Name: ________________
Honors Biology Chapter 3 Test Preparation
Your Chapter 3 test (Biochemistry) will be on _____________________________________.
The test will consist of _________ multiple choice and ___________ short answer.
This is NOT an assignment, however to be successful on the exam you must be able to answer each question!
1. What makes carbon ‘special?’ (how many valence electrons does it have, what kind of bonds can it form, what shapes can it
make?) Carbon has 4 valence electrons giving 4 places available for bonding. It can form strong but flexible covalent bonds
that form straight chains, rings, branches chains, etc.
2. What are the four macromolecules that make up life? Carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acids
3. What is a hydrocarbon? A molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
4. What is an isomer? Molecules that have the same molecule formula, but different structural formulas.
5. What is a functional group? A group of atoms that gives molecules it is a part of its properties.
6. What is a monomer? Polymer? Monomer is a small subunit that through dehydration synthesis can form large polymers which
are simply monomers linked together by covalent bonds.
a. What type of reaction occurs when you put monomers together to form a polymer? Dehydration synthesis
b. What type is it when you take a polymer apart? Hydrolysis
7. Carbohydrate? A group of molecules that provide energy and structure.
a. What are the functional groups? Hydroxyl (-OH), and Carbonyl (-COH)
b. What do we call the monomers? monosaccharides
i. What are 2 examples of the monomers? Glucose, fructose, and (galactose)
ii. What are the isomers of glucose? Fructose and galactose
c.
What do we call the polymers? polysaccharides
i. What are 3 examples of the polymers (& where are they found)? Cellulose – give structure to plants, starch –
energy storage for plant, glycogen – energy storage for animals.
d. What is the function of carbohydrates? Structure and energy
e. What types of foods contain this macromolecule? Breads, rice, pasta
f. How do we test for carbohydrates in foods? (think of the nutrient lab) Benedicts – monosaccharides (turns from blue
to green/red), Lugol’s Iodine solution – polysaccharides (turns bluish/black)
g. What does glucose look like?
8. Lipids?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
What does starch look like?
Fats and such!
What are the functional groups? Amino (NH2) and Carboxyl (-COOH)
What are 2 examples of the monomers? Glycerol and fatty acids
What are 4 examples of the polymers? Triglyceride, wax, steroids, phospholipids
What is the function of lipids? Long term energy, make up cell membranes (both phospholipids and steroids –
cholesterol), provide waterproof coatings for organisms that dry out like plants and insects
Remember – too much cholesterol in the blood can lead to atherosclerosis (plaque build up in the arteries)
What types of foods contain this macromolecule? Oils, butter, lard
f.
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid? Saturated – fully hydrogenated meaning it has
the max number of hydrogens possible and therefore has all single bonds. Unsaturated – not fully hydrogenated
meaning it has 1 or more double bonds.
g. What are some examples of saturated fats? Animal fats What do they have in common? Solid at room temperature
h. What are some examples of unsaturated fats? Plant fats What do they have in common? Liquid at room temperature
i. How do we test for lipids in foods? (think of the nutrient lab) Sudan red (its soluble in lipids and stains the
hydrophobic layer a bright red) and paper bag test – creates a ring around lipids.
j. What does a triglyceride look like? A glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids
k. What portions of a triglyceride are polar / hydrophilic and non polar / hydrophobic? Glycerol is hydrophilic/polar
and fatty acid tails are nonpolar/hydrophobic
9. Proteins?
a. What are the functional groups? Amino (-NH2) and Carboxyl (-COOH)
b. What do we call the monomers? Amino acids
c. What do we call the polymers? polypeptides
d. What needs to occur for a polypeptide to become a protein? Dehydration synthesis to form peptide bonds between
amino acids
e. What is the function of proteins? Laundry list: structural, contractile, enzymes, defensive (immunity – antibodies),
signaling for sending messages, transport – Hemoglobin moves oxygen through the blood, storage proteins – protein
of an egg white provides amino acids for developing embryos
f. What types of foods contain this macromolecule? Meats, nuts, beans
g. How do you denature a protein? Heat, pH change, increasing salt concentration can disrupt H and Ionic bonds, any
chemical that can disrupt H bonds
h. How do we test for proteins in foods? (think of the nutrient lab) Biurets test – changes to a light hue of purple if
positive
i. What does an amino acid look like?
