• xiii •
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgements........................................................................................................ v
Preface......................................................................................................................... vii
Table of Cases..........................................................................................................xxviii
Study Guide............................................................................................................. xxxv
UNIT 1: Forum Selection Issues..........................................................................1
Chapter 1: Subject Matter Jurisdiction..............................................................5
Key Concepts................................................................................................................5
Introduction..................................................................................................................5
The Constitutional Structure of the Federal Courts.................................................7
Federal Question Jurisdiction: Cases Arising Under Federal Law............................11
Key Concepts ..................................................................................................11
Introduction.....................................................................................................11
A.The Constitutional Grant of Federal-Question Jurisdiction.........................12
B.The Congressional Grant of Federal-Question Jurisdiction to
the Lower Federal Courts.............................................................................13
1. The Well-Pleaded Complaint Rule...........................................................14
Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
211 U.S. 149 (1908)................................................................................14
2. Federal Questions Appearing on the Face of a
Well-Pleaded Complaint..........................................................................20
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
478 U.S. 804 (1986)................................................................................25
Diversity Jurisdiction.............................................................................................32
Key Concepts ..................................................................................................32
Introduction ....................................................................................................32
A.The Constitutional Grant of Diversity Jurisdiction......................................32
B.The Limited Congressional Grant of Diversity Jurisdiction..........................33
1. The Rule of Complete Diversity of Citizenship........................................33
Mas v. Perry 489 F.2d 1396...................................................................... 35
2. The Amount in Controversy Requirement ..............................................45
C.Judicially-Created Exceptions to Diversity Jurisdiction.................................47
1.Domestic Relations Matters.....................................................................47
2.Probate Matters........................................................................................48
3.Real Property Disputes.............................................................................49
D.Congressional Exceptions to the General Diversity Rules.............................49
Supplemental Jurisdiction......................................................................................50
Key Concepts ..................................................................................................50
• xiv • Learning Civil Procedure •
Introduction ....................................................................................................50
A.Pendent Claim Jurisdiction..........................................................................51
B.Pendent Party Jurisdiction............................................................................52
C.Ancillary Jurisdiction...................................................................................54
D.The Supplemental Jurisdiction General Rule:
Section 1367(a) and (c) ...............................................................................56
E.The Supplemental Jurisdiction Exception:
Section 1367(b) ..........................................................................................59
1.The Section 1367(b) Bar..........................................................................59
2.The Section 1367(b) Bar and the
Amount-in-Controversy Requirement......................................................62
Litigating Subject Matter Jurisdiction....................................................................64
A.Litigating Subject Matter Jurisdiction:
Objections and Waiver.................................................................................64
B.Litigating Subject Matter Jurisdiction: the Choice
to File in Federal Court................................................................................66
Removal and Remand............................................................................................67
Key Concepts ..................................................................................................67
Introduction.....................................................................................................67
A.Exceptions to Removal Where the Only Jurisdictional
Basis Is Diversity..........................................................................................70
1.If Any Defendant Is a Citizen of the Forum State.....................................70
2.The One-Year Bar to Removal of Diversity Cases.....................................71
B.The Process of Removal and Remand...........................................................71
1.Removal...................................................................................................71
2.Remand...................................................................................................72
3.Severing and Remanding Specific Claims.................................................73
Quick Summary..............................................................................................76
Chapter 2: Due Process: Personal Jurisdiction,
Notice, and Opportunity to Be Heard............................................................77
Personal Jurisdiction..............................................................................................77
Key Concepts...................................................................................................77
Introduction.....................................................................................................77
A.The Historic Basis for Personal Jurisdiction..................................................77
B.Personal Jurisdiction and Due Process..........................................................78
1.The Relevance of Due Process..................................................................78
2.The Fundamental Requirements of Due Process......................................79
C.The Analytical Structure of Personal Jurisdiction..........................................79
1.The Forum’s Law.....................................................................................80
2.Constitutionality......................................................................................80
• Table of Contents • xv •
D.The Personal Jurisdiction Law of the Forum................................................80
1.Consent...................................................................................................80
2.Presence...................................................................................................83
E.The Constitutionality of the Assertion of Personal Jurisdiction....................90
1.Contemporary Due Process and International Shoe...................................91
International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington
326 U.S. 310 (1945)................................................................................91
2.International Shoe and the Development of
Long-Arm Statutes.................................................................................100
3.The Application and Evolution of International Shoe
and Due Process.....................................................................................103
World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson 444 U.S. 286 (1980)..............105
Personal Jurisdiction in Federal Court.............................................................120
Introduction ..................................................................................................120
