Module C
CHEMISTRY & CELL BIOLOGY REVIEW
Note: This module is provided for A&P courses that do not have a prerequisite class which includes chemistry and cell
biology. Content covered by required prerequisite courses does not need to be repeated in Anatomy & Physiology.
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Atoms & molecules
Chemical bonding
Learning Outcome
1. With respect to the structure of an atom:
a. Describe the charge, mass, and relative location
of electrons, protons and neutrons.
b. Relate the number of electrons in an electron shell
to an atom’s chemical stability and its ability to
form chemical bonds
c. Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by
changing the relative number of specific subatomic
particles.
d. Distinguish among the terms atomic number,
mass number and atomic weight.
2. Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes,
free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes
3. Compare and contrast the terms atoms, molecules,
elements, and compounds.
With respect to non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic,
and hydrogen bonds:
a. List each type of bond in order by relative
strength.
b. Explain the mechanism of each type of bond.
c. Provide biologically significant examples of each.
Inorganic compounds
& solutions
Organic compounds
Module C – March 2010
1. Discuss the physiologically important properties of
water.
2. Distinguish among the terms solution, solute,
solvent, colloid suspension, and emulsion.
3. Define the term salt and give examples of
physiological significance.
4. Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer and give
examples of physiological significance.
5. State acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values.
1. Define the term organic molecule.
2. Explain the relationship between monomers and
polymers.
3. Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis
and hydrolysis reactions.
4. With respect to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and
nucleic acids:
a. Identify the monomers and polymers.
b. Compare and contrast general molecular
structure.
c. Provide specific examples.
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
Comprehension
1
Analysis
1
Comprehension
1
Analysis
1
Analysis
1
Analysis
1
Knowledge
1
Comprehension
1
Application
1
Comprehension
1,2
Analysis
1
Knowledge &
Application
Knowledge &
Application
Knowledge
1
1
1
Knowledge
1
Comprehension
1
Knowledge &
Application
1
Knowledge
1
Analysis
1
Application
1
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Learning Outcome
d. Identify dietary sources.
Energy transfer using
ATP
Intracellular
organization of nucleus
& cytoplasm
Membrane structure &
function
Mechanisms for
movement of materials
across cell membranes
Organelles
Protein synthesis
Module C – March 2010
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
Knowledge
1,6
Comprehension
1,2
Comprehension
1,4
Application
7, 8
Comprehension
1,2
1. Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the
general functions of each.
Knowledge
1,2
2. Explain how cytoplasm and cytosol are different.
Comprehension
1, 2
Comprehension
1,2
Comprehension
1,2
Comprehension
1,2
e. Discuss physiological and structural roles in the
human body.
5. Describe the four levels of protein structure and
discuss the importance of protein shape for protein
function.
6. Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity,
including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing
the effects of various factors on the rate of enzymecatalyzed reactions.
Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release
of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the
cell.
1. Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell
membrane, and explain their functions.
2. Describe how carbohydrates are distributed in a cell
membrane, and explain their functions.
3. Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell
membrane, and explain their functions.
1. With respect to the following membrane transport
processes – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis,
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, & filtration:
a. State the type of material moving in each process.
b. Describe the mechanism by which movement of
material occurs in each process.
c. Discuss the energy requirements and, if
applicable, the sources of energy for each
process.
d. Give examples of each process in the human
body.
2. Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and
hypotonic conditions on cells.
3. Demonstrate various cell transport processes and,
given appropriate information, predict the outcomes
of these demonstrations.
1. Define the term organelle.
2. For each different type of organelle associated with
human cells:
a. Identify the organelle.
b. Describe the structure of the organelle.
c. Describe the function of the organelle
1. Define the terms genetic code, transcription and
translation.
Knowledge
1,2
Comprehension
1,2
Comprehension
1,2
Application
1,2
Comprehension
1,3,6
Application &
Synthesis
6,7
Knowledge
1
Knowledge
Comprehension
Comprehension
1,2,7
1,2
1,2
Knowledge
1
2. Explain how and why RNA is synthesized.
Comprehension
& Application
2,4
3. Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in
protein synthesis.
