1. _____________________ _____________________ is the study of the links between biology and behavior. (p. 48)
2. The __________________ , or nerve cell, is the basic building block of the nervous system. (p. 48)
3. The __________________ of a neuron are the bushy, branching extensions that receive messages from other nerve cells and conduct impulses toward the cell body. (p. 48)
4. The __________________ of a neuron is the extension that sends impulses to other nerve cells or to muscles or glands. (p. 48)
5. The __________________ __________________ is a layer of fatty tissue that covers many axons and helps speed neural impulses.
(p. 48)
6. An __________________ __________________ is a neural impulse generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane. (p.49)
7. A neuron’s
__________________ is the level of stimulation that must be exceeded in order for the neuron to fire, or generate an electrical impulse. (p. 50)
8. A __________________ is the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic cleft or gap. (p. 50)
9. ____________________________ are chemicals that are released into synaptic gaps and so transmit neural messages from neuron to neuron. (p. 50)
10. __________________ (ACh) is a neurotransrnitter that triggers muscle contractions. (p. 52)
11. __________________ are natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. (p.52)
Memory aid: Endorphins end pain.
12. The nervous system is the speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems. (p. 54)
13. The __________________ __________________ __________________ consists of the brain / and spinal cord; it is located at the center, or internal core, of the body. (p. 54)
14. The __________________ __________________ __________________ connects the central nervous system to the body’s sense receptors, muscles, and glands; it is at the periphery of the body relative to the brain and spinal cord. (p. 54)
15. __________________ are bundles of neural axons that connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
(p. 54)
16. __________________ __________________ carry information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system for processing. (p. 54)
17. ___________________________ are the neurons of the central nervous system that link the sensory and motor neurons in the transmission of sensory inputs and motor outputs. (p. 54)
18. __________________ __________________ carry information and instructions for action from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. (p. 54)
19. The __________________ __________________ __________________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles. (p. 55)
20. The __________________ __________________ __________________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs and thereby controls internal functioning; it regulates the automatic behaviors necessary for survival. (p.55)
21. The __________________ __________________ __________________ is the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (p. 55)
22. The __________________ __________________ __________________ is the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. (p. 55)
23. A __________________ is a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus; it is governed by a very simple neural pathway. (p. 56)
24.
__________________ __________________ are interconnected neural cells, the specific connections of which are strengthened as learning occurs. (p. 57)
25. A __________________ is destruction of tissue; studying the consequences of lesions in different regions of the brain—both surgically produced in animals and naturally occurring—helps researchers to determine the normal functions of these regions. (p.58)
26. An _____________________________________ (EEG) is an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity of the brain.
Encephalo comes from a Greek word meaning “related to the brain.” (p. 59)
27. The ______ (__________________ __________________ ) scan is a series of x-ray photographs of the brain taken from different positions and analyzed by computer, creating an image that represents a slice through the brain. (p. 59)
28. The ______ (__________________ __________________ __________________ ) scan measures the levels of activity of different areas of the brain by tracing their consumption of a radioactive form of glucose, the brain’s fuel. (p.59)
29. _______ (__________________ __________________ __________________ ) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce
Psychology 12 AP KSS Chapter 2 Vocabulary Page 1 of 2

computer-generated images that show brain structures more clearly. (p. 59)
30. The __________________ , the oldest and innermost region of the brain, is an extension of the spinal cord and is the central core of the brain; its structures direct automatic survival functions. (p. 61)
31. Located in the brainstem, the __________________ controls breathing and heartbeat. (p. 61)
32. Also part of the brainstem, the __________________ __________________ is a nerve network that plays an important role in controlling arousal. (p. 61)
33. Located atop the brainstem, the __________________ routes incoming messages to the appropriate cortical centers and transmits replies to the medulla and cerebellum. (p. 62)
34. The __________________ assists in balance and the coordination of voluntary movement. (p. 62)
35. A doughnut-shaped neural system, the __________________ __________________ plays an important role in the regulation of emotions and basic physiological drives. (p. 62) Memory aid: Its name comes from the Latin word limbus, meaning “border”; the
_____________________ _______________________ is at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres.
36. The __________________ is part of the limbic system and is involved in regulation of the emotions of fear and rage. (p. 62)
37. Also part of the limbic system, the __________________ regulates hunger, thirst, and body temperature and contains the so-called reward centers of the brain. (p. 63)
38. The __________________ __________________ is the thin outer covering of the cerebral hemispheres The seat of information processing, the cortex is responsible for those complex functions that make us distinctively human. (p. 64)
Memory aid: Cortex in Latin means “bark.” As bark covers a tree, the cerebral cortex is the “bark of the brain.”
39. More numerous than cortical neurons, the __________________ __________________ of the brain guide neural connections, provide nutrients and insulating myelin, and help remove excess ions and neurotransmitters. (p. 65)
40. Located at the front of the brain, just behind the forehead, the __________________ __________________ are involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments. (p. 65)
41. Situated between the frontal and occipital lobes, the __________________ __________________ contain the sensory cortex.
(p.65)
42. Located at the back and base of the brain, the __________________ __________________ contain the visual cortex, which receives information from the eyes. (p. 65)
43. Located on the sides of the brain, the __________________ __________________ contain the auditory areas, which receive information from the ears. (p. 65) Memory aid: The __________________ __________________ are located near the temples.
44. Located at the back of the frontal lobe, the __________________ __________________ controls voluntary movement. (p. 66)
45. The __________________ __________________ is located at the front of the parietal lobes, just behind the motor cortex. It registers and processes body sensations. (p. 67)
46. Located throughout the cortex, __________________ __________________ of the brain are involved in higher mental functions, such as learning, remembering, and abstract thinking. (p. 68)
Memory aid: Among their other functions, association areas of the cortex are involved in integrating, or associating, information from different areas of the brain.
47. __________________ is an impairment of language as a result of damage to any of several cortical areas, including Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area. (p. 69)
48. __________________ __________________ , located in the left frontal lobe, is involved in controlling the motor ability to produce speech. (p. 69)
49. __________________ __________________ , located in the left temporal lobe, is involved in language comprehension. (p. 69)
50. __________________ is the brain’s capacity for modification, as evidenced by brain reorganization following damage (especially in children). (p. 71)
51. The __________________ __________________ is a large band of neural fibers that links the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
Without this band of nerve fibers, the two hemispheres could not interact. (p. 72)
52. __________________ __________________ is a condition in which the major connections between the two cerebral hemispheres
(the corpus callosum) are severed, literally resulting in a split brain. (p. 72)
53. The __________________ __________________ , the body’s “slower” chemical communication system, consists of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (p. 80)
54. __________________ are chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine system, that are produced in one tissue and circulate through the bloodstream to their target tissues, on which they have specific effects. (p. 80)
55. The __________________ __________________ produce epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that prepare the body to deal with emergencies or stress. (p. 81)
56. The __________________ __________________ , under the influence of the hypothalamus, regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands; sometimes called the “master gland.” (p. 81)
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