A.The Federal Rule........................................................................................121
Due Process: Notice.............................................................................................125
Key Concepts ................................................................................................125
Introduction ..................................................................................................125
A.The Mechanics of Service of Process..........................................................126
1.The Summons........................................................................................126
2.Service ...................................................................................................128
B.The Proper Methods of Service of Process Under
Federal and State Rules..............................................................................131
Introduction...............................................................................................131
1.Waiver....................................................................................................132
2.Personal Service......................................................................................134
3.Abode Service.........................................................................................135
4.Agent Service.........................................................................................137
5.State Methods........................................................................................139
C.The Constitutionality of Methods of Notice..............................................145
Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
339 U.S. 306 (1950).................................................................................146
Due Process: Opportunity To Be Heard...............................................................151
Key Concepts ................................................................................................151
Introduction...................................................................................................151
A.The Right to a Hearing—At a Meaningful Time .......................................151
B.Exceptions to the Right to a Pre-Deprivation Hearing...............................155
C.The Nature of the Hearing.........................................................................157
Quick Summary............................................................................................160
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Chapter 3: Venue and Related Issues.............................................................163
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................163
Introduction........................................................................................................163
A.Proper Venue in Federal Court...................................................................164
1.A District Where Any Defendant Resides, if All Defendants
Reside in That Same State......................................................................165
2.A District Where the Claim Arose or the Property
at Issue Is Located..................................................................................170
3.Exceptional Venue Provisions.................................................................171
B.Transferring Venue.....................................................................................173
C.Forum Non Conveniens.............................................................................179
1.Public Factors.........................................................................................180
2. Private Factors........................................................................................180
D.Multidistrict Litigation Transfers................................................................181
Quick Summary............................................................................................184
Chapter 4: Applicable Law in Civil Litigation:
The Erie Doctrine and Choice of Law............................................................185
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................185
Introduction........................................................................................................185
A.The Pre-Erie World....................................................................................186
B.The Tompkins-Erie Railroad Litigation.......................................................187
Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins 304 U.S. 64 (1938)......................................188
C.Applying Erie.............................................................................................196
D.Federal Common Law................................................................................199
1.York—And its Wake...............................................................................200
2.The “Outcome Determinative” Test of York—And its Progeny..............202
3.Byrd v. Blue Ridge...................................................................................204
E.Hanna v. Plumer.........................................................................................206
1.The Immediate Aftermath of Hanna......................................................210
2.The Limits of Hanna: Walker v. Armco Steel...........................................211
3.Applying Erie in Light of Hanna:
The Two-Track Approach ......................................................................211
F. All Quiet on the Erie Front—Until Gasperini ............................................213
G.Shady Grove—21st Century Approach to the Erie Doctrine?.....................214
Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Insurance
Company 559 U.S. 393 (2010)..................................................................215
H.Applying Erie Today...................................................................................234
I. “Horizontal” Choice of Law and Erie—
Choosing Applicable State Law..................................................................236
1.The Mainstream Choice of Law Methodologies.....................................238
2.Choice of Law Methodology..................................................................240
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3.An Area of Pronounced Discretion ........................................................242
4.A Way Out of the Labyrinth? Choice of Law Agreements .....................245
Quick Summary........................................................................................249
UNIT II: Commencement of a Case.........................................................251
The Rulemaking Process and How to Read a Rule...............................................252
A.The Civil Rulemaking Process....................................................................252
B.How to Read a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure .........................................254
Chapter 5: Pre-Filing Investigation and Sanction Rules...........................257
Key Concepts.......................................................................................................257
Introduction........................................................................................................257
A.Rule 11 and The Rulemaking Process........................................................258
B.The Rule ...................................................................................................260
1.Rule 11(a): Signature ............................................................................260
Rule 11(a)..............................................................................................261
2.Rule 11(b): Representations to the Court ..............................................261
Rule 11(b).............................................................................................262
3.Rule 11(c): Sanctions ............................................................................277
Rule 11(c)..............................................................................................277
4.Rule 11(d) Inapplicability to Discovery .................................................282
Quick Summary............................................................................................287
Chapter 6: Pleading.............................................................................................289
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................289
Introduction........................................................................................................289
A.Rule 8(a): The Claim for Relief..................................................................290
Rule 8(a)....................................................................................................290
