Anatomy & Physiology
Lab #1- Part A
Anatomical Position, Terminology, Directional & Regional Terms,
Landmarks, Planes, Sections & Cavities
Complete the following exercises:
1. Describe & stand to demonstrate the anatomical position:
2. Describe & demonstrate the following orientation & directional terms:
superior - toward the head, above
inferior - toward the lower part of a structure, below
anterior (ventral) - toward the front
posterior (dorsal) - toward the back
medial - toward the midline
lateral - away from the midline
intermediate - between a medial & lateral structure
proximal - closest to the origin, closest to trunk
distal - furthest from origin, furthest from trunk
superficial (peripheral) - toward (closest) to body surface
deep - furthest from body surface
3. Describe, & locate on diagram A, the following body landmarks:
(for answers see diagram in book)
Anterior:
o abdominal
o cervical
o orbital
o antecubital
o digital
o pubic
o axillary
o femoral
o sternal
o brachial
o inguinal
o tarsal
o buccal
o nasal
o thoracic
o carpal
o oral
o umbilical
Posterior:
o cephalic
o deltoid
o gluteal
o lumbar
o occipital
o popliteal
o scapular
o sural (calf)
o vertebral
4. Describe & locate on a diagram the following terms used to describe planes &
sections:
sagittal - divides body or organ into right and left sides
midsagittal - divides body or organ equally into right and left sides
median - same as above
frontal (coronal) - divides body or and organ into anterior (front and
posterior (back) portions
transverse - divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and
inferior (lower) portions
oblique - passes through the body or organ at an angle
cross section - same as above
5. Name the plane in relation to the brain:
transverse (cross-sectional)
______________________
frontal plane
______________________
midsagittal plane
______________________
6. Locate the major body cavities & list the chief organs in each:
(answers see diagram)
Dorsal Body Cavity - cranial cavity-spinal (or ventral) cavityVentral Body Cavity - thoracic cavity- abdominopelvic-
7. Fill in the blanks:
The _thoracic_ cavity is above the diaphragm and the
_abdominopelvic_ cavity is below. The _diaphragm_ is a large, domeshaped muscle. Another name for organ is _viscera_. The organs are
covered with _serous_ membrane.
8. What encircles the following cavities?
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY



abdominal wall
bones of pelvis
muscles of pelvis
THORACIC CAVITY




ribs
sternum
vertebral column
muscle
9. Fill in the blanks:
The thoracic cavity is divided into __2 pleural cavities__ by the
__mediastinum__. The __mediastinum__ contains
all thoracic organs except the __lungs__.
10. What does the mediastinum contain?





heart
great vessels
esophagus
trachea
thymus
11. What is the visceral peritoneum?
-serous membrane that covers the abdominal viscera
 parietal peritoneum?
-serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall
12. Draw a diagram of the following regions and quantrants:
(for answers see diagram)
a) Regions of the abdomen: epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric
left & right hypochondriac
left & right lumbar
left & right iliac
b) Quadrants of the abdomen:right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower
CHEMISTRY - PART B
1. What is the order of the chemical level of organization?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
matter
chemical bonds
chemical energy
chemical reactions
inorganic compounds
organic compounds
2. What are the chemical symbols for the following elements?
oxygen - O
calcium - Ca
hydrogen - H
sodium - Na
carbon - C
potassium - K
nitrogen - N
3. Fill in the blanks: (in relation to the 4 types of chemical bonds.)
Positively and negatively charged ions attract each other to form
_ionic______ bonds. These __ionic_______ bonds are found mainly in
teeth and bones. Atoms share electrons to form _covalent______ bonds.
Unequal sharing of electrons between atoms are _polar ___
_covalent__ bonds. __Polar____ covalent bonds between hydrogen
and other atoms are _hydrogen_________ bonds.
4. Regarding energy and chemical reactions name the 2 principal forms of
energy and define briefly.
a. __potential nergy__________=__stored energy__________
b. __kinetic energy___________=__energy of motion_______
5. What is the law of conservation of energy?
-energy can neither be created nor destroyed
-just converted from one form to another
6. Regarding energy transfer in chemical reactions define briefly:
a. exergonic reactions - release more energy
b. endergonic reactions - absorb more energy than they release
7. What are inorganic compounds and give examples?
-usually lack carbon and are structurally simple
-examples are: water, salts, acids, bases
8. What organic compounds and give examples?
-contain carbon and usually hydrogen
-examples are: carbohydrates, fats, proteins
9. Free radicals?
a. What are they?
-unstable and highly reactive
-atom with an unaired electron in its outermost shell
b. How are they produced in the body?
-by absorption of energy in ultraviolet light in sunlight, x-rays, by
breakdown of harmful substances
c. What are they linked to? (give examples)
-many diseases - cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer, atherosclerosis
and arthritis
d. How can the damaged caused by them be slowed down.
-with antioxidants such as Vit. C and E, selenium & beta-carotene
(precursor to Vit A)