Comprehension
2
2
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Cellular respiration
(introduction)
Somatic cell division
Reproductive cell
division
Application of
homeostatic
mechanisms
Predictions related to
homeostatic
imbalance, including
disease states &
disorders
Learning Outcome
1. Define the term cellular respiration.
2. With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or
TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain:
compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of
energy production, oxygen use, by-products and
cellular location.
1. Referring to a generalized cell cycle, including
interphase and the stages of mitosis:
a. Describe the events that take place in each stage.
b. Identify cells that are in each stage.
c. Analyze the functional significance of each stage.
2. Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.
3. Describe DNA replication.
4. Analyze the interrelationships among chromatin,
chromosomes and chromatids.
5. Give examples of cell types in the body that divide by
mitosis and examples of circumstances in the body
that require mitotic cell division.
1. Describe the events that take place in each stage of
meiosis I and meiosis II.
2. Identify cells that are in each stage of meiosis I and
meiosis II.
3. Compare and contrast the general features of
meiosis I and meiosis II.
4. Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and
meiosis.
4. Give examples of cell types in the body that divide by
meiosis and examples of circumstances in the body
that require meiotic cell division.
Provide specific examples to demonstrate how
individual cells respond to their environment (e.g., in
terms of organelle function, transport processes, protein
synthesis, or regulation of cell cycle) in order to maintain
homeostasis in the body.
1. Predict factors or situations that could disrupt
organelle function, transport processes, protein
synthesis, or the cell cycle.
2. Predict the types of problems that would occur if the
cells could not maintain homeostasis due to
abnormalities in organelle function, transport
processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle.
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Knowledge
1
Analysis
1,2
Comprehension
Knowledge
Analysis
Analysis
Comprehension
1
7
1,2
1,5
1,5
Analysis
1,5
Application
1,5
Comprehension
1
Knowledge
7
Analysis
1,5
Analysis
1,5
Application
1,5
Application
1,2,3,4,5,6
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS)
Module C – March 2010
3
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
Module S
INTRODUCTION TO HEREDITY
Note: This module is provided for A&P courses that do not have a prerequisite class which includes information about
heredity. Content covered by required prerequisite courses does not need to be repeated in Anatomy & Physiology.
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Genetic variability
Gene inheritance &
expression
Genetic testing
Predictions related to
homeostatic imbalance,
including disease states
& disorders
Learning Outcome
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Describe events that lead to genetic variability of
gametes.
Comprehension
1,2,4,5
1. Define the terms chromosome, gene, allele,
homologous, homozygous, heterozygous,
genotype and phenotype.
Knowledge
1
2. Analyze genetics problems involving dominant and
recessive alleles, incomplete dominance,
codominance, and multiple alleles.
Analysis
1,5
3. Explain how polygenic inheritance differs from
inheritance that is controlled by only one gene.
Comprehension
1,5
4. Explain how environmental factors can modify
gene expression.
Comprehension
1,5
5. Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex
determination and sex-linked inheritance.
Comprehension
1,5
Describe examples of prenatal and postnatal genetic
testing.
Comprehension
1,6
1. Predict factors or situations affecting gene
inheritance that could disrupt homeostasis.
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
2. Predict the types of problems that would occur in
the body if gene structure or chromosome number were
altered.
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS)
Module C – March 2010
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
4
Module O
METABOLISM
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Learning Outcome
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
1. With respect to nutrients:
Nutrition
Introduction to
metabolism
a. Define nutrient, essential nutrient and nonessential nutrient.
Knowledge
1
b. List the six main classes of nutrients.
Knowledge
1
c. For carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their
dietary sources, state their energy yields per
gram, and discuss their common uses in the
body.
Knowledge &
Comprehension
1,2
d. Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or watersoluble and discuss the major uses of each
vitamin in the body.
Comprehension
1,2
e. List the important dietary minerals and describe
the major uses of each mineral in the body.
Knowledge &
Comprehension
1,2
2. Describe the components of a balanced diet
including the concept of recommended daily
amounts.
Comprehension
1,2,3,6
3. Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by
hormones.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5
4. Explain the significance of nitrogen balance in a
healthy diet.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
1. Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism
Knowledge
1,2
2. Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic
reactions.