Ashcroft v. Iqbal 556 U.S. 662 (2009)........................................................298
B.Rule 9: Pleading Special Matters................................................................319
Rule 9(b)....................................................................................................319
C.Rule 8(b): Defenses; Admissions and Denials.............................................321
Rule 8(b)....................................................................................................321
D.Rule 8(c): Affirmative Defenses..................................................................325
Rule 8(c)....................................................................................................325
E.Rules 8(d) and 8(e): Pleading to Be Concise and Direct;
Alternative Statements; Inconsistency; Construing Pleadings.....................328
Rule 8(d) & 8(e)........................................................................................328
Quick Summary............................................................................................339
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Chapter 7: Responsive Pleadings &
Pre-Trial Motions.................................................................................................341
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................341
Introduction........................................................................................................341
A.Rule 12......................................................................................................342
1.Rule 12(a): Time to Serve a Responsive Pleading ...................................342
Rule 12(a)..............................................................................................343
2.Rule 12(b): How to Present Defenses.....................................................347
Rule 12(b).............................................................................................347
3.Rule 12(g): Joining Motions; Rule 12(h): Waiving and
Preserving Certain Defenses ..................................................................348
Rule 12(g) & (h)....................................................................................348
4.Rule 12(i): Hearing Before Trial.............................................................353
Rule 12(i)..............................................................................................353
5.Rule 12(e): Motion for a More Definite Statement;
Rule 12(f ): Motion to Strike .................................................................355
Rule 12(e) & 12(f )................................................................................355
6.Rule 12(c): Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Rule 12(d):
Result of Presenting Matters Outside the Pleadings ...............................359
Rule 12(c) & 12(d)................................................................................359
B.Rule 55: Default Judgment........................................................................360
Rule 55......................................................................................................361
C.Rule 41: Voluntary and Involuntary Dismissal...........................................365
Rule 41 (a) & (b).......................................................................................365
Quick Summary............................................................................................374
Chapter 8: Basic Joinder....................................................................................375
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................375
Introduction........................................................................................................375
A.The Rules...................................................................................................376
B.Joinder of Claims.......................................................................................377
Rule 18(a)..................................................................................................377
C.Joinder of Parties as Plaintiffs.....................................................................378
Rule 20(a)(1).............................................................................................378
D.Joinder of Parties as Defendants.................................................................380
Rule 20(a)(2).............................................................................................380
E.Counterclaims............................................................................................382
1.The Rule................................................................................................382
Rule 13......................................................................................................382
F.Crossclaims................................................................................................385
Rule 13(g)..................................................................................................385
G.Third-Party Practice...................................................................................387
Rule 14......................................................................................................387
Quick Summary............................................................................................395
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Chapter 9: Complex Joinder and Class Actions..........................................397
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................397
Introduction .......................................................................................................397
A.Intervention...............................................................................................398
Rule 24......................................................................................................399
B.Indispensable Parties..................................................................................404
Rule 19(a)-(c).............................................................................................405
C.Interpleader................................................................................................410
Rule 22......................................................................................................412
28 U.S.C. § 1335.......................................................................................414
28 U.S.C. § 2361.......................................................................................415
D.Multiparty, Multiforum Jurisdiction Act....................................................417
E.Class Actions..............................................................................................417
1.The Constitutional Requirements for Class Actions...............................420
Hansberry v. Lee 311 U.S. 32 (1940)......................................................424
2.Class Actions in Practice.........................................................................428
Rule 23(a) & (b)....................................................................................428
Rule 23(c)..............................................................................................432
Rule 23(d).............................................................................................435
Rule 23(e)..............................................................................................436
Quick Summary............................................................................................439
Chapter 10: Rule 15: Amended and Supplemental Pleadings................441
Key Concepts.......................................................................................................441
Introduction........................................................................................................441
A.The Rule....................................................................................................442
B.Rule 15(a): Amendments Before Trial........................................................442
Rule 15(a)..................................................................................................442
1.Rule 15(a)(1) Amendments as a Matter of Course..................................443
2.Rule 15(a)(2) Amendments by Party Consent
or Court Approval..................................................................................445
C.Rule 15(b): Amendments During and After Trial.......................................448
Rule 15(b)..................................................................................................448
D.Rule 15(c): Relation Back of Amendments.................................................450
