukaryotes)
Chloroplast
(pg. 110)
Manufacture and
storage site of
important chemical
compounds used by
the cell. Contain
pigments used in
photosynthesis, and
the types of
pigments present
can change or
determine the cell's
color
Chromoplasts aid in
pigment synthesis
and storage.
Has own DNA
Has own Ribosomes
Can replicate on its
own.
Double membrane
Plants only!!!
Peroxisome
Cytoskeleton
Break down
(catabolism) of fatty
acid chains
Plants and
animals
(Eukaryotes)
Within the cytoplasm.
Is located throughout the
entire cell
Structure, support,
transport
Plants and
animals
(Eukaryotes)
Also forms
flagella and pili
in prokaryotes
Microtubules
Centrioles &
Centrosomes
Component of the
cytoskeleton.
Help with cell
structure
Intracellular
transport
Plants and
animals
(Eukaryotes)
Involved in the
organization of the
mitotic spindle and in
the completion of
cytokinesis (cell
splitting)
Centrioles are a very
important part of
centrosomes
(MTOC), which are
involved in filing,
organizing
microtubules in the
cytoplasm
Animals
Prokaryotes
have
microtubule
like structures
**creates spindle
apparatus used for
cell division.
Cell Structure
or Organelle
Structure
Function
Movement of cell
Move fluid along the cell
Cilia
Found in Plants
Animals or
Prokaryotes
Animal
Flagella
Flagella are used by cells
and unicellular
organisms for movement,
sensation and signal
transduction. They can
be described as long
slender extensions of the
cell or organism. The
singular form of flagella
is flagellum.
Animal
Prokaryotes
Cytokinesis (cell splitting) Plants and
Changing shape of cell
animals
Microfilaments
Intermediate
Filaments
Make up cytoskeleton
(support, transport)
Plants and
animals
Cell Wall
Plasmodesmata
Structural support and
protection, and also acts as
a filtering mechanism. A
major function of the cell
wall is to act as a pressure
vessel, preventing overexpansion when water
enters the cell.
Plants
Tunnels between the
cell wall and the
plasma membrane
Plant
Intercellular
transport
Prokaryotes
Fungi
Protist