Where is the amino and carboxyl? see image to left
10. Nucleic Acids? What makes you YOU!
a. What do we call the monomers? nucleotides
b. What are 2 examples of the polymers? DNA and RNA
i. What are 3 differences between these polymers? DNA – double stranded, contains Thymine, and contains
deoxyribose as 5 carbon sugar. RNA – single stranded, contains Uracil, and contains ribose as 5 carbon sugar
c. What is the function of nucleic acids? To store and transmit genetic information, also to code for proteins
d. What does a nucleotide look like?
image to left
Where is the phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base? See
11. Possible short answer question topics: (3-4 sentence answers or drawing)
a. Testing macromolecules in food substances
b. Compare/contrast the uniqueness of macromolecules
c. Paper models – Building polymers
d. Levels of structure in proteins
e. Drawing the process of creating macromolecules (in detail) or breaking them down
- dehydration synthesis/hydrolysis
f. Identifying functional groups and the macromolecules they are found in.
Name _____________________________
Honors Biology I
Period _________
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
3.1 Label the following functional groups:
Macromolecules and their components:
3.2 A macromolecule contains C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1. It must be a __carb_________.
3.3 A macromolecule contains C, H, O, N, and P. It must be a ___nucleic acid____________.
3.4 A scientist is testing for the uptake of Nitrogen in plants. The scientist will most likely be
examining
a) cellulose in the cell walls
Name _____________________________
Honors Biology I
Period _________
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
b) starch in tissue
c) proteins in the cell membrane
3.5 Making and breaking polymers: Label the molecules, identify the processes, and briefly
explain this diagram.
Water
Removal of a OH and
H group to form a
water in order to form
a bond between two
monomers to form a
polymer
Water
Addition of a water
molecule into a
polymer to replace the
OH and H in order to
break a bond between
a polymer to form a
monomer
3.6 What does hydro mean? ___water________ What does lysis mean? __to break/burst____
3.7 Which diagram characterizes hydrolysis? _b_____________
3.8 What does dehydration mean? _removal of water_ What does synthesis mean? _to
create/build
3.9 Which diagram characterizes dehydration synthesis (condensation)? __a_____
Name _____________________________
Honors Biology I
Period _________
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
3.10 The 4 macromolecules: Label and briefly explain this diagram.
Polypeptide chain
Muscle fiber
Name _____________________________
Period _________
Honors Biology I
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
3.11 Proteins: Label & briefly explain the levels of protein structure illustrated in the diagram.
1
Primary structure – polypeptide with peptide bonds
R
H H O
R
H H O
R
H H
C C N C C N C C N C C N C C N C
H O
H H O
H H O
R
R
R
Secondary
2 – Beta
structure
pleated sheet (H
and Ionic bonds)
Secondary
structure – alpha
helix (H and Ionic
bonds)
3
4
5
Tertiary structure –
3D with H, Ionic,
and Disulfide
bridges. 1 subunit
Quaternary
structure – 4
subunits
6
Name _____________________________
Period _________
Honors Biology I
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
Nucleotide
3.12 Label the following monomer. What is it called? _____________________
Nucleic Acid
Which macromolecule group does it belong to? ____________________
See book for labeling of atoms.
3.13. Circle the individual monomers in the following macromolecule. What is the molecule?
_DNA_
If all living this contain this molecule, what makes the organisms differ from each other ? _Order
of nitrogenous bases__(ATCG)________________________________________
OP
C G
O
P
G
O
P
O
P
C
O P
A
T
O
P
O
O
C
P
G
T
O
A
P
O
P
P
O
O
H
Name _____________________________
Period _________
Honors Biology I
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!
3.14 Compare RNA to DNA. What is the difference in structure between the two
molecules?__RNA – single stranded (AUCG), ribose sugar. DNA – double stranded (ATCG),
deoxyribose sugar.____________________________________________________________
3.15 What is the difference in the monomers found in each? __Uracil (RNA) and Thymine
(DNA). Ribose (RNA) and Deoxyribose
(DNA)_______________________________________________________________________
_
P
P
T
T
A P
G
C
P
P
T
A
G
P
P
P
A
C
P
U
P
C
A
P
P
P
P
P
A P G
C
T
P
P
P
G
P
A
U P
P
G
3.13 Look at the monomer in 3.13. What nitrogenous bases are found in this type of
macromolecule?
_A___ _T___ _C___ _G___
3.17 What bases are found in RNA? _A___ __U__ __C__ _G___
Name _____________________________
Honors Biology I
Period _________
Date ______________________
CHAPTER 3 EXAM REVIEW!