Rule 15(c)(1)(A)........................................................................................451
1.Relation Back Under the Applicable Law’s Statute of Limitations ...........451
2.Relation Back When Adding a Claim ....................................................452
Rule 15(c)(1)(B)....................................................................................452
3.Relation Back When Adding a Party .....................................................453
Rule 15(c)(1)(C)....................................................................................453
E.Rule 15(d): Supplemental Pleadings...........................................................457
Rule 15(d)..................................................................................................458
Quick Summary............................................................................................465
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UNIT III: Development of the Case.........................................................467
Chapter 11: Case Management.......................................................................469
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................469
Introduction........................................................................................................469
A.Background and Policy...............................................................................469
B.Rule 16 and Pretrial Conferences and Orders.............................................471
Rule 16(a)..................................................................................................471
Rule 16(c) & (d)........................................................................................472
C.Settlement..................................................................................................475
D. ADR and Its Role in Settlement................................................................482
Quick Summary............................................................................................483
Chapter 12: The Scope of Discovery..............................................................485
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................485
Introduction........................................................................................................485
A.The Rule....................................................................................................486
B.Discovery Scope.........................................................................................487
1.Rule 26(b): Discovery Scope and Limits ................................................487
Rule 26(b)(1).........................................................................................487
C.Limits on Discovery...................................................................................489
1.Trial Preparation Materials.....................................................................490
Hickman v. Taylor 329 U.S. 495 (1947).................................................491
Rule 26(b)(3)........................................................................................502
2.Trial Preparation: Experts.......................................................................505
3.Protecting Privileged or Trial Preparation Materials................................508
D.Protective Orders.......................................................................................510
Rule 26(c)..................................................................................................511
E.Conference of the Parties...........................................................................513
F. Timing and Sequence of Discovery............................................................514
G.Stipulations Modifying Discovery Procedures............................................516
H.Supplementing Discovery Responses..........................................................516
I. Signing Disclosures and Discovery Requests,
Responses and Objections..........................................................................517
Quick Summary............................................................................................524
Chapter 13: Discovery Techniques.................................................................527
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................527
Introduction........................................................................................................527
A.Initial Disclosures.......................................................................................529
B.Interrogatories............................................................................................532
Rule 33......................................................................................................532
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C.Requests to Inspect Documents and Things...............................................540
Rule 34......................................................................................................540
D.Requests for Admission..............................................................................551
Rule 36......................................................................................................551
E.Depositions................................................................................................556
1.Procedures for Depositions: Rule 30......................................................557
Rule 30..................................................................................................557
2.Use of Depositions: Rule 32...................................................................568
3.Depositions to Perpetuate Testimony: Rule 27.......................................571
4.Subpoenas: Rule 45................................................................................572
F. Physical and Mental Examinations: Rule 35...............................................575
G.Expert Disclosures: Rule 26(a)(2)...............................................................576
H.Pretrial Disclosures: Rule 26(a)(3)..............................................................578
Quick Summary............................................................................................587
Chapter 14: Enforcing Discovery Rights.......................................................591
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................591
Introduction........................................................................................................591
A.The Rules...................................................................................................592
B.Motion to Compel.....................................................................................593
Rule 37(a)..................................................................................................593
C.Failure to Comply with Court Order.........................................................597
Rule 37(b)..................................................................................................597
D.Immediate Sanctions for Failure to Disclose,
Supplement, or Admit................................................................................600
Rule 37(c)..................................................................................................600
E.Immediate Sanctions for Failure to Attend Deposition or
Answer Discovery.......................................................................................603
F. Failure to Preserve ESI...............................................................................606
Rule 37(e)..................................................................................................606
Quick Summary ...........................................................................................611
UNIT IV: The Adjudication Process..........................................................615
Chapter 15: Summary Judgment and
Other Dispositive Motions................................................................................617
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................617
Introduction........................................................................................................617
A.The Summary Judgment Standard.............................................................618
Rule 56(a)..................................................................................................618
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B.Partial Summary Judgment........................................................................620
C.Historical Division over Application of the Standard .................................621
D.1986: A Pivotal Year in Summary Judgment Practice.................................623