Application
1,2
3. Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and
coenzymes in metabolism.
Comprehension
4. Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in
metabolism.
Analysis
5. Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction,
decarboxylation, and phosphorylation.
1,2
1,2
Comprehension
1,2
a. State the overall reaction for glucose catabolism.
Knowledge
1
b. Describe the processes of glycolysis, formation
of acetyl CoA, the Kreb’s (TCA) cycle, and the
electron transport chain, including the
substrates and products of each, their locations
within the cell and the energy yield of each
process.
Comprehension
1,2
c. Describe the process of chemiosmosis and its
role in ATP production.
Comprehension
1,2
d. Describe the anaerobic process for generating
ATP, including conditions under which it occurs
Comprehension
1,2,6
1. With respect to carbohydrate metabolism:
Cellular respiration &
the catabolism &
anabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids, &
proteins
Module C – March 2010
5
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Learning Outcome
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted
and its products and their functions.
e. Describe the processes of glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including
the substrates and products of each.
Comprehension
f. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol,
growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin,
glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of
carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism.
Comprehension
g. Predict the metabolic conditions that would favor
each of the following processes: glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Synthesis
1,2,3
1,2,3,5,6
3,5,6
2. With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism:
a. Describe the basic process of protein synthesis.
Comprehension
1,2
b. Describe the process of deamination and its
importance in gluconeogenesis and the
interconversion of nutrients.
Comprehension
1,2,5
c. Describe the process of transamination in the
interconversion of nutrients.
Comprehension
1,2,5
d. Explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP
production.
Analysis
1,2
e. Describe the effect of protein metabolism on
ammonia and urea production.
f. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol,
human growth hormone and insulin) in
regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism.
Comprehension
1,2,5
Comprehension
1,2,5,6
a. Name essential fatty acids and their functions.
Knowledge
1
b. Describe the basic process of lipogenesis and
lipolysis.
Comprehension
1,2
c. Describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol,
human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in
regulation of lipogenesis and lypolysis,
Comprehension
1,2,5
d. Summarize the overall process of the beta
oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it
relates to ketogenesis & ketoacidosis.
Comprehension
& Analysis
1,2,5
e. Describe the nutrient interconversion pathways
that involve fats.
Comprehension
3. With respect to fat metabolism:
f. Compare and contrast the structure and function
of different types of lipoproteins in the body.
Metabolic roles of body
organs
Energy balance &
thermoregulation
Module C – March 2010
1,2,5
Analysis
1,2,5,6
1. Describe the role of the liver in metabolism.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
2. Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
3. Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
1. Compare and contrast the processes that occur in
the absorptive and post-absorptive states.
Analysis
1,2,3,6
6
Topic from
HAPS Guidelines
Application of
homeostatic
mechanisms
Predictions related to
homeostatic imbalance,
including disease states
& disorders
Learning Outcome
Cognitive
Level(s) of
Outcome
2. Explain the role of cortisol, human growth
hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in
the absorptive and post-absorptive states.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
3. Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for
neural tissue in the post-absorptive state.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
4. Define calorie and kilocalorie.
Knowledge
1
5. Discuss the importance of energy (caloric) balance
in maintaining healthy body weight.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
6. Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate.
Knowledge
1,2
7. Describe factors that affect metabolic rate.
Comprehension
1,2,3,5,6
8. Explain the importance of thermoregulation in the
body.
Comprehension
1,2,3
9. Differentiate between radiation, conduction,
evaporation and convection and explain the role of
each in thermoregulation.
Analysis
1,2,3,5,6
1. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how
metabolic processes respond to maintain
homeostasis in the body.
Application
1,2,3,4,5,6
2. Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other
body systems to maintain homeostasis.
Analysis
1,2,3,4,5,6
1. Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism
that could disrupt homeostasis.
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
2. Predict the types of problems that would occur in
the body metabolic processes could not maintain
homeostasis.
Synthesis
1,2,3,4,5,6
Copyright Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS)
Module C – March 2010
7
Learning
Goal(s)
Targeted