1.Matsushita..............................................................................................623
2.Liberty Lobby..........................................................................................627
3.Celotex....................................................................................................629
4.An Example of the Intersection of Product Liability
Claims and Procedure............................................................................635
E.The Wake of the Trilogy and Continuing Debate
over Summary Judgment Practice...............................................................638
Scott v. Harris 550 U.S. 372 (2007) ..........................................................640
1.The Aftermath of Scott v. Harris ............................................................652
2.The Supreme Court’s Recent Mixed Signals on
Summary Judgment...............................................................................654
F. The “Mechanics”and Technique of Summary Judgment.............................655
1.Timing and Motion Papers....................................................................655
Rule 56(b).............................................................................................655
Rule 56(c)..............................................................................................656
Rule 56(c)(2).........................................................................................656
2.Special Circumstances............................................................................657
Rule 56(d).............................................................................................657
G.Some Potential Trouble Spots in Summary
Judgment Practice......................................................................................659
1.Local Rules and Standing Orders ..........................................................659
2.Statement of Uncontested Facts.............................................................659
3.Motions to Strike ..................................................................................660
4.Sham Affidavits .....................................................................................660
5.Changes to the Deposition Transcript ...................................................661
6.Judicial Notice.......................................................................................661
Quick Summary ...........................................................................................665
Chapter 16: Jury Trial Right: The Seventh Amendment.............................669
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................669
Introduction........................................................................................................669
A.The Historical Background of the American Jury.......................................670
B.The Division of Labor Between Judge and Jury:
The Fact/Law Distinction..........................................................................671
C.Judges v. Juries: Conventional Wisdoms
and Considerations....................................................................................673
D.The Seventh Amendment .........................................................................674
The Constitution: Amendment VII...........................................................675
E.Testing the Basic Law vs. Equity Concept..................................................675
Federal Rule 38 .........................................................................................678
Fed. R. Civ. P. 38.......................................................................................678
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F. An Illustrative Case: Teamsters v. Terry.......................................................687
Chauffeurs, Teamsters and Helpers Local No. 391
v. Terry 494 U.S. 558 (1990).....................................................................688
G.Other Matters Related to the Jury Trial......................................................704
1.Jury Composition..................................................................................704
2.Jury Size.................................................................................................704
3.Unanimity..............................................................................................705
4.Jury Instructions and Deliberation.........................................................705
Quick Summary............................................................................................709
Chapter 17: Trial..................................................................................................711
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................711
Introduction........................................................................................................711
A.The Path of Trial .......................................................................................713
B.Rule 68 and Counsel Fees Recovery ..........................................................714
C.Bifurcation as Trial Tactic...........................................................................718
D.The Final Pretrial Conference and Final Pretrial Order..............................720
E.Jury Selection (Unless It Is a Bench Trial)...................................................721
F. Professional Responsibility Concerns Surrounding
Jury Empanelment.....................................................................................725
G.Opening Statements...................................................................................726
H.Presenting the Case-in-Chief: Use of Witnesses
and Introduction of Evidence.....................................................................727
I. The Rules of Evidence and Battles over
Objections and Admissibility.....................................................................728
J. Use of Technology at Trial..........................................................................733
K.Motions for Judgment as a Matter of Law (Rule 50)..................................735
Fed. R. Civ. P. 50(a)....................................................................................735
L. Requests for Jury Instructions and the Verdict Form..................................738
M.Special Verdicts, General Verdicts, and Questions......................................739
N.Closing Arguments....................................................................................742
O.Jury Instructions and Jury Deliberation .....................................................743
P. The Verdict and Possible Challenges..........................................................744
Q.From Verdict to Judgment and Beyond......................................................744
Quick Summary............................................................................................748
Chapter 18: Post-Trial Motions........................................................................751
Key Concepts.......................................................................................................751
Introduction........................................................................................................751
A.Background and Policy...............................................................................751
B.Available Post-Trial Motions.......................................................................752
C.Renewed Motions for Judgment as a Matter of Law...................................753
Rule 50......................................................................................................753
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D.Motions for a New Trial.............................................................................760
Rule 59......................................................................................................760
E.Motions to Amend Findings......................................................................763
Rule 52(b)..................................................................................................764
F. Motions by the Victor................................................................................765
1.Taxation of Costs...................................................................................766
28 U.S.C. § 1920..................................................................................767
2.Recovery of Attorneys’ Fees....................................................................770
G.Motions to Reduce Award or Increase Award.............................................773
H.Motions to Amend Findings .....................................................................774
I. Relief from Final Judgments and Orders....................................................776
1.Clerical Errors........................................................................................777
Rule 60(a)..............................................................................................777
Rule 60(b).............................................................................................779
2.Grounds for Motion..............................................................................780
3.Mistake, Inadvertence, Surprise, and
Excusable Neglect [Rule 60(b)(1)]..........................................................780
4.Newly Discovered Evidence [Rule 60(b)(2)]...........................................781
5.Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Other Misconduct
[Rule 60(b)(3)].......................................................................................782
6.Void Judgment [Rule 60(b)(4)]..............................................................783
7.Satisfaction or Release of Judgment
or Change of Underlying Judgment [Rule 60(b)(5)]...............................783
8.Any Other Reason [Rule 60(b)(6)].........................................................784
9.Timing of Rule 60 Motions...................................................................785
Rule 60(c) & (d)....................................................................................785
J. Setting Aside Defaults and Vacating Default Judgments.............................787
Quick Summary............................................................................................793
Chapter 19: Appeals............................................................................................795
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................795
Introduction .......................................................................................................795
A.Appellate Review and Systems....................................................................796
1.The Unitary Appeal Rule ......................................................................797
28 U.S.C. § 1291..................................................................................797
2.Exceptions to the Final Judgment Rule .................................................798
Rule 54(b).............................................................................................799
Rule 23(f )..............................................................................................801
3.Appealability and Reviewability..............................................................805
4.Standards of Review...............................................................................806
Rule 52(a)(6).........................................................................................808
• Table of Contents • xxv •
5.Review on the Record............................................................................810
6.Appellate Court Jurisdiction...................................................................811
7.Effect of Appeal on Trial Court Jurisdiction...........................................814
8.Importance of Rules...............................................................................815
9.Briefing and Argument..........................................................................815
10. Decision and Mandate..........................................................................818
11. Rehearing and Further Review..............................................................818
Quick Summary............................................................................................820
Chapter 20: Remedies, Judgments and Preclusion....................................821
Key Concepts ......................................................................................................821
Introduction........................................................................................................821
A.Remedies....................................................................................................821
1.A Word About Remedies .......................................................................821
2.Enforcing Injunctions ...........................................................................824
B.The Law and Practice of Preliminary Injunctions.......................................825
Rule 65(b)..................................................................................................826
1.The Four Preliminary Injunction Considerations ..................................827
2.Variant Application of the Four-Factor Test............................................830
C.Declaratory Relief and the Limits of Adjudication.....................................831
Rule 57......................................................................................................831
28 U.S.C. § 2201.......................................................................................831
D. Judgments and Collection.........................................................................834
1.Collecting Judgments ............................................................................835
2.Types of Collection Actions....................................................................836
E.Preclusion: Res judicata and Collateral Estoppel.........................................837
1.The Concept of Claim Preclusion/Res Judicata.......................................838
2.The Elements of Claim Preclusion.........................................................839
3.The Concept of Issue Preclusion/Collateral Estoppel ............................840
4.The Elements of Issue Preclusion/Collateral Estoppel............................840
5.Illustrating Claim and Issue Preclusion...................................................841
6.Relatedness: The Concept of a “Series” and the
“Same Transaction or Occurrence”.........................................................844
7.Preclusion: Sword or Shield?...................................................................844
Parklane Hosiery Co., Inc. v. Shore 439 U.S. 322 (1979)..........................845
F.The Opportunity—and the Problem—of Virtual Representation..............855
Taylor v. Sturgell 553 U.S. 880 (2008).......................................................858
Quick Summary...........................................................................................870
• xxvi • Learning Civil Procedure •
An Overview of Civil Litigation and Dispute Resolution ........................873
A.The Study of Civil Procedure ....................................................................873
B.Procedural Rules and the Rulemaking Process ...........................................874
C.The Hierarchy of Construing the Federal Rules.........................................875
D.Federal Procedural Statutes ........................................................................877
E.The Criminal-Civil Difference...................................................................878
F. Burdens of Proof and Standards of Proof ...................................................878
G.Disparate Positions, Disparate Resources, and Their Impact
on Litigation..............................................................................................881
Rule 1........................................................................................................882
H.Assessing the Case and Mapping Out a Strategy ........................................882
I. Stages of Dispute Resolution and the Litigation Process.............................884
J. Litigation Planning—At the Beginning, Consider the End........................886
1.Determining Who to Sue ......................................................................887
2.Determining Where to Sue ...................................................................888
3.Judge vs. Jury ........................................................................................889
4.Considerations of Applicable Law .........................................................890
5.Deciding What Claims to Bring ............................................................890
6.Drafting the Complaint ........................................................................891
7.Crafting Disclosures...............................................................................891
8.Seeking Discovery..................................................................................891
9.The Potential Utility of Pretrial Motions ...............................................892
10. Assembling the Legal Team...................................................................892
11. Litigation as a Subset of Civil Dispute Resolution.................................892
Appendix: United States Judicial Circuits Map..............................................899
Index..............................................................................................................901